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Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 47 - 68, 30.06.2025

Salim Üre , Çağatay Karaköy

https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1605007

Abstract

Uluslararası ticaretin yapılabilmesi için gerekli olan lojistik faaliyetler içerisinde birçok taşıma modu mevcuttur. Avrupa’da başlayan coğrafi keşifler, sanayi devrimi ve II. Dünya Savaşı taşıma modlarının gelişmesine ve devletlerin bu faaliyetlerin öneminin farkına varmasına sebep olmuştur. Özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avrupa’da yaşanan büyük kayıplar sonrasında, ülkelerinin eski gücüne kavuşabilmesi için Avrupalı devlet adamlarının çalışmaları sonucunda 1951 yılında Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Topluluğu (AKÇT) kurulmuştur. Bu topluluk, 1993 yılından sonra Avrupa Birliği adını almış ve günümüzde 27 ülkeden oluşan bir entegrasyon haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde taşıma modlarının ihracat üzerindeki kısa ve uzun dönem etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2008'in ilk çeyreğinden 2024'ün ilk çeyreğine kadar olan veriler, Panel ARDL yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, karayolu taşımacılığının uzun dönemde ihracat üzerinde en güçlü pozitif etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Havayolu ve denizyolu taşımacılığı sırasıyla ikinci ve üçüncü sırada gelirken, demiryolu taşımacılığının uzun dönemde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Kısa dönemde ise denizyolu taşımacılığı ihracat üzerinde en güçlü etkiye sahiptir ve diğer taşıma modlarının etkileri daha sınırlıdır. Çalışma ayrıca sanayi üretim endeksi ve tüketici fiyat endeksi gibi kontrol değişkenlerinin ihracat üzerinde olumlu ve anlamlı etkiler sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği Taşıma Modları İhracat

References

  • Amin, C., Mulyati, H., Anggraini, E., & Kusumastanto, T. (2021). Impact of maritime logistics on archipelagic economic development in eastern Indonesia. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(2), 157–164.
  • Ananda, R., Jamal, A., & Mahmud, M. S. (2020). Is the economic growth of ASEAN-10 related to air transportation? A panel ARDL approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 12(1), 10–17.
  • Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192.
  • Arawomo, D. F. (2014). Nexus of capital goods import and economic growth: Evidence from panel ARDL model for WAMZ. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), 32–44.
  • Bajor, I., Torok, A., Rožić, T., & Novačko, L. (2024). The EU logistics sector. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 52(3), 229–234.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and ‘revealed’ comparative advantage. The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 33(2), 99–123.
  • Bask, A., & Rajahonka, M. (2017). The role of environmental sustainability in the freight transport mode choice: A systematic literature review with focus on the EU. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(7), 560–602.
  • Behar, A., & Venables, A. J. (2011). Transport costs and international trade. Handbook of Transport Economics, 97–118.
  • Blanchard, O., & Johnson, D. R. (2013). Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Cho, H., & Lee, J. (2020). Does transportation size matter for competitiveness in the logistics industry? The cases of maritime and air transportation. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 36(4), 214–223.
  • Di Pietrantonio, L., & Pelkmans, J. (2004). The economics of EU railway reform. Journal of Network Industries, (3–4), 295–346.
  • Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, growth, and poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(493), 22–49.
  • Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., & Samuelson, P. A. (1977). Comparative advantage, trade, and payments in a Ricardian model with a continuum of goods. American Economic Review, 67(5), 823–839.
  • Fratila, A., Gavril, I. A., Nita, S. C., & Hrebenciuc, A. (2021). The importance of maritime transport for economic growth in the European Union: A panel data analysis. Sustainability, 13(14), 7961.
  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric Analysis (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • He, P., Ning, J., Yu, Z., Xiong, H., Shen, H., & Jin, H. (2019). Can environmental tax policy really help to reduce pollutant emissions? An empirical study of a panel ARDL model based on OECD countries and China. Sustainability, 11(16), 4384.
  • Hummels, D. (2007). Transportation costs and international trade in the second era of globalization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 131–154.
  • James, E. R. (2021). Disrupting vaccine logistics. International Health, 13(3), 211–214.
  • Katrakylidis, I., & Madas, M. (2019). International trade and logistics: An empirical panel investigation of the dynamic linkages between the logistics and trade and their contribution to economic growth. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 7(4), 3–21.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
  • Kim, H.-C., Nicholson, A., & Kusumastuti, D. (2014). Freight transport mode choice and mode shift in New Zealand: Findings of a revealed preference survey. In Sustainable Logistics, 6, 165–192.
  • Korinek, J., & Sourdin, P. (2011). To what extent are high quality logistics services trade facilitating? OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 108, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Krugman, P. (1979). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9(4), 469–479.
  • Lai, K., Pang, Y., Wong, C. W. Y., Lun, Y. H., & Ng, Y. N. (2019). Are trade and transport logistics activities mutually reinforcing? Some empirical evidences from ASEAN countries. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 4(1), 1–17.
  • Limao, N., & Venables, A. J. (2001). Infrastructure, geographical disadvantage, and transport costs. World Bank Economic Review, 15(3), 451–479.
  • Magazzino, C., & Giolli, L. (2021). The relationship among railway networks, energy consumption, and real added value in Italy. Evidence from ARDL and wavelet analysis. Research in Transportation Economics, 90, 101126.
  • Munim, Z. H., & Schramm, H.-J. (2018). The impacts of port infrastructure and logistics performance on economic growth: The mediating role of seaborne trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 3(1), 1–19.
  • Özer, M., Canbay, Ş., & Kırca, M. (2021). The impact of container transport on economic growth in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, 101002.
  • Pajić, V., Andrejić, M., & Kilibarda, M. (2022). Sustainable transportation mode selection from the freight forwarder’s perspective in trading with western EU countries. Sustainable Futures, 4, 100090.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
  • Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.
  • Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2016). The Geography of Transport Systems. London: Routledge.
  • Rosik, P., & Wójcik, J. (2022). Transport infrastructure and regional development: A survey of literature on wider economic and spatial impacts. Sustainability, 15(1), 548.
  • Saeed, N. (2020). The effects of exchange rate on Norway’s bilateral trade flow to the UK via maritime and other transport modes: Does the ‘Marshall-Lerner’ condition hold? Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 18(2), 61–76.
  • Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M., & Akhtar, P. (2020). Dynamic linkages between transport, logistics, foreign direct investment, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from developing countries. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 141, 277–293.
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1948). Economics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Şen, G. (2021). Covid-19 aşılarının lojistiğinde havacılık endüstrisinin rolü. Journal of Aviation, 5(2), 127–141.
  • Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2019). Logistics performance, exports, and growth: Evidence from Asian economies. Research in Transportation Economics, 78, 100743.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Wang, C., Kim, Y.-S., & Kim, C. Y. (2021). Causality between logistics infrastructure and economic development in China. Transport Policy, 100, 49–58.
  • Yangınlar, G. (2019). Investigating the relationship between sea transportation infrastructure investments and the quality of the port infrastructure investments: The case study of Turkey. Congress Book Series, 71.

The Effects of Transport Modes on Exports: An Empirical Evaluation on EU Countries

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 47 - 68, 30.06.2025

Salim Üre , Çağatay Karaköy

https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1605007

Abstract

There are many modes of transportation within the logistics activities required for international trade. Geographical discoveries that started in Europe, the industrial revolution and World War II caused the development of modes of transportation and the states to realize the importance of these activities. Especially after the great losses experienced in Europe in World War II, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1951 as a result of the efforts of European statesmen to regain the former power of their countries. This community took the name of the European Union after 1993 and has become an integration consisting of 27 countries today. This study aims to analyze the short- and long-term effects of modes of transportation on exports in the European Union countries. Data from the first quarter of 2008 to the first quarter of 2024 were examined with the Panel ARDL method. The analysis results show that road transportation has the strongest positive effect on exports in the long term. While air and maritime transportation come in second and third places, respectively, it was determined that railway transportation has no significant effect in the long term. In the short term, maritime transportation has the strongest effect on exports and the effects of other modes of transportation are more limited. The study also reveals that control variables such as industrial production index and consumer price index provide positive and significant effects on exports.

Keywords

European Union Transport Modes Export

References

  • Amin, C., Mulyati, H., Anggraini, E., & Kusumastanto, T. (2021). Impact of maritime logistics on archipelagic economic development in eastern Indonesia. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(2), 157–164.
  • Ananda, R., Jamal, A., & Mahmud, M. S. (2020). Is the economic growth of ASEAN-10 related to air transportation? A panel ARDL approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 12(1), 10–17.
  • Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192.
  • Arawomo, D. F. (2014). Nexus of capital goods import and economic growth: Evidence from panel ARDL model for WAMZ. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), 32–44.
  • Bajor, I., Torok, A., Rožić, T., & Novačko, L. (2024). The EU logistics sector. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 52(3), 229–234.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and ‘revealed’ comparative advantage. The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 33(2), 99–123.
  • Bask, A., & Rajahonka, M. (2017). The role of environmental sustainability in the freight transport mode choice: A systematic literature review with focus on the EU. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(7), 560–602.
  • Behar, A., & Venables, A. J. (2011). Transport costs and international trade. Handbook of Transport Economics, 97–118.
  • Blanchard, O., & Johnson, D. R. (2013). Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Cho, H., & Lee, J. (2020). Does transportation size matter for competitiveness in the logistics industry? The cases of maritime and air transportation. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 36(4), 214–223.
  • Di Pietrantonio, L., & Pelkmans, J. (2004). The economics of EU railway reform. Journal of Network Industries, (3–4), 295–346.
  • Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, growth, and poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(493), 22–49.
  • Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., & Samuelson, P. A. (1977). Comparative advantage, trade, and payments in a Ricardian model with a continuum of goods. American Economic Review, 67(5), 823–839.
  • Fratila, A., Gavril, I. A., Nita, S. C., & Hrebenciuc, A. (2021). The importance of maritime transport for economic growth in the European Union: A panel data analysis. Sustainability, 13(14), 7961.
  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric Analysis (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • He, P., Ning, J., Yu, Z., Xiong, H., Shen, H., & Jin, H. (2019). Can environmental tax policy really help to reduce pollutant emissions? An empirical study of a panel ARDL model based on OECD countries and China. Sustainability, 11(16), 4384.
  • Hummels, D. (2007). Transportation costs and international trade in the second era of globalization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 131–154.
  • James, E. R. (2021). Disrupting vaccine logistics. International Health, 13(3), 211–214.
  • Katrakylidis, I., & Madas, M. (2019). International trade and logistics: An empirical panel investigation of the dynamic linkages between the logistics and trade and their contribution to economic growth. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 7(4), 3–21.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
  • Kim, H.-C., Nicholson, A., & Kusumastuti, D. (2014). Freight transport mode choice and mode shift in New Zealand: Findings of a revealed preference survey. In Sustainable Logistics, 6, 165–192.
  • Korinek, J., & Sourdin, P. (2011). To what extent are high quality logistics services trade facilitating? OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 108, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Krugman, P. (1979). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9(4), 469–479.
  • Lai, K., Pang, Y., Wong, C. W. Y., Lun, Y. H., & Ng, Y. N. (2019). Are trade and transport logistics activities mutually reinforcing? Some empirical evidences from ASEAN countries. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 4(1), 1–17.
  • Limao, N., & Venables, A. J. (2001). Infrastructure, geographical disadvantage, and transport costs. World Bank Economic Review, 15(3), 451–479.
  • Magazzino, C., & Giolli, L. (2021). The relationship among railway networks, energy consumption, and real added value in Italy. Evidence from ARDL and wavelet analysis. Research in Transportation Economics, 90, 101126.
  • Munim, Z. H., & Schramm, H.-J. (2018). The impacts of port infrastructure and logistics performance on economic growth: The mediating role of seaborne trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 3(1), 1–19.
  • Özer, M., Canbay, Ş., & Kırca, M. (2021). The impact of container transport on economic growth in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, 101002.
  • Pajić, V., Andrejić, M., & Kilibarda, M. (2022). Sustainable transportation mode selection from the freight forwarder’s perspective in trading with western EU countries. Sustainable Futures, 4, 100090.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
  • Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.
  • Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2016). The Geography of Transport Systems. London: Routledge.
  • Rosik, P., & Wójcik, J. (2022). Transport infrastructure and regional development: A survey of literature on wider economic and spatial impacts. Sustainability, 15(1), 548.
  • Saeed, N. (2020). The effects of exchange rate on Norway’s bilateral trade flow to the UK via maritime and other transport modes: Does the ‘Marshall-Lerner’ condition hold? Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 18(2), 61–76.
  • Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M., & Akhtar, P. (2020). Dynamic linkages between transport, logistics, foreign direct investment, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from developing countries. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 141, 277–293.
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1948). Economics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Şen, G. (2021). Covid-19 aşılarının lojistiğinde havacılık endüstrisinin rolü. Journal of Aviation, 5(2), 127–141.
  • Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2019). Logistics performance, exports, and growth: Evidence from Asian economies. Research in Transportation Economics, 78, 100743.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Wang, C., Kim, Y.-S., & Kim, C. Y. (2021). Causality between logistics infrastructure and economic development in China. Transport Policy, 100, 49–58.
  • Yangınlar, G. (2019). Investigating the relationship between sea transportation infrastructure investments and the quality of the port infrastructure investments: The case study of Turkey. Congress Book Series, 71.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis, European Union Economy, International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Salim Üre 0000-0003-4207-3761

Çağatay Karaköy 0000-0001-9072-3963

Early Pub Date June 28, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 20, 2024
Acceptance Date January 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Üre, S., & Karaköy, Ç. (2025). Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1605007
AMA Üre S, Karaköy Ç. Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. June 2025;20(1):47-68. doi:10.48145/gopsbad.1605007
Chicago Üre, Salim, and Çağatay Karaköy. “Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20, no. 1 (June 2025): 47-68. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1605007.
EndNote Üre S, Karaköy Ç (June 1, 2025) Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20 1 47–68.
IEEE S. Üre and Ç. Karaköy, “Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme”, JSSR, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 47–68, 2025, doi: 10.48145/gopsbad.1605007.
ISNAD Üre, Salim - Karaköy, Çağatay. “Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20/1 (June 2025), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1605007.
JAMA Üre S, Karaköy Ç. Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. 2025;20:47–68.
MLA Üre, Salim and Çağatay Karaköy. “Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 1, 2025, pp. 47-68, doi:10.48145/gopsbad.1605007.
Vancouver Üre S, Karaköy Ç. Taşıma Modlarının İhracat Üzerindeki Etkileri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. 2025;20(1):47-68.
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