Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Examining the Change of Green View Index (GVI) at Street Eye-Level with GSV and YSV

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 263 - 282, 29.04.2025

Pınar Özyılmaz Küçükyağcı

https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1489530

Abstract

Street-level green areas play a critical role in the visual quality of urban landscapes. Information on these changing live landscape elements can be obtained from street-level images of web-based tools and evaluated in terms of visual impact quality. This assessment can include information on street-level green areas in urban landscape planning and management. This study used street-level images of Google Street View and Yandex Street View to evaluate urban green. Advantageously, GSV and YSV are tools that can provide street-level profile views of urban green. Using this advantage, the Green View Index (GVI) was calculated for selected streets in Kadıköy district of Istanbul, and the change in greenness in the street texture between 2011-2020/2023 was evaluated. It was determined that the green area in the street texture affected by urban transformation decreased, and it was seen that the greenness at the street level can be measured and evaluated through web-based tools.

Keywords

street level urban greenery green view index

References

  • Aksu, A., & Yılmaz, H. (2018). Atatürk Üniversitesi Merkezi Açık-Yeşil Alandaki Fiziki Değişim Memnuniyetinin Belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.21597/JIST.428384
  • Berkmen, N. H., & Turgut, S. (2019). Kentsel Dönüşüm Kıskacında “Bağdat Caddesi.” Megaron, 14(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2019.35467
  • Biljecki, F., & Ito, K. (2021). Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215, 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2021.104217
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2010.05.006
  • Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.2011.06400.X
  • Camacho-Cervantes, M., Schondube, J. E., Castillo, A., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2014). How do people perceive urban trees? Assessing likes and dislikes in relation to the trees of a city. Urban Ecosystems, 17(3), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11252-014-0343-6
  • Cüce, B., & Ortaçeşme, V. (2020). Kentsel Yeşil Alanlarda Erişilebilirlik. PEYZAJ, 2(2), 65–77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/peyzaj/issue/58728/708433
  • Daniels, B., Zaunbrecher, B. S., Paas, B., Ottermanns, R., Ziefle, M., & Roß-Nickoll, M. (2018). Assessment of urban green space structures and their quality from a multidimensional perspective. Science of The Total Environment, 615, 1364–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.09.167
  • Ewing, R., & Handy, S. (2009). Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Urban Design, 14(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802451155
  • Ezcurra, E. (1991). De las chinampas a la megalópolis : el medio ambiente en la Cuenca de México.
  • Falfán, I., Muñoz-Robles, C. A., Bonilla-Moheno, M., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2018). Can you really see ‘green’? Assessing physical and self-reported measurements of urban greenery. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 36, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2018.08.016
  • Gercek, D., & Talih Guven, I. (2017). Evaluating The Sufficiency, Accessibility and Integrity of Green Spaces in Urban Environments. Araştırma Makalesi Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 5(2), 393–397. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.293177
  • Google Maps. (2024). How Street View works and where we will collect images next. Street View. https://www.google.com/streetview/how-it-works/
  • Gül, A., Küçük, V., Doç, Y., & Orman Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, S. (2009). Kentsel Açık-,Yeşil Alanlar ve Isparta Kenti Örneğinde İrdelenmesi. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 2(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.18182/TJF.23277
  • Gülçin, D., & Akpınar, A. (2018). Mapping Urban Green Spaces Based on an Object-Oriented Approach. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 2, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.30516/BILGESCI.486893
  • Gupta, K., Kumar, P., Pathan, S. K., & Sharma, K. P. (2012). Urban Neighborhood Green Index-A measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.01.003
  • Israt, A. S., & Hassan, A. S. (2022). User-friendly street- a study on users’ perception ranking on physical attributes of pedestrian environment of Dhaka city. Open House International, 47(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2021-0058/FULL/PDF
  • Ki, D., & Lee, S. (2021). Analyzing the effects of Green View Index of neighborhood streets on walking time using Google Street View and deep learning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 205, 103920. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2020.103920
  • Kim, G. (2016). Assessing Urban Forest Structure, Ecosystem Services, and Economic Benefits on Vacant Land. Sustainability 2016, Vol. 8, Page 679, 8(7), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU8070679
  • Koramaz, E. K., & Türkoğlu, H. (2014). İstanbul’da Kentsel Yeşil Alan Kullanımı Ve Kentsel Yeşil Alanlardan Memnuniyet [Planning]. Planlama, 24(1), 26–34. https://planlamadergisi.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=planlama&plng=tur&un=PLAN-03511
  • Kweon, B. S., Sullivan, W. C., & Wiley, A. R. (1998). Green common spaces and the social integration of inner-city older adults. Environment and behavior, 30(6), 832-858.
  • Li, X., Zhang, C., Li, W., Ricard, R., Meng, Q., & Zhang, W. (2015). Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2015.06.006
  • Liu, L., & Sevtsuk, A. (2024). Clarity or confusion: A review of computer vision street attributes in urban studies and planning. Cities, 150, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.105022
  • Meitner, M. J. (2004). Scenic beauty of river views in the Grand Canyon: relating perceptual judgments to locations. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 3–13.
  • Özden, M. A., & Uysal, A. B. (2023). Çanakkale Yeşil Alan Sisteminin Kullanıcı Odaklı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL (SSSJournal), 9(115), 8435–8448. https://doi.org/10.29228/SSSJ.72049
  • Peters, K., Elands, B., & Buijs, A. (2010). Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2009.11.003
  • Sakıcı, Ç., Çelik, S., Kapucu Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Ö., Fakültesi, O., Mimarlığı Bölümü, P., Kastamonu Üniversitesi, K., & Mühendisliği Bölümü, O. (2013). Kastamonu’daki hastane bahçelerinin peyzaj tasarımlarının değerlendirilmesi. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, 14, 64–73.
  • Sánchez, I. A. V., & Labib, S. M. (2024). Accessing eye-level greenness visibility from open-source street view images: A methodological development and implementation in multi-city and multi-country contexts. Sustainable Cities and Society, 103, 105262. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2024.105262
  • Schroeder, H., & Cannon, W. (1983). The Esthetic Contribution of Trees to Residential Streets in Ohio Towns. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 9(9), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.48044/JAUF.1983.058
  • Schroeder, H. W., & Cannon, W. N. (1983). The Esthetic Contribution of Trees to Residential Streets in Ohio Towns. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF), 9(9), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.48044/JAUF.1983.058
  • Sugiyama, T., Leslie, E., Giles-Corti, B., & Owen, N. (2008). Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.2007.064287
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural Versus Urban Scenes. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/0013916581135001, 13(5), 523–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916581135001
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science (New York, N.Y.), 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.6143402
  • Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
  • Valipoor, N., & Dehkordi, K. S. (2016). Prioritizing Effective Factors on Liveliness and Improvement of the Urban Life Caused by the Development of Green Spaces with the Attraction-Repulsion Pattern. Modern Applied Science, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n8p90
  • Van Den Bosch, M., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2019). Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(Volume 40, 2019), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-PUBLHEALTH-040218-044106/1
  • Wang, R., Helbich, M., Yao, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Yuan, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). Urban greenery and mental wellbeing in adults: Cross-sectional mediation analyses on multiple pathways across different greenery measures. Environmental Research, 176, 108535. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.108535
  • Yang, J., Zhao, L., Mcbride, J., & Gong, P. (2009). Can you see green? Assessing the visibility of urban forests in cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2008.12.004
  • Yao, Y., Zhu, X., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Wu, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012a). Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: The case of Changzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(2), 951–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-011-2012-Z/METRICS
  • Yao, Y., Zhu, X., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Wu, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012b). Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: the case of Changzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 951–967.

Sokak Seviyesindeki Yeşil Görünürlük İndeksinin(GVI) GSV ve YSV ile Değişiminin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 263 - 282, 29.04.2025

Pınar Özyılmaz Küçükyağcı

https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1489530

Abstract

Sokak seviyesindeki yeşil alanlar, kentsel peyzajların görsel kalitesinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu değişen canlı peyzaj elemanlarına ilişkin bilgiler, web tabanlı araçların sokak seviyesindeki görüntülerinden elde edilebilmekte ve görsel etki kalitesi açısından değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu değerlendirme, kentsel peyzaj planlama ve yönetiminde sokak seviyesi yeşil alan bilgilerine dahil edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kentsel yeşili değerlendirmek için Google Sokak Görünümü (GSV) ve Yandex Sokak Görünümü'nün (YSV) sokak seviyesi görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. GSV ve YSV'nin kentsel yeşilin sokak seviyesi profil görünümlerini sağlayabilen araçlar olması avantajlıdır. Bu avantaj kullanılarak, çalışmada İstanbul'un Kadıköy ilçesinden seçilen sokaklar için Yeşil Görünüm Endeksi (GVI) hesaplanmış ve 2011-2020/2023 yılları arasında sokak dokusundaki yeşilin değişimi değerlendirilmiştir. Kentsel dönüşümden etkilenen sokak dokusundaki yeşil alanın azaldığı tespit edilmiştir ve sokak düzeyindeki yeşilliğin web tabanlı araçlar aracılığıyla ölçülüp değerlendirilebileceği görülmüştür.

Keywords

sokak seviyesi kentsel yeşil yeşil görünürlük indeksi

References

  • Aksu, A., & Yılmaz, H. (2018). Atatürk Üniversitesi Merkezi Açık-Yeşil Alandaki Fiziki Değişim Memnuniyetinin Belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.21597/JIST.428384
  • Berkmen, N. H., & Turgut, S. (2019). Kentsel Dönüşüm Kıskacında “Bağdat Caddesi.” Megaron, 14(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2019.35467
  • Biljecki, F., & Ito, K. (2021). Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 215, 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2021.104217
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2010.05.006
  • Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.2011.06400.X
  • Camacho-Cervantes, M., Schondube, J. E., Castillo, A., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2014). How do people perceive urban trees? Assessing likes and dislikes in relation to the trees of a city. Urban Ecosystems, 17(3), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11252-014-0343-6
  • Cüce, B., & Ortaçeşme, V. (2020). Kentsel Yeşil Alanlarda Erişilebilirlik. PEYZAJ, 2(2), 65–77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/peyzaj/issue/58728/708433
  • Daniels, B., Zaunbrecher, B. S., Paas, B., Ottermanns, R., Ziefle, M., & Roß-Nickoll, M. (2018). Assessment of urban green space structures and their quality from a multidimensional perspective. Science of The Total Environment, 615, 1364–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.09.167
  • Ewing, R., & Handy, S. (2009). Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Urban Design, 14(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802451155
  • Ezcurra, E. (1991). De las chinampas a la megalópolis : el medio ambiente en la Cuenca de México.
  • Falfán, I., Muñoz-Robles, C. A., Bonilla-Moheno, M., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2018). Can you really see ‘green’? Assessing physical and self-reported measurements of urban greenery. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 36, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2018.08.016
  • Gercek, D., & Talih Guven, I. (2017). Evaluating The Sufficiency, Accessibility and Integrity of Green Spaces in Urban Environments. Araştırma Makalesi Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 5(2), 393–397. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.293177
  • Google Maps. (2024). How Street View works and where we will collect images next. Street View. https://www.google.com/streetview/how-it-works/
  • Gül, A., Küçük, V., Doç, Y., & Orman Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, S. (2009). Kentsel Açık-,Yeşil Alanlar ve Isparta Kenti Örneğinde İrdelenmesi. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 2(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.18182/TJF.23277
  • Gülçin, D., & Akpınar, A. (2018). Mapping Urban Green Spaces Based on an Object-Oriented Approach. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 2, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.30516/BILGESCI.486893
  • Gupta, K., Kumar, P., Pathan, S. K., & Sharma, K. P. (2012). Urban Neighborhood Green Index-A measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.01.003
  • Israt, A. S., & Hassan, A. S. (2022). User-friendly street- a study on users’ perception ranking on physical attributes of pedestrian environment of Dhaka city. Open House International, 47(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2021-0058/FULL/PDF
  • Ki, D., & Lee, S. (2021). Analyzing the effects of Green View Index of neighborhood streets on walking time using Google Street View and deep learning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 205, 103920. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2020.103920
  • Kim, G. (2016). Assessing Urban Forest Structure, Ecosystem Services, and Economic Benefits on Vacant Land. Sustainability 2016, Vol. 8, Page 679, 8(7), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU8070679
  • Koramaz, E. K., & Türkoğlu, H. (2014). İstanbul’da Kentsel Yeşil Alan Kullanımı Ve Kentsel Yeşil Alanlardan Memnuniyet [Planning]. Planlama, 24(1), 26–34. https://planlamadergisi.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=planlama&plng=tur&un=PLAN-03511
  • Kweon, B. S., Sullivan, W. C., & Wiley, A. R. (1998). Green common spaces and the social integration of inner-city older adults. Environment and behavior, 30(6), 832-858.
  • Li, X., Zhang, C., Li, W., Ricard, R., Meng, Q., & Zhang, W. (2015). Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2015.06.006
  • Liu, L., & Sevtsuk, A. (2024). Clarity or confusion: A review of computer vision street attributes in urban studies and planning. Cities, 150, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.105022
  • Meitner, M. J. (2004). Scenic beauty of river views in the Grand Canyon: relating perceptual judgments to locations. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 3–13.
  • Özden, M. A., & Uysal, A. B. (2023). Çanakkale Yeşil Alan Sisteminin Kullanıcı Odaklı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL (SSSJournal), 9(115), 8435–8448. https://doi.org/10.29228/SSSJ.72049
  • Peters, K., Elands, B., & Buijs, A. (2010). Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2009.11.003
  • Sakıcı, Ç., Çelik, S., Kapucu Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Ö., Fakültesi, O., Mimarlığı Bölümü, P., Kastamonu Üniversitesi, K., & Mühendisliği Bölümü, O. (2013). Kastamonu’daki hastane bahçelerinin peyzaj tasarımlarının değerlendirilmesi. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, 14, 64–73.
  • Sánchez, I. A. V., & Labib, S. M. (2024). Accessing eye-level greenness visibility from open-source street view images: A methodological development and implementation in multi-city and multi-country contexts. Sustainable Cities and Society, 103, 105262. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2024.105262
  • Schroeder, H., & Cannon, W. (1983). The Esthetic Contribution of Trees to Residential Streets in Ohio Towns. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 9(9), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.48044/JAUF.1983.058
  • Schroeder, H. W., & Cannon, W. N. (1983). The Esthetic Contribution of Trees to Residential Streets in Ohio Towns. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF), 9(9), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.48044/JAUF.1983.058
  • Sugiyama, T., Leslie, E., Giles-Corti, B., & Owen, N. (2008). Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH.2007.064287
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural Versus Urban Scenes. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/0013916581135001, 13(5), 523–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916581135001
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science (New York, N.Y.), 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.6143402
  • Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
  • Valipoor, N., & Dehkordi, K. S. (2016). Prioritizing Effective Factors on Liveliness and Improvement of the Urban Life Caused by the Development of Green Spaces with the Attraction-Repulsion Pattern. Modern Applied Science, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n8p90
  • Van Den Bosch, M., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2019). Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(Volume 40, 2019), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-PUBLHEALTH-040218-044106/1
  • Wang, R., Helbich, M., Yao, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Yuan, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). Urban greenery and mental wellbeing in adults: Cross-sectional mediation analyses on multiple pathways across different greenery measures. Environmental Research, 176, 108535. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.108535
  • Yang, J., Zhao, L., Mcbride, J., & Gong, P. (2009). Can you see green? Assessing the visibility of urban forests in cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2008.12.004
  • Yao, Y., Zhu, X., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Wu, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012a). Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: The case of Changzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(2), 951–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-011-2012-Z/METRICS
  • Yao, Y., Zhu, X., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Wu, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012b). Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: the case of Changzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 951–967.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Urban Morphology, Urban Aesthetics, Urban Design
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pınar Özyılmaz Küçükyağcı 0000-0002-7045-7722

Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date May 24, 2024
Acceptance Date October 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özyılmaz Küçükyağcı, P. (2025). Examining the Change of Green View Index (GVI) at Street Eye-Level with GSV and YSV. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 8(1), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1489530
 Download Cover Image