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MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 291 - 298, 15.08.2025

Esma Nur Çetin , Seçil Karakoca Nemli , Merve Bankoğlu Güngör , Bilge Turhan Bal

https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1572372

Abstract

Çene-yüz defektleri, hastalarda fonksiyonel kayıplar, estetik bozukluklar ve konuşma zorlukları gibi sorunlara yol açar ve bu durum psikolojik rahatsızlıklara neden olabilir. Cerrahi rekonstrüksiyon mümkün olmadığında, protetik rehabilitasyon devreye girer. Tam ve kısmi maksillektomi hastalarında protetik tedavinin amacı, yutma, konuşma fonksiyonlarını sağlamak ve uygun oklüzyon oluşturabilmek için oral ve nazal kavitelerin ayrılmasıdır. Maksilla defektlerinde uygulanan protez türüne obturatör adı verilir. Obturatörler defekt alanlarını kapatarak fonksiyonları düzeltir ve estetik kazanç sağlar. Cerrahiden hemen sonra kullanılan immediat obturatörler, yara iyileşmesine yardımcı olurken, tedavi obturatörleri iyileşme sürecini destekler. Daimi obturatörler ise yaraların tamamen iyileşmesinden sonra uygulanarak normal yapıyı restore etmeyi hedefler. Obturatörlerin tutuculuğu ve stabilitesi, defektin büyüklüğüne, kalan diş sayısına ve anatomik yapıya bağlıdır. Ağızda destek oluşturabilecek dişlerin varlığı obturatöre önemli düzeyde tutuculuk ve destek sağlasa da bu dişler üzerinde oluşabilecek yıkıcı kuvvetler göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Dişsiz hastalarda sağlam alveol kretler proteze destek, doku andır katları tutuculuk sağlayan unsurlardır. Maksilla defektinin genişliğine bağlı olarak obturatörün hacmi ve ağırlığının artması tutuculuğun azalması ile sonuçlanır. Günümüzde dental implantlardaki ve cerrahi tekniklerdeki gelişmeler sayesinde implant destekli maksiller defekt protezleri uygun vakalarda iyi bir tedavi alternatiftir. Obturatörlerin yapımında iyi bir planlama, geleneksel materyal ve tekniklerin doğru uygulanması ile hastaların yaşam kalitelerini arttıran tedaviler uygulanabilmektedir. Bununla beraber günümüzde diş hekimliğindeki dijital dönüşüm obturatör protezlerin de ölçü ve yapım aşamalarını kolaylaştırmış, gelişmiş materyal özellikleri sağlamıştır.

Keywords

Damak obturatörler maksillofasiyal protez protez dizaynı retansiyon dental protez.

References

  • Çevik P, Eraslan O. Çene yüz protezlerinde kullanılan materyaller ve bu konudaki gelişmeler. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg.2015;25:141-147. doi:10.17567/Dfd.22525.
  • The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms: Ninth Edition. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117(5S):e1-e105. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.001.
  • Çiçek KB, Hergüner T. Üst çene defektinin obturatör ile rehabilitasyonu. Turk J Sci Health. 2021;2(2):98-103. doi:10.51972/tfsd.911541.
  • Alqarni H, Alfaifi M, Ahmed WM, Almutairi R, Kattadiyil MT. Classification of maxillectomy in edentulous arch defects, algorithm, concept, and proposal classifications: a review. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(1):45-54. doi:10.1002/cre2.708.
  • Landes CA. Zygoma implant-supported midfacial prosthetic rehabilitation: a 4-year follow-up study including assessment of quality of life. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16(3):313-325. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01096.x.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med.2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
  • D'Andréa G, Scheller B, Gal J, et al. How to select candidates for microvascular head and neckreconstruction in the elderly? Predictive factors of postoperative out comes. Surg Oncol. 2020;34:168-173. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2020.04.016.
  • Keyf F. Obturator pros theses forhemi maxillectomy patients. J Oral Rehabil.2001;28(9):821-829. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00754.x.
  • Derviş E. Obturatör protezlerde kullanılan üç farklı protetik materyal üzerine mikroorganizma yapışmasının değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul Univ Dis Hek Fak Derg. 1998;32(4):193-198.
  • Buckner H. Construction of a denture with hollow obturator, lid, and soft acrylic lining. J Prosthet Dent. 1974;31(1):95-99. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(74)90224-8.
  • Murase M, Tani H, Sumita YI, Ino S, Taniguchi H. Nutritional assessment in a maxillectomy patient from the preoperative period to definitive obturator insertion: acasereport. J Prosthodont Res. 2022;66(3):514-518. doi:10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00250.
  • Liu N, Wang X, Bai S, Ren N. An integrated hollow bulb obturator pros thesis with a metal frame work for a soft palate defect fabricated by multiple digital techniques. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;21. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.10.017.
  • Oyar P. Titanyum ve özellikleri. Ata Dis Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:151-159. doi:10.17567/dfd.73222.
  • Keskin H, Uygun N, Somtürk E, Derviş E, Karakullukçu A, İyigün D. Kazanılmış defektli maksillofasial hastalarda tedavi obtürasyonu. J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent.2012;26(4):191-200.
  • Mani UM, Mohamed K, Krishna Kumar A, Inbarajan A. A modified technique to fabricate a complete hollow obturator for bilateral maxillectomy in a patient with mucormycosis: a technical case report. Spec Care Dentist 2019;39(6):610-616. doi:10.1111/scd.12423.
  • Kaya N, Kılıç S. Maksiller defektlerde dental implant uygulamaları ve yaşam kalitesine olan etkisi: literatür derlemesi. Selcuk Dent J. 2022;9(1):315-325. doi:10.15311/selcukdentj.928026.
  • Roumanas ED, Nishimura RD, Davis BK, Beumer J 3rd. Clinical evaluation of implants retaining edentulous maxillary obturator prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(2):184-190. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(97)70233-6.
  • Chrcanovic BR, Abreu MH. Survival and complications of zygomatic implants: a systematic review. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(2):81-93. doi:10.1007/s10006-012-0331-z.
  • Huang W, Wu Y, Zou D, et al. Long-term results for maxillary rehabilitation with dental implants after tumor resection. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16(2):282-291. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2012.00481.x.
  • Schmidt BL, Pogrel MA, Young CW, Sharma A. Reconstruction of extensive maxillary defects using zygomaticus implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(9 Suppl 2):82-89. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2004.06.027.
  • Buurman DJM, Speksnijder CM, Engelen BHBT, Kessler P. Masticatory performance and oral health-related quality of life in edentulous maxillectomy patients: a cross-sectional study to compare implant-supported obturators and conventional obturators. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020;31(5):405-416. doi:10.1111/clr.13577.
  • Semple CJ, Rutherford H, Killough S, Moore C, McKenna G. Long-termimpact of living with an obturator following a maxillectomy: aqualitative study. J Dent. 2019;90:103212. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103212.
  • Alfaraj A, Su FY, Lin WS. CAD-CAM Hollow Obturator Prosthesis: a Technical Report. J Prosthodont. 2022;31(7):635-638. doi:10.1111/jopr.13513.
  • Tasopoulos T, Kouveliotis G, Polyzois G, Karathanasi V. Fabrication of a 3D printing definitive obturator pros thesis: a clinical report. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2017;51(1):53-58. doi:10.15644/asc51/1/7.
  • Kihara H, Sugawara S, Yokota J, et al. Applications of three-dimensional printers in prosthetic dentistry. J Oral Sci. 2021;63(3):212-216. doi:10.2334/josnusd.21-0072.
  • Steinmassl PA, Wiedemair V, Huck C, et al. Do CAD/CAM dentures really release less monomer than conventional dentures? Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(5):1697-1705. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1961-6.
  • Zafar MS. Prosthodontic applications of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): an update. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12(10):2299. doi:10.3390/polym12102299.
  • Yavuz E, Yılmaz S. Diş hekimliğinde yeni ve hızla ilerleyen üretim teknolojisi: 3 boyutlu yazıcılar. Akdeniz Tıp Derg, 2021;7(2):197-205. doi:10.53394/akd.958759.
  • Azeez GM, Çekiç Nagaş I. Protetik diş hekimliğinde kullanılan metal üretim tekniklerinde güncel gelişmeler. Ege Üniv Diş Hek Fak, 2017;38(3):128-139. doi:10.5505/eudfd.2017.35220.
  • Jamayet NB, Farook TH, Al-Oulabi A, Johari Y, Patil PG. Digital work flow and virtual validation of a 3D-printed definitive hollow obturator for a large palatal defect. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;129(5):798-804. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.021.
  • Aladashi OQS, Shindy MI, Noaman SA, Alqutaibi AY, Refahee SM. Effect of submental flapre construction versus obturator rehabilitation after maxillectomy on quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;50(9):1156-1160. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.008.
  • Yusa K, Hemmi T, Ishikawa S, et al. Rehabilitation after maxillectomy in patients with implant-retained obturator: apreliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;129(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2019.08.014.
  • Okay DJ, Genden E, Buchbinder D, Urken M. Prosthodontic guide lines for surgical reconstruction of the maxilla: a classification system of defects. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86(4):352-363. doi:10.1067/mpr.2001.119524
  • Dos Santos DM, de Caxias FP, Bitencourt SB, Turcio KH, Pesqueira AA, Goiato MC. Oral rehabilitation of patients after maxillectomy: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;56(4):256-266. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.03.001
  • Singh M, Bhushan A, Kumar N, Chand S. Obturator prosthesis for hemi maxillectomy patients. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013;4(1):117-120. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.117814
  • Ali MM, Khalifa N, Alhajj MN. Quality of life and problems associated with obturators of patients with maxillectomies. Head Face Med. 2018;14(1):2. doi:10.1186/s13005-017-0160-2.

REHABILITATION OF MAXILLARY DEFECTS WITH OBTURATOR PROSTHESES AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 291 - 298, 15.08.2025

Esma Nur Çetin , Seçil Karakoca Nemli , Merve Bankoğlu Güngör , Bilge Turhan Bal

https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1572372

Abstract

Maxillofacial defects cause functional loss, esthetic impairment, and speech difficulties, which can lead to psychological problems. When surgical reconstruction is not possible, prosthetic rehabilitation becomes the unique treatment option. The aim of prosthetic treatment in patients with total and partial maxillary resections is to separate the oral and nasal cavities to ensure swallowing and speech function and to provide proper occlusion. The type of prosthesis used in maxillary defects is called an obturator. Obturators correct function and provide aesthetic benefits by closing the defect area. Immediate obturators, used immediately after surgery, help the wound to heal, while treatment obturators help the healing process. Permanent obturators are used to restore the normal structure after the wound has completely healed. The retention and stability of obturators depends on the size of the defect, the number of remaining teeth, and the anatomical structure. Although the presence of supporting teeth in the mouth provides significant retention and support for the obturator, destructive forces that may act on these teeth should be considered. In edentulous patients, intact alveolar ridges provide support for the prosthesis, and tissue undercuts provide retention. The increase in volume and weight of the obturator due to the width of the maxillary defect results in reduced retention. Today, with advances in dental implants and surgical techniques, implant-supported maxillary defect prostheses are a good treatment alternative in appropriate cases. With good planning in the design of obturators and the correct use of traditional materials and techniques, treatments can be applied that improve the patient's quality of life. However, today's digital transformation in dentistry has facilitated the impression-taking and construction stages of obturator prostheses and provided advanced material properties.

Keywords

Palatal obturators maxillofacial prosthesis denture design retention dental prosthesis.

References

  • Çevik P, Eraslan O. Çene yüz protezlerinde kullanılan materyaller ve bu konudaki gelişmeler. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg.2015;25:141-147. doi:10.17567/Dfd.22525.
  • The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms: Ninth Edition. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117(5S):e1-e105. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.001.
  • Çiçek KB, Hergüner T. Üst çene defektinin obturatör ile rehabilitasyonu. Turk J Sci Health. 2021;2(2):98-103. doi:10.51972/tfsd.911541.
  • Alqarni H, Alfaifi M, Ahmed WM, Almutairi R, Kattadiyil MT. Classification of maxillectomy in edentulous arch defects, algorithm, concept, and proposal classifications: a review. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(1):45-54. doi:10.1002/cre2.708.
  • Landes CA. Zygoma implant-supported midfacial prosthetic rehabilitation: a 4-year follow-up study including assessment of quality of life. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16(3):313-325. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01096.x.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med.2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
  • D'Andréa G, Scheller B, Gal J, et al. How to select candidates for microvascular head and neckreconstruction in the elderly? Predictive factors of postoperative out comes. Surg Oncol. 2020;34:168-173. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2020.04.016.
  • Keyf F. Obturator pros theses forhemi maxillectomy patients. J Oral Rehabil.2001;28(9):821-829. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00754.x.
  • Derviş E. Obturatör protezlerde kullanılan üç farklı protetik materyal üzerine mikroorganizma yapışmasının değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul Univ Dis Hek Fak Derg. 1998;32(4):193-198.
  • Buckner H. Construction of a denture with hollow obturator, lid, and soft acrylic lining. J Prosthet Dent. 1974;31(1):95-99. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(74)90224-8.
  • Murase M, Tani H, Sumita YI, Ino S, Taniguchi H. Nutritional assessment in a maxillectomy patient from the preoperative period to definitive obturator insertion: acasereport. J Prosthodont Res. 2022;66(3):514-518. doi:10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00250.
  • Liu N, Wang X, Bai S, Ren N. An integrated hollow bulb obturator pros thesis with a metal frame work for a soft palate defect fabricated by multiple digital techniques. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;21. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.10.017.
  • Oyar P. Titanyum ve özellikleri. Ata Dis Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:151-159. doi:10.17567/dfd.73222.
  • Keskin H, Uygun N, Somtürk E, Derviş E, Karakullukçu A, İyigün D. Kazanılmış defektli maksillofasial hastalarda tedavi obtürasyonu. J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent.2012;26(4):191-200.
  • Mani UM, Mohamed K, Krishna Kumar A, Inbarajan A. A modified technique to fabricate a complete hollow obturator for bilateral maxillectomy in a patient with mucormycosis: a technical case report. Spec Care Dentist 2019;39(6):610-616. doi:10.1111/scd.12423.
  • Kaya N, Kılıç S. Maksiller defektlerde dental implant uygulamaları ve yaşam kalitesine olan etkisi: literatür derlemesi. Selcuk Dent J. 2022;9(1):315-325. doi:10.15311/selcukdentj.928026.
  • Roumanas ED, Nishimura RD, Davis BK, Beumer J 3rd. Clinical evaluation of implants retaining edentulous maxillary obturator prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77(2):184-190. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(97)70233-6.
  • Chrcanovic BR, Abreu MH. Survival and complications of zygomatic implants: a systematic review. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;17(2):81-93. doi:10.1007/s10006-012-0331-z.
  • Huang W, Wu Y, Zou D, et al. Long-term results for maxillary rehabilitation with dental implants after tumor resection. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16(2):282-291. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2012.00481.x.
  • Schmidt BL, Pogrel MA, Young CW, Sharma A. Reconstruction of extensive maxillary defects using zygomaticus implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(9 Suppl 2):82-89. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2004.06.027.
  • Buurman DJM, Speksnijder CM, Engelen BHBT, Kessler P. Masticatory performance and oral health-related quality of life in edentulous maxillectomy patients: a cross-sectional study to compare implant-supported obturators and conventional obturators. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020;31(5):405-416. doi:10.1111/clr.13577.
  • Semple CJ, Rutherford H, Killough S, Moore C, McKenna G. Long-termimpact of living with an obturator following a maxillectomy: aqualitative study. J Dent. 2019;90:103212. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103212.
  • Alfaraj A, Su FY, Lin WS. CAD-CAM Hollow Obturator Prosthesis: a Technical Report. J Prosthodont. 2022;31(7):635-638. doi:10.1111/jopr.13513.
  • Tasopoulos T, Kouveliotis G, Polyzois G, Karathanasi V. Fabrication of a 3D printing definitive obturator pros thesis: a clinical report. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2017;51(1):53-58. doi:10.15644/asc51/1/7.
  • Kihara H, Sugawara S, Yokota J, et al. Applications of three-dimensional printers in prosthetic dentistry. J Oral Sci. 2021;63(3):212-216. doi:10.2334/josnusd.21-0072.
  • Steinmassl PA, Wiedemair V, Huck C, et al. Do CAD/CAM dentures really release less monomer than conventional dentures? Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(5):1697-1705. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1961-6.
  • Zafar MS. Prosthodontic applications of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): an update. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12(10):2299. doi:10.3390/polym12102299.
  • Yavuz E, Yılmaz S. Diş hekimliğinde yeni ve hızla ilerleyen üretim teknolojisi: 3 boyutlu yazıcılar. Akdeniz Tıp Derg, 2021;7(2):197-205. doi:10.53394/akd.958759.
  • Azeez GM, Çekiç Nagaş I. Protetik diş hekimliğinde kullanılan metal üretim tekniklerinde güncel gelişmeler. Ege Üniv Diş Hek Fak, 2017;38(3):128-139. doi:10.5505/eudfd.2017.35220.
  • Jamayet NB, Farook TH, Al-Oulabi A, Johari Y, Patil PG. Digital work flow and virtual validation of a 3D-printed definitive hollow obturator for a large palatal defect. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;129(5):798-804. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.021.
  • Aladashi OQS, Shindy MI, Noaman SA, Alqutaibi AY, Refahee SM. Effect of submental flapre construction versus obturator rehabilitation after maxillectomy on quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;50(9):1156-1160. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.008.
  • Yusa K, Hemmi T, Ishikawa S, et al. Rehabilitation after maxillectomy in patients with implant-retained obturator: apreliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;129(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2019.08.014.
  • Okay DJ, Genden E, Buchbinder D, Urken M. Prosthodontic guide lines for surgical reconstruction of the maxilla: a classification system of defects. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86(4):352-363. doi:10.1067/mpr.2001.119524
  • Dos Santos DM, de Caxias FP, Bitencourt SB, Turcio KH, Pesqueira AA, Goiato MC. Oral rehabilitation of patients after maxillectomy: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;56(4):256-266. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.03.001
  • Singh M, Bhushan A, Kumar N, Chand S. Obturator prosthesis for hemi maxillectomy patients. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013;4(1):117-120. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.117814
  • Ali MM, Khalifa N, Alhajj MN. Quality of life and problems associated with obturators of patients with maxillectomies. Head Face Med. 2018;14(1):2. doi:10.1186/s13005-017-0160-2.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Prosthodontics
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Esma Nur Çetin 0009-0004-7440-8460

Seçil Karakoca Nemli 0000-0001-8836-0673

Merve Bankoğlu Güngör 0000-0002-4002-6390

Bilge Turhan Bal 0000-0001-7825-712X

Early Pub Date July 28, 2025
Publication Date August 15, 2025
Submission Date October 24, 2024
Acceptance Date March 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, E. N., Karakoca Nemli, S., Bankoğlu Güngör, M., Turhan Bal, B. (2025). MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1572372
AMA Çetin EN, Karakoca Nemli S, Bankoğlu Güngör M, Turhan Bal B. MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER. JHS. August 2025;34(2):291-298. doi:10.34108/eujhs.1572372
Chicago Çetin, Esma Nur, Seçil Karakoca Nemli, Merve Bankoğlu Güngör, and Bilge Turhan Bal. “MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 34, no. 2 (August 2025): 291-98. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1572372.
EndNote Çetin EN, Karakoca Nemli S, Bankoğlu Güngör M, Turhan Bal B (August 1, 2025) MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 34 2 291–298.
IEEE E. N. Çetin, S. Karakoca Nemli, M. Bankoğlu Güngör, and B. Turhan Bal, “MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER”, JHS, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 291–298, 2025, doi: 10.34108/eujhs.1572372.
ISNAD Çetin, Esma Nur et al. “MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 34/2 (August 2025), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.34108/eujhs.1572372.
JAMA Çetin EN, Karakoca Nemli S, Bankoğlu Güngör M, Turhan Bal B. MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER. JHS. 2025;34:291–298.
MLA Çetin, Esma Nur et al. “MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER”. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 2, 2025, pp. 291-8, doi:10.34108/eujhs.1572372.
Vancouver Çetin EN, Karakoca Nemli S, Bankoğlu Güngör M, Turhan Bal B. MAKSİLLA DEFEKTLERİNİN OBTURATÖR PROTEZLERLE REHABİLİTASYONU VE GÜNCEL GELİŞMELER. JHS. 2025;34(2):291-8.
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