Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 232 - 241, 30.04.2025

Mustafa Tezcan , Elif Kimya Balcı

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1544758

Abstract

References

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  • 2. Ramos-Galarza C, Pérez-Salas C. Moderator Role of Monitoring in the Inhibitory Control of Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(2):188-98.
  • 3. Isfandnia F, El Masri S, Radua J, Rubia K. The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2024;162:105703.
  • 4. Lawrence KA, Gloger EM, Pinheiro CN, Schmitt FA, Segerstrom SC. Associations between IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα polymorphisms and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive function in non-demented older adults. Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. 2024;39:100816.
  • 5. Saccaro LF, Schilliger Z, Perroud N, Piguet C. Inflammation, Anxiety, and Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10).
  • 6. Dunn GA, Nigg JT, Sullivan EL. Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2019;182:22-34.
  • 7. Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Borrelli E, Giua E, Andriola E, Villa MP, et al. Serum cytokines in pediatric neuropsychiatric syndromes: focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Minerva pediatrics. 2021;73(5):398-404.
  • 8. Siniscalco D, Schultz S, Brigida AL, Antonucci N. Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 2018;11(2).
  • 9. Núñez-Jaramillo L, Herrera-Solís A, Herrera-Morales WV. ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions. Journal of personalized medicine. 2021;11(3).
  • 10. Kozłowska A, Wojtacha P, Równiak M, Kolenkiewicz M, Huang ACW. ADHD pathogenesis in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems of juvenile and maturating SHR and WKY rats. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236(10):2937-58.
  • 11. Chang JP, Su KP, Mondelli V, Pariante CM. Cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis. Translational psychiatry. 2021;11(1):430.
  • 12. Pogorzelska K, Krętowska A, Krawczuk-Rybak M, Sawicka-Żukowska M. Characteristics of platelet indices and their prognostic significance in selected medical condition - a systematic review. Advances in medical sciences. 2020;65(2):310-5.
  • 13. Zahorec R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Sixteen-year-long history since publication of our article in Bratislava Medical Journal. Bratislavske lekarske listy. 2017;118(6):321-3.
  • 14. Urbanowicz T, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Michalak M, Rodzki M, Witkowska A, Straburzyńska-Migaj E, et al. The Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Monocyte to Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) on Long-Term Survival in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB) Procedures. Biology. 2021;11(1).
  • 15. Cheng Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Fang S. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Depression: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2022;13:893097.
  • 16. Gędek A, Modrzejewski S, Gędek M, Antosik AZ, Mierzejewski P, Dominiak M. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2023;14:1258868.
  • 17. Chang SJ, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee SY, Wang LJ. Cytokine Levels and Neuropsychological Function among Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Atopic Diseases. Journal of personalized medicine. 2022;12(7).
  • 18. Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M. Overview of platelet physiology: its hemostatic and nonhemostatic role in disease pathogenesis. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:781857.
  • 19. Topal E, Celiksoy MH, Catal F, Karakoç HT, Karadağ A, Sancak R. The Platelet Parameters as Inflammatory Markers in Preschool Children with Atopic Eczema. Clinical laboratory. 2015;61(5-6):493-6.
  • 20. Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, Sun YF, Sun C, Guo W, et al. The systemic immune-inflammation index predicts the prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2014;20(23):6212-22.
  • 21. Yang YL, Wu CH, Hsu PF, Chen SC, Huang SS, Chan WL, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) predicted clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. European journal of clinical investigation. 2020;50(5):e13230.
  • 22. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980-8.
  • 23. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
  • 24. Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F, Çengel Kültür SE, Akdemir D, Foto Özdemir D, et al. [Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2019;30(1):42-50.
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  • 26. KARAKAŞ S, ERDOĞAN E, Soysal Ş, ULUSOY T, Yüceyurt ULUSOY İ, ALKAN S. Stroop test TBAG form: standardization for Turkish culture, reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;2(2):75-88.
  • 27. Hamsher KdS, Benton A, Digre KJJoC, Neuropsychology E. Serial digit learning: Normative and clinical aspects. 1980;2(1):39-50.
  • 28. KaraKaş S. BİLNOT bataryası el kitabı: Nöropsikolojik testler için araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmaları [BILNOT Battery Handbook: research and development studies for neuropsychological tests]. Ankara, turkey: eryılmaz Offset Matbaacılık; 2006.
  • 29. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Academic press; 2013.
  • 30. Avcil S. Evaluation of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume as inflammatory markers in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2018;72(7):522-30.
  • 31. Önder A, Gizli Çoban Ö, Sürer Adanır A. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice. 2021;25(1):43-8.
  • 32. Popov M, Popov Y, Kosterin D, Lepik O. Inflammatory Hematological Ratios in Adolescents with Mental Disorders: A Scoping Review. Consortium psychiatricum. 2024;5(2):45-61.
  • 33. Topal Z, Tufan AE, Karadag M, Gokcen C, Akkaya C, Sarp AS, et al. Evaluation of peripheral inflammatory markers, serum B12, folate, ferritin levels, and clinical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2022;76(2):150-7.
  • 34. Öz E, Parlak ME, Kapıcı Y, Balatacı U, Küçükkelepçe O, Kurt F. Pre- and post-treatment evaluation of routine blood analysis in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison with the healthy control group. Scientific reports. 2023;13(1):16233.
  • 35. Ceyhun HA, Gürbüzer N. New Hematological Parameters as Inflammatory Biomarkers: Systemic Immune Inflammation Index, Platerethritis, and Platelet Distribution Width in Patients with Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Advances in neurodevelopmental disorders. 2022;6(2):211-23.
  • 36. Binici NC, Kutlu A. Is ADHD an inflammation-related disorder?/DEHB inflamasyonla iliskili bir bozukluk olabilir mi? Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2019;20(3):313-21.
  • 37. Abdel Samei AM, Mahmoud DAM, Salem Boshra B, Abd El Moneam MHE. The Interplay Between Blood Inflammatory Markers, Symptom Domains, and Severity of ADHD Disorder in Children. J Atten Disord. 2024;28(1):66-76.
  • 38. Misiak B, Wójta-Kempa M, Samochowiec J, Schiweck C, Aichholzer M, Reif A, et al. Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2022;118:110581.
  • 39. Chang JP, Mondelli V, Satyanarayanan SK, Chiang YJ, Chen HT, Su KP, et al. Cortisol, inflammatory biomarkers and neurotrophins in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;88:105-13.
  • 40. Leffa DT, Caye A, Santos I, Matijasevich A, Menezes A, Wehrmeister FC, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a state-dependent association with asthma: The role of systemic inflammation in a population-based birth cohort followed from childhood to adulthood. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2021;97:239-49.
  • 41. Mahmoud IM, El-Keiy M, Hammad K, Mostafa A. Serum interleukin-6 level in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Al-Azhar J Pediatr. 2020;23:1315-37.
  • 42. Verlaet AAJ, Breynaert A, Ceulemans B, De Bruyne T, Fransen E, Pieters L, et al. Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2019;28(5):719-29.
  • 43. Karageorgiou V, Milas GP, Michopoulos I. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research. 2019;206:4-12.
  • 44. Mazza MG, Lucchi S, Tringali AGM, Rossetti A, Botti ER, Clerici M. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2018;84(Pt A):229-36.
  • 45. Ehrlich D, Humpel C. Platelets in psychiatric disorders. World journal of psychiatry. 2012;2(6):91-4.
  • 46. Yun HS, Park MS, Ji ES, Kim TW, Ko IG, Kim HB, et al. Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by reducing Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2014;10(1):22-30.
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The relationship between inflammatory blood cells and executive functions in medication-free children with ADHD

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 232 - 241, 30.04.2025

Mustafa Tezcan , Elif Kimya Balcı

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1544758

Abstract

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to compare blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), erythrocyte and systemic inflammatory index levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with typically developing (TD) healthy controls and to investigate the relationship between these levels and executive functions.
Methods: In this study, 79 ADHD children aged 8-14 years who did not use medication and 34 healthy controls were included. Participants' blood levels were based on routine complete blood count analysis. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was used for clinical diagnosis in children, and stroop colour test and serial digit learning test were applied to evaluate executive functions.
Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, NLR, PLR, erythrocyte and systemic inflammatory index levels. Compared to TDs, patients with ADHD were observed to perform significantly worse on executive function tests. Platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes were positively correlated with stroop first section correction scores, platelets were positively correlated with stroop second section time scores, lymphocytes were positively correlated with stroop second section correction scores, NLR was negatively correlated with stroop second section correction scores and platelets were positively correlated with stroop third section time scores. Platelets and lymphocytes were positively correlated with stroop section fourth time scores and NLR was positively correlated with stroop section fourth error scores.
Conclusion: This study suggests that serum lymphocyte, neutrophil, NLR and platelet levels may be associated with impaired executive tests in ADHD.

Keywords

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder executive function systemic immune inflammation index child

References

  • 1. Posner J, Polanczyk GV, Sonuga-Barke E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10222):450-62.
  • 2. Ramos-Galarza C, Pérez-Salas C. Moderator Role of Monitoring in the Inhibitory Control of Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(2):188-98.
  • 3. Isfandnia F, El Masri S, Radua J, Rubia K. The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2024;162:105703.
  • 4. Lawrence KA, Gloger EM, Pinheiro CN, Schmitt FA, Segerstrom SC. Associations between IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα polymorphisms and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive function in non-demented older adults. Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. 2024;39:100816.
  • 5. Saccaro LF, Schilliger Z, Perroud N, Piguet C. Inflammation, Anxiety, and Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10).
  • 6. Dunn GA, Nigg JT, Sullivan EL. Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2019;182:22-34.
  • 7. Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Borrelli E, Giua E, Andriola E, Villa MP, et al. Serum cytokines in pediatric neuropsychiatric syndromes: focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Minerva pediatrics. 2021;73(5):398-404.
  • 8. Siniscalco D, Schultz S, Brigida AL, Antonucci N. Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 2018;11(2).
  • 9. Núñez-Jaramillo L, Herrera-Solís A, Herrera-Morales WV. ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions. Journal of personalized medicine. 2021;11(3).
  • 10. Kozłowska A, Wojtacha P, Równiak M, Kolenkiewicz M, Huang ACW. ADHD pathogenesis in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems of juvenile and maturating SHR and WKY rats. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236(10):2937-58.
  • 11. Chang JP, Su KP, Mondelli V, Pariante CM. Cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis. Translational psychiatry. 2021;11(1):430.
  • 12. Pogorzelska K, Krętowska A, Krawczuk-Rybak M, Sawicka-Żukowska M. Characteristics of platelet indices and their prognostic significance in selected medical condition - a systematic review. Advances in medical sciences. 2020;65(2):310-5.
  • 13. Zahorec R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Sixteen-year-long history since publication of our article in Bratislava Medical Journal. Bratislavske lekarske listy. 2017;118(6):321-3.
  • 14. Urbanowicz T, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Michalak M, Rodzki M, Witkowska A, Straburzyńska-Migaj E, et al. The Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Monocyte to Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) on Long-Term Survival in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB) Procedures. Biology. 2021;11(1).
  • 15. Cheng Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Fang S. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Depression: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2022;13:893097.
  • 16. Gędek A, Modrzejewski S, Gędek M, Antosik AZ, Mierzejewski P, Dominiak M. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2023;14:1258868.
  • 17. Chang SJ, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee SY, Wang LJ. Cytokine Levels and Neuropsychological Function among Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Atopic Diseases. Journal of personalized medicine. 2022;12(7).
  • 18. Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M. Overview of platelet physiology: its hemostatic and nonhemostatic role in disease pathogenesis. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:781857.
  • 19. Topal E, Celiksoy MH, Catal F, Karakoç HT, Karadağ A, Sancak R. The Platelet Parameters as Inflammatory Markers in Preschool Children with Atopic Eczema. Clinical laboratory. 2015;61(5-6):493-6.
  • 20. Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, Sun YF, Sun C, Guo W, et al. The systemic immune-inflammation index predicts the prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2014;20(23):6212-22.
  • 21. Yang YL, Wu CH, Hsu PF, Chen SC, Huang SS, Chan WL, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) predicted clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. European journal of clinical investigation. 2020;50(5):e13230.
  • 22. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980-8.
  • 23. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
  • 24. Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F, Çengel Kültür SE, Akdemir D, Foto Özdemir D, et al. [Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2019;30(1):42-50.
  • 25. Kılıç BG, Koçkar Aİ, Irak M, Şener Ş, Karakaş S. STROOP TESTİ TBAG FORMU NUN 6-11 YAŞ GRUBU ÇOCUKLARDA STANDARDİZASYON ÇALIŞMASI. 2002.
  • 26. KARAKAŞ S, ERDOĞAN E, Soysal Ş, ULUSOY T, Yüceyurt ULUSOY İ, ALKAN S. Stroop test TBAG form: standardization for Turkish culture, reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;2(2):75-88.
  • 27. Hamsher KdS, Benton A, Digre KJJoC, Neuropsychology E. Serial digit learning: Normative and clinical aspects. 1980;2(1):39-50.
  • 28. KaraKaş S. BİLNOT bataryası el kitabı: Nöropsikolojik testler için araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmaları [BILNOT Battery Handbook: research and development studies for neuropsychological tests]. Ankara, turkey: eryılmaz Offset Matbaacılık; 2006.
  • 29. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Academic press; 2013.
  • 30. Avcil S. Evaluation of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume as inflammatory markers in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2018;72(7):522-30.
  • 31. Önder A, Gizli Çoban Ö, Sürer Adanır A. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice. 2021;25(1):43-8.
  • 32. Popov M, Popov Y, Kosterin D, Lepik O. Inflammatory Hematological Ratios in Adolescents with Mental Disorders: A Scoping Review. Consortium psychiatricum. 2024;5(2):45-61.
  • 33. Topal Z, Tufan AE, Karadag M, Gokcen C, Akkaya C, Sarp AS, et al. Evaluation of peripheral inflammatory markers, serum B12, folate, ferritin levels, and clinical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2022;76(2):150-7.
  • 34. Öz E, Parlak ME, Kapıcı Y, Balatacı U, Küçükkelepçe O, Kurt F. Pre- and post-treatment evaluation of routine blood analysis in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison with the healthy control group. Scientific reports. 2023;13(1):16233.
  • 35. Ceyhun HA, Gürbüzer N. New Hematological Parameters as Inflammatory Biomarkers: Systemic Immune Inflammation Index, Platerethritis, and Platelet Distribution Width in Patients with Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Advances in neurodevelopmental disorders. 2022;6(2):211-23.
  • 36. Binici NC, Kutlu A. Is ADHD an inflammation-related disorder?/DEHB inflamasyonla iliskili bir bozukluk olabilir mi? Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2019;20(3):313-21.
  • 37. Abdel Samei AM, Mahmoud DAM, Salem Boshra B, Abd El Moneam MHE. The Interplay Between Blood Inflammatory Markers, Symptom Domains, and Severity of ADHD Disorder in Children. J Atten Disord. 2024;28(1):66-76.
  • 38. Misiak B, Wójta-Kempa M, Samochowiec J, Schiweck C, Aichholzer M, Reif A, et al. Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2022;118:110581.
  • 39. Chang JP, Mondelli V, Satyanarayanan SK, Chiang YJ, Chen HT, Su KP, et al. Cortisol, inflammatory biomarkers and neurotrophins in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Taiwan. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;88:105-13.
  • 40. Leffa DT, Caye A, Santos I, Matijasevich A, Menezes A, Wehrmeister FC, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a state-dependent association with asthma: The role of systemic inflammation in a population-based birth cohort followed from childhood to adulthood. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2021;97:239-49.
  • 41. Mahmoud IM, El-Keiy M, Hammad K, Mostafa A. Serum interleukin-6 level in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Al-Azhar J Pediatr. 2020;23:1315-37.
  • 42. Verlaet AAJ, Breynaert A, Ceulemans B, De Bruyne T, Fransen E, Pieters L, et al. Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2019;28(5):719-29.
  • 43. Karageorgiou V, Milas GP, Michopoulos I. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research. 2019;206:4-12.
  • 44. Mazza MG, Lucchi S, Tringali AGM, Rossetti A, Botti ER, Clerici M. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2018;84(Pt A):229-36.
  • 45. Ehrlich D, Humpel C. Platelets in psychiatric disorders. World journal of psychiatry. 2012;2(6):91-4.
  • 46. Yun HS, Park MS, Ji ES, Kim TW, Ko IG, Kim HB, et al. Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by reducing Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2014;10(1):22-30.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Mustafa Tezcan 0000-0001-8362-1934

Elif Kimya Balcı 0009-0005-5762-6842

Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date September 6, 2024
Acceptance Date December 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Tezcan M, Balcı EK. The relationship between inflammatory blood cells and executive functions in medication-free children with ADHD. Genel Tıp Derg. 2025;35(2):232-41.
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