Abstract
The phenomenological method is based on describing what is given to consciousness in its continuity. Phenomena such as birth, sleep and especially death, where the flow of consciousness is interrupted, are among the phenomena that push the limits of phenomenological description. This article discusses how Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, approaches the phenomenon of death and how he situates it within his phenomenology. The main question of the study is how death, which terminates the stream of consciousness and which the subject cannot directly experience, is conceptualized within the framework of Husserl's phenomenological method based on direct experience. For this purpose, firstly, in the first part, the grounding of death as a boundary phenomenon in the first person perspective and in the dimension of intersubjectivity will be explained in the context of Husserl's thought, and in the second part, Husserl's effort to save death from being a boundary phenomenon will be evaluated based on his explanations regarding the immortality of the transcendental ego. At the end of the study, it will be pointed out that both of Husserl's approaches to death encounter some limitations and the limits of what the phenomenological method can describe will be emphasized.
Keywords
References
- Bochenski, Jozef Maria. Çağdaş Avrupa Felsefesi. Ankara: FOL Yayınları, 2020.
- Carr, David. The Paradox of Subjectivity: The Self in the Transcendental Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Derrida, Jacques. Aporias. United States of America: Stanford University Press, 1993.
- Derrida, Jacques. “Şiddet ve Metafizik: Emmanuel Levinas’ın Düşüncesi Üzerine Deneme.” İçinde Yazı ve Fark, Çeviren P. Burcu Yalım, 107-207. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2020.
- Direk, Zeynep. Çağdaş Kıta Felsefesi. Ankara: FOL Yaynları, 2021.
- Donohoe, Janet. Husserl on Ethics and Intersubjectivity: From Static and Genetic Phenomenology. NY: Humanity Books, 2004.
- Geniusas, Saulius. “On Birth, Death, and Sleep in Husserl’s Late Manuscripts on Time.” İçinde On Time- New Contributions to the Husserlian Phenomenology of Time, editörler Dieter Lohmar and Ichiro Yamaguchi, 71-89. London: Springer, 2010.
- Heinämaa, Sara. “The Many Senses of Death: Phenomenological Insights into Human Mortality.” COLLeGIUM: Studies Across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences 19, (2015): 100-117.
- Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Çeviren. David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
- Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
- Husserl, Grenzprobleme der Phänomenologie. Analysen des Unbewusstseins und der Instinkte. Metaphysik. Späte Ethik. Texte aus dem Nachlass (1908–1937), Vol. Hua XLII. New York: Springer, 2014.
- Husserl, Edmund. Analyses of Passive and Active Synthesis: Lectures on Transcendental Logic. Çeviren. Anthony Steinbock, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2001.
- Husserl, Edmund. Späte Texte über Zeitkonstitution (1929-1934): Die C-Manuskripte. Editör D. Lohmar, Berlin: Springer, 2006.
- Husserl, Edmund. Manuscript C17, 74b. (Aktaran James Mesch, “Birth, Death, and Sleep: Limit Problems and the Paradox of Phenomenology.” İçinde The Existential Husserl: A Collection of Critical Essays, 163-183. ed. Marco Cavallaro, George Hefernan, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
- Kauppinen, Jari. “Death as a Limit of Phenemenology: The Notion of Death from Husserl to Derrida.” İçinde The Origins of Life Analecta Husserliana, 66, editör Anna Terasa Tymieniecka, 323-348. Springer Science Business Media.
- Mesch, James. “Birth, Death, and Sleep: Limit Problems and the Paradox of Phenomenology.” İçinde The Existential Husserl: A Collection of Critical Essays, editörler Marco Cavallaro, George Heffernan, 163-183. Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
- Moran, Dermot. “Intercorporeality and Intersubjectivity: A phenomenological Exploration of Embodiment.” İçinde Embodiment, Enaction and Culture, editörler C. Durt, T. Fuchs, C. Tewes, 25-46. USA: The MIT Press, 2017.
- Raffoul, François. “Derrida and the Ethics of the Im-possible.” Research in Phenomenology,Democracy and the Idea of Citizenship 38 no 2 (2008):270-290.
- Sokolowski, Robert. Introduction to Phenomenology. USA: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Steinbock, Anthony J. “Evidence in the Phenomenology of Religious Experience.” İçinde The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Phenomenology, editör Dan Zahavi, 583–606. UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Steinbock, Anthony J. Limit-Phenomena and Phenomenology in Husserl. USA: Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 2017.
- Sternad, Christian. “On the Verge of Subjectivity: Phenomenologies of Death.” İçinde The Subject(s) of Phenomenology, editör Iulian Apostolescu, 231-243. Switzerland: Springer, 2020.
- Toronyai, Gabor. “On the Personal, Intersubjective, and Metaphysical Senses of Death: An Inquiry into Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenological Approach to Death.” Husserl Stud 40, (2024): 67–88 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10743-023-09339-3.
- Uygur, Nermi. Edmund Husserl’de Başkasının Beni Sorunu: Transzendental Fenomenoloji ile Transzendental Felsefenin Özüne Giriş. İstanbul: YKY, 1998.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “Leib and Death: A Study on the Life of the Transcendental Ego in Husserl’s Late Phenomenology.” Workshop Internacional Husserl Hermenéutico/Heidegger Trascendental, Universidad Diego Portales, Junio 2017.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “Phenomenology of death: Subjectivity and Nature in Husserl’s Genetic Phenomenology.” Doktora Tezi, Leiden Üniversitesi, 2021.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “The Paradox of Death and Subjectivity.” Investigaciones Fenomenológicas 19 (2022): 269- 287.
- Yazıcıoğlu, Sanem. Husserl Fenomenolojisinde Zaman Algı Bellek. Ankara: Fol Yayınları, 2022.
- Zahavi, Dan. Self & Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame. 1. bs. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’in Fenomenolojisi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2018.
- İnternet Kaynakları
- Mcginn,Colin. “Phenomenology of Death.” Erişim Tarihi: 7.11.2024. https://www.colinmcginn.net/phenomenology-of-death/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=phenomenology-of-death
Abstract
Fenomenolojik yöntem, bilince verilmiş şeyleri betimlemek üzerine kuruludur. Bir fenomenin bilince verilmesi bilincin sürekliliği içinde gerçekleşir. Bu nedenle, bilinç akışının kesintiye uğradığı doğum, uyku ve özellikle ölüm gibi durumlar, fenomenolojinin betimleme sınırlarını zorlayan olgular arasında yer alır. Bu makalede, fenomenolojinin kurucusu Edmund Husserl’in ölüm olgusuna yaklaşımı ve onu fenomenolojisi içinde nasıl konumlandırdığı ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel sorusu, bilinç akışının sonlandığı ve öznenin doğrudan deneyimleyemediği ölümün, Husserl’in doğrudan deneyime dayalı fenomenolojik yöntemi çerçevesinde nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığıdır. Bunun için ilk olarak birinci bölümde, ölümün birinci şahıs perspektifi ve öznelerarasılık boyutunda sınır fenomen olma gerekçesi Husserl düşüncesi bağlamında izah edilecek, ikinci bölümde ise Husserl’in transandantal egonun ölümsüzlüğü açıklamalarından hareketle ölümü sınır fenomen olmaktan kurtarma çabaları değerlendirilecektir. Çalışma sonucunda Husserl'in ölüme yönelik her iki yaklaşımının da bazı sınırlılıklarla karşılaştığı ortaya koyularak fenomenolojik yöntemin betimleyebileceklerinin sınırlarına işaret edilecektir.
Keywords
References
- Bochenski, Jozef Maria. Çağdaş Avrupa Felsefesi. Ankara: FOL Yayınları, 2020.
- Carr, David. The Paradox of Subjectivity: The Self in the Transcendental Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Derrida, Jacques. Aporias. United States of America: Stanford University Press, 1993.
- Derrida, Jacques. “Şiddet ve Metafizik: Emmanuel Levinas’ın Düşüncesi Üzerine Deneme.” İçinde Yazı ve Fark, Çeviren P. Burcu Yalım, 107-207. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2020.
- Direk, Zeynep. Çağdaş Kıta Felsefesi. Ankara: FOL Yaynları, 2021.
- Donohoe, Janet. Husserl on Ethics and Intersubjectivity: From Static and Genetic Phenomenology. NY: Humanity Books, 2004.
- Geniusas, Saulius. “On Birth, Death, and Sleep in Husserl’s Late Manuscripts on Time.” İçinde On Time- New Contributions to the Husserlian Phenomenology of Time, editörler Dieter Lohmar and Ichiro Yamaguchi, 71-89. London: Springer, 2010.
- Heinämaa, Sara. “The Many Senses of Death: Phenomenological Insights into Human Mortality.” COLLeGIUM: Studies Across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences 19, (2015): 100-117.
- Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Çeviren. David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
- Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
- Husserl, Grenzprobleme der Phänomenologie. Analysen des Unbewusstseins und der Instinkte. Metaphysik. Späte Ethik. Texte aus dem Nachlass (1908–1937), Vol. Hua XLII. New York: Springer, 2014.
- Husserl, Edmund. Analyses of Passive and Active Synthesis: Lectures on Transcendental Logic. Çeviren. Anthony Steinbock, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2001.
- Husserl, Edmund. Späte Texte über Zeitkonstitution (1929-1934): Die C-Manuskripte. Editör D. Lohmar, Berlin: Springer, 2006.
- Husserl, Edmund. Manuscript C17, 74b. (Aktaran James Mesch, “Birth, Death, and Sleep: Limit Problems and the Paradox of Phenomenology.” İçinde The Existential Husserl: A Collection of Critical Essays, 163-183. ed. Marco Cavallaro, George Hefernan, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
- Kauppinen, Jari. “Death as a Limit of Phenemenology: The Notion of Death from Husserl to Derrida.” İçinde The Origins of Life Analecta Husserliana, 66, editör Anna Terasa Tymieniecka, 323-348. Springer Science Business Media.
- Mesch, James. “Birth, Death, and Sleep: Limit Problems and the Paradox of Phenomenology.” İçinde The Existential Husserl: A Collection of Critical Essays, editörler Marco Cavallaro, George Heffernan, 163-183. Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
- Moran, Dermot. “Intercorporeality and Intersubjectivity: A phenomenological Exploration of Embodiment.” İçinde Embodiment, Enaction and Culture, editörler C. Durt, T. Fuchs, C. Tewes, 25-46. USA: The MIT Press, 2017.
- Raffoul, François. “Derrida and the Ethics of the Im-possible.” Research in Phenomenology,Democracy and the Idea of Citizenship 38 no 2 (2008):270-290.
- Sokolowski, Robert. Introduction to Phenomenology. USA: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Steinbock, Anthony J. “Evidence in the Phenomenology of Religious Experience.” İçinde The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Phenomenology, editör Dan Zahavi, 583–606. UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Steinbock, Anthony J. Limit-Phenomena and Phenomenology in Husserl. USA: Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 2017.
- Sternad, Christian. “On the Verge of Subjectivity: Phenomenologies of Death.” İçinde The Subject(s) of Phenomenology, editör Iulian Apostolescu, 231-243. Switzerland: Springer, 2020.
- Toronyai, Gabor. “On the Personal, Intersubjective, and Metaphysical Senses of Death: An Inquiry into Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenological Approach to Death.” Husserl Stud 40, (2024): 67–88 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10743-023-09339-3.
- Uygur, Nermi. Edmund Husserl’de Başkasının Beni Sorunu: Transzendental Fenomenoloji ile Transzendental Felsefenin Özüne Giriş. İstanbul: YKY, 1998.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “Leib and Death: A Study on the Life of the Transcendental Ego in Husserl’s Late Phenomenology.” Workshop Internacional Husserl Hermenéutico/Heidegger Trascendental, Universidad Diego Portales, Junio 2017.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “Phenomenology of death: Subjectivity and Nature in Husserl’s Genetic Phenomenology.” Doktora Tezi, Leiden Üniversitesi, 2021.
- Vecino, Maria Celeste. “The Paradox of Death and Subjectivity.” Investigaciones Fenomenológicas 19 (2022): 269- 287.
- Yazıcıoğlu, Sanem. Husserl Fenomenolojisinde Zaman Algı Bellek. Ankara: Fol Yayınları, 2022.
- Zahavi, Dan. Self & Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame. 1. bs. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’in Fenomenolojisi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2018.
- İnternet Kaynakları
- Mcginn,Colin. “Phenomenology of Death.” Erişim Tarihi: 7.11.2024. https://www.colinmcginn.net/phenomenology-of-death/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=phenomenology-of-death
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | 20th Century Philosophy, Continental Philosophy |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 28, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 8, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 15, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Issue: 40 |
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