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THE ASSESSMENT OF ANNUAL DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN NORTHERN CYPRUS

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 69 - 88, 26.06.2025

Seda Behlül , Düriye Deren Oygar , Ahmet Behlül , Macide Artac Ozdal

Abstract

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic condition that requires long-term management and exerts very high disease and cost burden on the governments. This study aimed to assess the direct costs of haemodialysis (HD) treatment, a type of renal replacement therapy, that has an important place in the management of ESRD. The study employed a retrospective approach using a cohort of HD patients and the costs of HD and catheter-related infection treatment were evaluated between the years of 2016 and 2020. HD treatment costs, HD laboratory and imaging costs, and catheter infection costs were determined in dollars ($). Average treatment costs and annual control costs for HD patients were determined as: $10391.14 in 2016; $8664.62 in 2017; $6140.65 in 2018; $4838.29 in 2019; $4081.89 in 2020. A statistical difference was found between the cost of outpatient and inpatient care of catheter-related infections and the year of diagnosis of ESRD in 2016 and 2018 respectively It is important to assess and determine the cost burden and related discrepancies in the cost coverage and resource management in the chronic disease care. This study emphasized the importance of developing targeted and updated policies and legislations for managing the cost of chronic disease care.

Keywords

End-stage Renal Disease Haemodialysis Cost-burden Catheter-related Infections

References

  • Akbari, A., Clase, C. M., Acott, P., Battistella, M., Bello, A., Feltmate, P., & Welcher, E. S. (2015). “Canadian Society of Nephrology Commentary on the KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for CKD Evaluation and Management”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 65(2), 177-205.
  • Alirezaei, A., Massoudi, N., Zare, E., & Nouri, Y. (2019). “Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections; The Incidence and Risk Factors in Iranian Hemodialysis Patients”. Journal of Nephropharmacology, 8(2), e17-e17.
  • Axelrod, D. A., Schnitzler, M. A., Xiao, H., Irish, W., Tuttle-Newhall, E., Chang, S. H., & Lentine, K. L. (2018). “An Economic Assessment of Contemporary Kidney Transplant Practice”. American Journal of Transplantation, 18(5), 1168-1176.
  • Balikci, E., Yilmaz, B., Tahmasebifar, A., Baran, E. T., & Kara, E. (2021). “Surface Modification Strategies for Hemodialysis Catheters to Prevent Catheter‐Related Infections: A Review”. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 109(3), 314-327.
  • Beaudry, A., Ferguson, T. W., Rigatto, C., Tangri, N., Dumanski, S., & Komenda, P. (2018). “Cost of Dialysis Therapy by Modality in Manitoba”. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 13(8), 1197.
  • Behlul, S., & Artac Ozdal, M. (2022, November). “Risk of COVID-19 and Cost Burden in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients and Policy Implications for Managing Nephrology Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic”. In Healthcare, 10(12), 235. MDPI.
  • Bello, A. K., Alrukhaimi, M., Ashuntantang, G. E., Bellorin-Font, E., Benghanem Gharbi, M., Braam, B., Feehally, J., Harris, D. C., Jha, V., Jindal, K., Johnson, D. W., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kazancioglu, R., Kerr, P. G., Lunney, M., Olanrewaju, T. O., Osman, M. A., Perl, J., Rashid, H. U., … Levin, A. (2018). “Global Overview of Health Systems Oversight and Financing for Kidney Care”. In Kidney International Supplements (Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 41–51). Elsevier B.V.
  • Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Levin A, Ye F, Saad S, Zaidi D., & Johnson DW (2023). “ISN–Global Kidney Health Atlas: A report by the International Society of Nephrology: An Assessment of Global Kidney Health Care Status focussing on Capacity, Availability, Accessibility, Affordability and Outcomes of Kidney Disease”. International Society of Nephrology, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Bharati, J., & Jha, V. (2020). Global dialysis Perspective: India. Kidney360, 1(10), 1143.
  • Catiwa, J. (2023). Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections in Australian and New Zealand Haemodialysis Services.
  • Chang, Y. T., Hwang, J. S., Hung, S. Y., Tsai, M. S., Wu, J. L., Sung, J. M., & Wang, J. D. (2016). “Cost-effectiveness of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: National Cohort Study with 14 Years Follow-up and matched for comorbidities and Propensity Score”. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30266.
  • Euser, A. M., Zoccali, C., Jager, K. J., & Dekker, F. W. (2009). “Cohort Studies: Prospective Versus Retrospective”. Nephron Clinical Practice, 113(3), c214-c217.
  • Ferguson, T. W., Whitlock, R. H., Bamforth, R. J., Beaudry, A., Darcel, J.,Di Nella, M., & Komenda, P. (2021). “Cost-utility of Dialysis in Canada: Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Nondialysis Treatment of Kidney Failure”. Kidney medicine, 3(1), 20-30.
  • Fisher, M., Golestaneh, L., Allon, M., Abreo, K., & Mokrzycki, M. H. (2020). “Prevention of Bloodstream Infections in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis”. In Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15(1), 132–151.
  • Francis, A., Harhay, M. N., Ong, A., Tummalapalli, S. L., Ortiz, A., Fogo, A. B., & Jha, V. (2024). “Chronic Kidney Disease and the Global Public Health Agenda: An International Consensus”. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 1-13.
  • Görgen, Ö., Topbaş, E., & Bingöl, G. “Türkiye'de Hemşirelik Müfredat Programında Diyaliz Hemşireliğinin Yeri ve Önemi”. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi, 13(2), 62-70.
  • Guo, H., Zhang, L., He, H., & Wang, L. (2024). “Risk Factors for Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Hemodialysis Patients: A Meta-analysis”. Plos One, 19(3), e0299715.
  • Heidempergher, M., Sabiu, G., Orani, M. A., Tripepi, G., & Gallieni, M.(2021). “Targeting COVID-19 Prevention in Hemodialysis Facilities is Associated with a Drastic Reduction in Central Venous Catheter-related Infections”. Journal of Nephrology, 34(2), 345-353.
  • Hogan, J., Pietrement, C., Sellier-Leclerc, A. L., Louillet, F., Salomon, R., Macher, M. A., & Couchoud, C. (2017). “Infection-related Hospitalizations after Kidney Transplantation in Children: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Cost.” Pediatric Nephrology, 32, 2331-2341.
  • Inker, L. A., Astor, B. C., Fox, C. H., Isakova, T., Lash, J. P., Peralta, C. A., & Feldman, H. I. (2014). “KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 63(5), 713-735.
  • Ismail, H., Manaf, M. R. A., Gafor, A. H. A., Zaher, Z. M. M., & Ibrahim, A. I. N. (2019). “Economic Burden of ESRD to the Malaysian Healthcare System.” Kidney International Reports, 4(9), 1261-1270.
  • Jha, V., Al-Ghamdi, S. M., Li, G., Wu, M. S., Stafylas, P., Retat, L.,& Garcia Sanchez, J. J. (2023). “Global Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pragmatic Review of Medical Costs for the Inside CKD Research Programme”. Advances in Therapy, 40(10), 4405-4420.
  • Karkout, K., Ibrahim, A. A., Khoudeir, A., Karkout, R., Delgado, A. L., Saleem, A., & Chabaan, A. (2021). “The Rate of Catheter-related Bloodstream Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients Using Central Venous Catheters: A Retrospective Study”. Hamdan Medical Journal, 14(4), 179.
  • Kassa, D. A., Mekonnen, S., Kebede, A., & Haile, T. G. (2020). “Cost of Hemodialysis Treatment and Associated Factors among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients at the Tertiary Hospitals of Addis Ababa City and Amhara Region, Ethiopia”. Clinico Economics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 12, 399.
  • Kim, J. H., Ho, S. H., Kim, H. J., & Lee, S. (2018). “The Economic Burden of Kidney Disorders in Korea”. Journal of Medical Economics, 21(3), 262–270.
  • Lamarche, C., Iliuta, I. A., & Kitzler, T. (2019). “Infectious Disease Risk in Dialysis Patients: A Transdisciplinary Approach”. In Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 6. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Lin, C.-H., Hung, P.-H., Liu, W.-S., Hu, H.-Y., Chung, C.-J., & Chen, T.-H. (2020). “Infections and Risk of End-stage Renal Disease in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-based Case-control Study”. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(5), 228–228.
  • Luca, L., & Paul, O. (2019). Price Setting and Price Regulation in Health Care Lessons for Advancing Universal Health Coverage. OECD Publishing.
  • Luyckx, V. A., Tonelli, M., & Stanifer, J. W. (2018). “The Global Burden of Kidney Disease and the Sustainable Development Goals”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(6), 414.
  • Makhija, D., Alscher, M. D., Becker, S., D’Alonzo, S., Mehrotra, R., Wong, L., McLeod, K., Danek, J., Gellens, M., Kudelka, T., Sloand, J. A., & Laplante, S. (2018). “Remote Monitoring of Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Assessing Clinical and Economic Value”. Telemedicine and E-Health, 24(4), 315–323.
  • Mohnen, S. M., van Oosten, M. J., Los, J., Leegte, M. J., Jager, K. J., Hemmelder, M. H., ... & de Wit, G. A. (2019). “Healthcare Costs of Patients on Different Renal Replacement Modalities–analysis of Dutch Health Insurance Claims Data”. PLoS One, 14(8), e0220800.
  • Moradpour, A., Hadian, M., & Tavakkoli, M. (2020). “Economic Evaluation of End Stage Renal Disease Treatments in Iran”. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(1), 199-204.
  • Nasiri, E., Rafiei, M. H., Mortazavi, Y., Tayebi, P., & Bariki, M. G. (2022). “Causes and Risk Factors of Hemodialysis Catheter Infection in Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Study”. Nephro-UrologyMonthly, 14(1).
  • Oruc, A., Aktas, N., Dogan, I., Akgur, S., Ocakoglu, G., & Ersoy, A. (2022). “The Perspectives of Dialysis Patients about the Covid‐19 Pandemic and Differences between the Modalities”. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 26(1), 178-184.
  • Sarnak, M. J., & Jaber, B. L. (2000). “Mortality Caused by Sepsis in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Compared with the General Population”. Kidney International, 58(4), 1758-1764.
  • Surendra, N. K., Rizal, A. M., Hooi, L. S., Bavanandan, S., Mohamad Nor, F. S., Shah Firdaus Khan, S., & Ong, L. M. (2018). “The Cost of Dialysis in Malaysia: Haemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis”. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 18(2), 70-81.
  • State Planning Organization. (2023). Macroeconomic and Sectoral Developments. Presidency, Nicosia, TRNC.
  • Takemoto, Y., & Naganuma, T. (2019). “Economic Issues of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease”. Contributions to Nephrology, 198, 87–93.
  • TCMB. TCMB Enflasyon Verileri 2016-2021. Available at: [TCMB - Tüketici Fiyatları] Thurlow, J. S., Joshi, M., Yan, G., Norris, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y., Yuan, C. M., & Nee, R. (2021). “Global Epidemiology of End-stage Kidney Disease and Disparities in Kidney Replacement Therapy”. American Journal of Nephrology, 52(2), 98-107.
  • Tingle, S. J., Figueiredo, R. S., Moir, J. A. G., Goodfellow, M., Talbot, D., & Wilson, C. H. (2019). “Machine Perfusion Preservation Versus Static Cold Storage for Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation”. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(3). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Trivedi, N., & Sodani, P. R. (2024). “A Study on the Economic Evaluation of End-stage Renal Disease Treatment: Kidney Transplantation Versus Haemodialysis”. Journal of Health Management, 26(2), 284-292.
  • Vanholder, R., Annemans, L., Brown, E., Gansevoort, R., Gout-Zwart, J. J., Lameire, N., Morton, R. L., Oberbauer, R., Postma, M. J., Tonelli, M., Biesen, W. van, & Zoccali, C. (2017). “Reducing the Costs of Chronic Kidney Disease while Delivering Quality Health Care: A Call To Action.” In Nature Reviews Nephrology, 13(7), 393–409. Nature Publishing Group.
  • Wong, C. K., Chen, J., Fung, S. K., Mok, M. M., Cheng, Y. L., Kong, I., & Lam, C. L. (2019). “Direct and Indirect Costs of End-stage Renal Disease Patients in the First and Second Years after Initiation of Nocturnal Home Haemodialysis, Hospital Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis”. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 34(9), 1565-1576.
  • World Health Organization. (2015). Health in 2015: From MDGs, Millennium Development Goals to SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. (Retrieved 7 January 2023).
  • Wu, H., Li, Q., Cai, Y., Zhang, J., Cui, W., & Zhou, Z. (2020). “Economic Burden and Cost-utility Analysis of Three Renal Replacement Therapies in ESRD Patients from Yunnan Province, China”. International Urology and Nephrology, 52(3), 573-579.
  • Yang, F., Liao, M., Wang, P., Yang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2021). “The Cost-effectiveness of Kidney Replacement Therapy Modalities: A Systematic Review of Full Economic Evaluations”. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 19(2), 163-180.
  • Yigit, V., & Erdem, R. (2015). “Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Treatment in Turkey”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7(13), 211-236.
  • Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Zhu, S., Ye, H., & Zhang, D. (2020). “Direct Medical Costs of End-stage Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy: A Cohort Study in Guangzhou City, Southern China”. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1-14.

THE ASSESSMENT OF ANNUAL DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN NORTHERN CYPRUS

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 69 - 88, 26.06.2025

Seda Behlül , Düriye Deren Oygar , Ahmet Behlül , Macide Artac Ozdal

Abstract

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic condition that requires long-term management and exerts very high disease and cost burden on the governments. This study aimed to assess the direct costs of haemodialysis (HD) treatment, a type of renal replacement therapy, that has an important place in the management of ESRD. The study employed a retrospective approach using a cohort of HD patients and the costs of HD and catheter-related infection treatment were evaluated between the years of 2016 and 2020. HD treatment costs, HD laboratory and imaging costs, and catheter infection costs were determined in dollars ($). Average treatment costs and annual control costs for HD patients were determined as: $10391.14 in 2016; $8664.62 in 2017; $6140.65 in 2018; $4838.29 in 2019; $4081.89 in 2020. A statistical difference was found between the cost of outpatient and inpatient care of catheter-related infections and the year of diagnosis of ESRD in 2016 and 2018 respectively It is important to assess and determine the cost burden and related discrepancies in the cost coverage and resource management in the chronic disease care. This study emphasized the importance of developing targeted and updated policies and legislations for managing the cost of chronic disease care.

Keywords

End-stage Renal Disease Haemodialysis Cost-burden Catheter-related Infections a type of renal replacement therapy HD laboratory and imaging costs

References

  • Akbari, A., Clase, C. M., Acott, P., Battistella, M., Bello, A., Feltmate, P., & Welcher, E. S. (2015). “Canadian Society of Nephrology Commentary on the KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for CKD Evaluation and Management”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 65(2), 177-205.
  • Alirezaei, A., Massoudi, N., Zare, E., & Nouri, Y. (2019). “Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections; The Incidence and Risk Factors in Iranian Hemodialysis Patients”. Journal of Nephropharmacology, 8(2), e17-e17.
  • Axelrod, D. A., Schnitzler, M. A., Xiao, H., Irish, W., Tuttle-Newhall, E., Chang, S. H., & Lentine, K. L. (2018). “An Economic Assessment of Contemporary Kidney Transplant Practice”. American Journal of Transplantation, 18(5), 1168-1176.
  • Balikci, E., Yilmaz, B., Tahmasebifar, A., Baran, E. T., & Kara, E. (2021). “Surface Modification Strategies for Hemodialysis Catheters to Prevent Catheter‐Related Infections: A Review”. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 109(3), 314-327.
  • Beaudry, A., Ferguson, T. W., Rigatto, C., Tangri, N., Dumanski, S., & Komenda, P. (2018). “Cost of Dialysis Therapy by Modality in Manitoba”. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 13(8), 1197.
  • Behlul, S., & Artac Ozdal, M. (2022, November). “Risk of COVID-19 and Cost Burden in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients and Policy Implications for Managing Nephrology Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic”. In Healthcare, 10(12), 235. MDPI.
  • Bello, A. K., Alrukhaimi, M., Ashuntantang, G. E., Bellorin-Font, E., Benghanem Gharbi, M., Braam, B., Feehally, J., Harris, D. C., Jha, V., Jindal, K., Johnson, D. W., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kazancioglu, R., Kerr, P. G., Lunney, M., Olanrewaju, T. O., Osman, M. A., Perl, J., Rashid, H. U., … Levin, A. (2018). “Global Overview of Health Systems Oversight and Financing for Kidney Care”. In Kidney International Supplements (Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 41–51). Elsevier B.V.
  • Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Levin A, Ye F, Saad S, Zaidi D., & Johnson DW (2023). “ISN–Global Kidney Health Atlas: A report by the International Society of Nephrology: An Assessment of Global Kidney Health Care Status focussing on Capacity, Availability, Accessibility, Affordability and Outcomes of Kidney Disease”. International Society of Nephrology, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Bharati, J., & Jha, V. (2020). Global dialysis Perspective: India. Kidney360, 1(10), 1143.
  • Catiwa, J. (2023). Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections in Australian and New Zealand Haemodialysis Services.
  • Chang, Y. T., Hwang, J. S., Hung, S. Y., Tsai, M. S., Wu, J. L., Sung, J. M., & Wang, J. D. (2016). “Cost-effectiveness of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: National Cohort Study with 14 Years Follow-up and matched for comorbidities and Propensity Score”. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30266.
  • Euser, A. M., Zoccali, C., Jager, K. J., & Dekker, F. W. (2009). “Cohort Studies: Prospective Versus Retrospective”. Nephron Clinical Practice, 113(3), c214-c217.
  • Ferguson, T. W., Whitlock, R. H., Bamforth, R. J., Beaudry, A., Darcel, J.,Di Nella, M., & Komenda, P. (2021). “Cost-utility of Dialysis in Canada: Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Nondialysis Treatment of Kidney Failure”. Kidney medicine, 3(1), 20-30.
  • Fisher, M., Golestaneh, L., Allon, M., Abreo, K., & Mokrzycki, M. H. (2020). “Prevention of Bloodstream Infections in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis”. In Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15(1), 132–151.
  • Francis, A., Harhay, M. N., Ong, A., Tummalapalli, S. L., Ortiz, A., Fogo, A. B., & Jha, V. (2024). “Chronic Kidney Disease and the Global Public Health Agenda: An International Consensus”. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 1-13.
  • Görgen, Ö., Topbaş, E., & Bingöl, G. “Türkiye'de Hemşirelik Müfredat Programında Diyaliz Hemşireliğinin Yeri ve Önemi”. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi, 13(2), 62-70.
  • Guo, H., Zhang, L., He, H., & Wang, L. (2024). “Risk Factors for Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Hemodialysis Patients: A Meta-analysis”. Plos One, 19(3), e0299715.
  • Heidempergher, M., Sabiu, G., Orani, M. A., Tripepi, G., & Gallieni, M.(2021). “Targeting COVID-19 Prevention in Hemodialysis Facilities is Associated with a Drastic Reduction in Central Venous Catheter-related Infections”. Journal of Nephrology, 34(2), 345-353.
  • Hogan, J., Pietrement, C., Sellier-Leclerc, A. L., Louillet, F., Salomon, R., Macher, M. A., & Couchoud, C. (2017). “Infection-related Hospitalizations after Kidney Transplantation in Children: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Cost.” Pediatric Nephrology, 32, 2331-2341.
  • Inker, L. A., Astor, B. C., Fox, C. H., Isakova, T., Lash, J. P., Peralta, C. A., & Feldman, H. I. (2014). “KDOQI US Commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 63(5), 713-735.
  • Ismail, H., Manaf, M. R. A., Gafor, A. H. A., Zaher, Z. M. M., & Ibrahim, A. I. N. (2019). “Economic Burden of ESRD to the Malaysian Healthcare System.” Kidney International Reports, 4(9), 1261-1270.
  • Jha, V., Al-Ghamdi, S. M., Li, G., Wu, M. S., Stafylas, P., Retat, L.,& Garcia Sanchez, J. J. (2023). “Global Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pragmatic Review of Medical Costs for the Inside CKD Research Programme”. Advances in Therapy, 40(10), 4405-4420.
  • Karkout, K., Ibrahim, A. A., Khoudeir, A., Karkout, R., Delgado, A. L., Saleem, A., & Chabaan, A. (2021). “The Rate of Catheter-related Bloodstream Infection in Renal Dialysis Patients Using Central Venous Catheters: A Retrospective Study”. Hamdan Medical Journal, 14(4), 179.
  • Kassa, D. A., Mekonnen, S., Kebede, A., & Haile, T. G. (2020). “Cost of Hemodialysis Treatment and Associated Factors among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients at the Tertiary Hospitals of Addis Ababa City and Amhara Region, Ethiopia”. Clinico Economics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 12, 399.
  • Kim, J. H., Ho, S. H., Kim, H. J., & Lee, S. (2018). “The Economic Burden of Kidney Disorders in Korea”. Journal of Medical Economics, 21(3), 262–270.
  • Lamarche, C., Iliuta, I. A., & Kitzler, T. (2019). “Infectious Disease Risk in Dialysis Patients: A Transdisciplinary Approach”. In Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 6. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Lin, C.-H., Hung, P.-H., Liu, W.-S., Hu, H.-Y., Chung, C.-J., & Chen, T.-H. (2020). “Infections and Risk of End-stage Renal Disease in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-based Case-control Study”. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(5), 228–228.
  • Luca, L., & Paul, O. (2019). Price Setting and Price Regulation in Health Care Lessons for Advancing Universal Health Coverage. OECD Publishing.
  • Luyckx, V. A., Tonelli, M., & Stanifer, J. W. (2018). “The Global Burden of Kidney Disease and the Sustainable Development Goals”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(6), 414.
  • Makhija, D., Alscher, M. D., Becker, S., D’Alonzo, S., Mehrotra, R., Wong, L., McLeod, K., Danek, J., Gellens, M., Kudelka, T., Sloand, J. A., & Laplante, S. (2018). “Remote Monitoring of Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Assessing Clinical and Economic Value”. Telemedicine and E-Health, 24(4), 315–323.
  • Mohnen, S. M., van Oosten, M. J., Los, J., Leegte, M. J., Jager, K. J., Hemmelder, M. H., ... & de Wit, G. A. (2019). “Healthcare Costs of Patients on Different Renal Replacement Modalities–analysis of Dutch Health Insurance Claims Data”. PLoS One, 14(8), e0220800.
  • Moradpour, A., Hadian, M., & Tavakkoli, M. (2020). “Economic Evaluation of End Stage Renal Disease Treatments in Iran”. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(1), 199-204.
  • Nasiri, E., Rafiei, M. H., Mortazavi, Y., Tayebi, P., & Bariki, M. G. (2022). “Causes and Risk Factors of Hemodialysis Catheter Infection in Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Study”. Nephro-UrologyMonthly, 14(1).
  • Oruc, A., Aktas, N., Dogan, I., Akgur, S., Ocakoglu, G., & Ersoy, A. (2022). “The Perspectives of Dialysis Patients about the Covid‐19 Pandemic and Differences between the Modalities”. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 26(1), 178-184.
  • Sarnak, M. J., & Jaber, B. L. (2000). “Mortality Caused by Sepsis in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Compared with the General Population”. Kidney International, 58(4), 1758-1764.
  • Surendra, N. K., Rizal, A. M., Hooi, L. S., Bavanandan, S., Mohamad Nor, F. S., Shah Firdaus Khan, S., & Ong, L. M. (2018). “The Cost of Dialysis in Malaysia: Haemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis”. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 18(2), 70-81.
  • State Planning Organization. (2023). Macroeconomic and Sectoral Developments. Presidency, Nicosia, TRNC.
  • Takemoto, Y., & Naganuma, T. (2019). “Economic Issues of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease”. Contributions to Nephrology, 198, 87–93.
  • TCMB. TCMB Enflasyon Verileri 2016-2021. Available at: [TCMB - Tüketici Fiyatları] Thurlow, J. S., Joshi, M., Yan, G., Norris, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y., Yuan, C. M., & Nee, R. (2021). “Global Epidemiology of End-stage Kidney Disease and Disparities in Kidney Replacement Therapy”. American Journal of Nephrology, 52(2), 98-107.
  • Tingle, S. J., Figueiredo, R. S., Moir, J. A. G., Goodfellow, M., Talbot, D., & Wilson, C. H. (2019). “Machine Perfusion Preservation Versus Static Cold Storage for Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation”. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(3). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  • Trivedi, N., & Sodani, P. R. (2024). “A Study on the Economic Evaluation of End-stage Renal Disease Treatment: Kidney Transplantation Versus Haemodialysis”. Journal of Health Management, 26(2), 284-292.
  • Vanholder, R., Annemans, L., Brown, E., Gansevoort, R., Gout-Zwart, J. J., Lameire, N., Morton, R. L., Oberbauer, R., Postma, M. J., Tonelli, M., Biesen, W. van, & Zoccali, C. (2017). “Reducing the Costs of Chronic Kidney Disease while Delivering Quality Health Care: A Call To Action.” In Nature Reviews Nephrology, 13(7), 393–409. Nature Publishing Group.
  • Wong, C. K., Chen, J., Fung, S. K., Mok, M. M., Cheng, Y. L., Kong, I., & Lam, C. L. (2019). “Direct and Indirect Costs of End-stage Renal Disease Patients in the First and Second Years after Initiation of Nocturnal Home Haemodialysis, Hospital Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis”. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 34(9), 1565-1576.
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There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Policy
Journal Section Research
Authors

Seda Behlül

Düriye Deren Oygar

Ahmet Behlül

Macide Artac Ozdal

Publication Date June 26, 2025
Submission Date April 25, 2025
Acceptance Date June 2, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Behlül, S., Oygar, D. D., Behlül, A., Artac Ozdal, M. (2025). THE ASSESSMENT OF ANNUAL DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN NORTHERN CYPRUS. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 69-88.

Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi (LAÜ) Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi haziran ve aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan iki hakemli bir dergidir. Derginin yelpazesi toplum bilimlerinin tüm disiplinlerini ve dallarını kapsamaktadır. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi yalnızca Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleleri kabul etmektedir.  http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/