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THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY ON TRADE RELATIONS UNDER THE EUROPEAN UNION'S GREEN DEAL

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 91 - 110

Arzu Al

Abstract

Abstract
The Green Deal, announced in 2019, stands out as a transformative policy shift within the European Union’s sustainable development goals, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. Investments in renewable energy under this framework have multifaceted and profound impacts on trade relations. Primarily, these investments contribute to diversifying trade and reshaping the energy trade profile by reducing dependency on energy imports. The renewable energy sector, bolstered by growing demand for environmentally friendly products, expands “green trade” opportunities and strengthens international commercial relations. Global policies aimed at lowering carbon footprints impose restrictions on trade in high-emission products, while creating new export markets for countries investing in renewable energy technologies. In this context, increasing investments in renewable energy sources, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and decarbonizing the energy sector have initiated significant restructuring in trade relations between EU member states and third countries. The aim of this study is to examine the economic and trade impacts of the EU's investments in renewable energy within the framework of the Green Deal on member states and global trade partners. Accordingly, the study seeks to evaluate the role of elements such as energy security, trade balance, and carbon regulations in the EU's trade relations.

Keywords

European Union Trade Relations Renewable Energy Green Deal

References

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  • Ciucci, M. (2024). Energy policy: General principles. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/68/energy-policy-general-principles (13.07.2024). Cosbey, A., Droege, S., Fischer, C., ve Munnings, C. (2019). Developing guidance for implementing border carbon adjustments: Lessons, cautions, and research needs from the literature. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 13(1), 3–22.
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  • Khanayev, A. (2024). Yenilenebilir enerji ve sürdürülebilirlik konularının almanya-fransa açısından karşılaştırmalı analizi (Master's thesis, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey)).
  • Lehr, U., Lutz, C., ve Edler, D. (2012). Green jobs? Economic impacts of renewable energy in Germany. Energy Policy, 47, 358–364. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512003928 (12.08.2024).
  • Loonela, V., ve Stoycheva, D. (2020). Changing how we produce and consume: New circular economy action plan shows the way to a climate-neutral, competitive economy of empowered consumers. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420 (18.07.2024).
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Mehling, M. A., van Asselt, H., Das, K., Droege, S., ve Verkuijl, C. (2019). Designing border carbon adjustments for enhanced climate action. American Journal of International Law, 113(3), 433–481.
  • Munta, M. (2020). The European Green Deal. Zagreb: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Perdana, S., ve Vielle, M. (2022). Making the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism acceptable and climate friendly for least developed countries. Energy Policy, 167, 113089. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522004645 (21.07.2024).
  • Schaik, L. V., ve Schunz, S. (2012). Explaining EU activism and impact in global climate politics: Is the union a norm- or interest-driven actor? Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(1), 169–186.
  • Taş, M. A., ve Aylak, B. L. (2022). Analyzing the impacts of European Green Deal on logistics through CIMO-Logic. European Journal of Science and Technology, 34, 568–572.
  • World Health Organization. (2014). 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution (26.08.2024).
  • World Trade Organization. (2021). World trade report 2021. Geneva: WTO.
  • Yıldırım, A. E., Kaplan, E. B., & Khanayev, A. (2023). Hydrogen-based energy and Turkey. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(15), 29-47.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN YEŞİL ANLAŞMASI KAPSAMINDA YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİYE YATIRIMIN TİCARET İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 91 - 110

Arzu Al

Abstract

Öz
2019 yılında ilan edilen Yeşil Anlaşma, Avrupa Birliği’nin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda sera gazı emisyonlarını 2050 yılına kadar sıfırlamayı amaçlayan köklü bir politika değişikliği olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yenilenebilir enerjiye yapılan yatırımlar, ticaret ilişkileri üzerinde çok yönlü ve derinlemesine etkiler yaratmaktadır. Öncelikle, bu yatırımlar enerji ithalatına olan bağımlılığı azaltarak ticaretin çeşitlenmesine katkıda bulunmakta ve enerji ticareti profilini değiştirmektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji sektörü, çevre dostu ürünlere olan talebin artmasıyla birlikte "yeşil ticaret" fırsatlarını genişleterek ülkeler arası ticari ilişkileri güçlendirmektedir. Karbon ayak izini düşürmeye yönelik küresel politikalar, karbon emisyonu yüksek ürünlerin ticaretine sınırlamalar getirirken, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerine yatırım yapan ülkeler için ise yeni ihracat pazarları yaratmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımların artırılması, fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılığın azaltılması ve enerji sektörünün karbonsuzlaştırılması stratejileri, AB üyesi ülkeler ile üçüncü ülkeler arasındaki ticaret ilişkilerinde önemli bir yeniden yapılanmayı tetiklemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AB'nin Yeşil Anlaşma çerçevesinde yenilenebilir enerjiye yaptığı yatırımların, üye ülkeler ve küresel ticaret ortakları üzerindeki ekonomik ve ticari etkilerini incelemektir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma, enerji güvenliği, ticaret dengesi ve karbon düzenlemeleri gibi unsurların AB'nin ticaret ilişkilerindeki rolünü değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği Ticaret İlişkileri Yenilenebilir Enerji Yeşil Anlaşma

References

  • Branger, F., & Quirion, P. (2014). Climate policy and the ‘carbon haven’ effect. WIREs Climate Change, 5(1), 53–71.
  • Brennan, S., Bravo Gonzalez, R., Puzniak-Holford, M., Kilsby, R., ve Subramoni, A. (2024). Sustainability regulation outlook 2024. Deloitte Insights. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/environmental-social-governance/sustainability-regulation-outlook.html
  • Climate Bonds Initiative. (2022). $500bn green issuance 2021: Social and sustainable acceleration: Annual green $1tn in sight: Market expansion forecasts for 2022 and 2025. https://www.climatebonds.net/2022/01/500bn-green-issuance-2021-social-and-sustainable-acceleration-annual-green-1tn-sight-market (14.08.2024).
  • Ciucci, M. (2024). Energy policy: General principles. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/68/energy-policy-general-principles (13.07.2024). Cosbey, A., Droege, S., Fischer, C., ve Munnings, C. (2019). Developing guidance for implementing border carbon adjustments: Lessons, cautions, and research needs from the literature. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 13(1), 3–22.
  • EEA. (2024). Gross value added of the environmental goods and services sector in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/gross-value-added-of-the (11.08.2024).
  • EEA. (2024). Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/share-of-energy-consumption-from?activeAccordion=546a7c35-9188-4d23-94ee-005d97c26f2b (16.07.2024).
  • ENTSO-E. (2018). European power system 2040: Completing the map. Brussels: ENTSO-E.
  • EUR-Lex. (2009). 2020 climate and energy package. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/2020-climate-and-energy-package.html (18.07.2024).
  • European Commission. (2018). Renewable energy – Recast to 2030 (RED II). https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/welcome-jec-website/reference-regulatory-framework/renewable-energy-recast-2030-red-ii_en (14.08.2024).
  • European Commission. (2019). Factsheets: European Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/factsheets-european-green-deal_en (05.07.2024).
  • European Commission. (2019). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism. Brussels: European Commission.
  • European Commission. (2020). Communication COM/2020/301: A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe. https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/publication/communication-com2020301-hydrogen-strategy-climate-neutral-europe_en (19.07.2024).
  • European Commission. (2022). Progress on competitiveness of clean energy technologies. Brussels: European Commission.
  • European Commission. (2022). Sub-Saharan Africa. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/international-cooperation/key-partner-countries-and-regions/sub-saharan-africa_en (22.08.2024).
  • European Commission. (2022). The EU and Morocco launch the first green partnership on energy, climate and the environment ahead of COP 27. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-morocco-launch-first-green-partnership-energy-climate-and-environment-ahead-cop-27-2022-10-18_en (18.08.2024).
  • European Commission. (2024). People with energy. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/energy-explained/people-energy_en (21.08.2024).
  • Eurostat. (2024). Shedding light on energy in Europe – 2024 edition. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/energy-2024#about-publication (14.07.2024).
  • IEA. (2022). World energy investment 2022. Paris: IEA.
  • IRENA ve ILO. (2023). Renewable energy and jobs: Annual review 2023. Abu Dhabi; Geneva: IRENA and ILO.
  • IRENA. (2020). Renewable power generation costs in 2020. Abu Dhabi: IRENA.
  • Keohane, R., ve Oppenheimer, M. (2016). Paris: Beyond the climate dead end through pledge and review? Politics and Governance, 4(3), 142–151.
  • Kettunen, M., Bodin, É., Davey, E., Gionfra, S., ve Charveriat, C. (2020). An EU Green Deal for trade policy and the environment: Aligning trade with climate and sustainable development objectives. Brussels: IEEP.
  • Khanayev, A. (2024). Yenilenebilir enerji ve sürdürülebilirlik konularının almanya-fransa açısından karşılaştırmalı analizi (Master's thesis, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey)).
  • Lehr, U., Lutz, C., ve Edler, D. (2012). Green jobs? Economic impacts of renewable energy in Germany. Energy Policy, 47, 358–364. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512003928 (12.08.2024).
  • Loonela, V., ve Stoycheva, D. (2020). Changing how we produce and consume: New circular economy action plan shows the way to a climate-neutral, competitive economy of empowered consumers. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420 (18.07.2024).
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Mehling, M. A., van Asselt, H., Das, K., Droege, S., ve Verkuijl, C. (2019). Designing border carbon adjustments for enhanced climate action. American Journal of International Law, 113(3), 433–481.
  • Munta, M. (2020). The European Green Deal. Zagreb: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Perdana, S., ve Vielle, M. (2022). Making the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism acceptable and climate friendly for least developed countries. Energy Policy, 167, 113089. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421522004645 (21.07.2024).
  • Schaik, L. V., ve Schunz, S. (2012). Explaining EU activism and impact in global climate politics: Is the union a norm- or interest-driven actor? Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(1), 169–186.
  • Taş, M. A., ve Aylak, B. L. (2022). Analyzing the impacts of European Green Deal on logistics through CIMO-Logic. European Journal of Science and Technology, 34, 568–572.
  • World Health Organization. (2014). 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution (26.08.2024).
  • World Trade Organization. (2021). World trade report 2021. Geneva: WTO.
  • Yıldırım, A. E., Kaplan, E. B., & Khanayev, A. (2023). Hydrogen-based energy and Turkey. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(15), 29-47.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other), Finance and Investment (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Arzu Al 0000-0002-3287-3661

Early Pub Date June 20, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date April 21, 2025
Acceptance Date May 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Al, A. (2025). AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN YEŞİL ANLAŞMASI KAPSAMINDA YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİYE YATIRIMIN TİCARET İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİSİ. Al Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 91-110.
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