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Innovative Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) System for Bcycles: Design, Implementation and Control

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 579 - 591, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Kağızman , Fehmi Can Ay , Bengisu Kilinç , Talha Enes Ercan , Volkan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1622406

Abstract

In recent years, the bicycle industry has experienced remarkable advancements through the incorporation of innovative technologies and transformative design principles. In this context, the Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) system, widely adopted in the automotive sector, represents a critical technological milestone. These systems have offered many advantages such as increased fuel efficiency, reduced operating costs, and increased user comfort in motor vehicles by automating traditional manual transmissions through advanced electronic components and actuators, and have thus gained wide acceptance in the sector. Despite this proven success in the automotive industry, the applicability of a similar system in bicycles remains an under-researched area, which constitutes a significant gap in the development of technological innovations in the bicycle industry. This study presents the development of an innovative gear-shifting system that automates the traditional manual gear-shifting process on bicycles with an intelligence-based system. The system, which autonomously determines optimal gear shifts by processing data obtained from sensors and implements these decisions with an integrated actuator mechanism, enables manual transmission bicycles to be practically converted to automatic transmission. Notable for its compact design, low cost, and user-friendly assembly, this system also optimizes performance and comfort by offering multiple driving modes that dynamically adapt to user preferences or changing riding conditions. The developed system has been integrated into a manual transmission bicycle and thoroughly tested, with its ability to perform automatic gear shifts with high accuracy scientifically proven.

Keywords

Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) Manual Transmission System Intelligent Shifting Multiple Driving Modes Bicycle

Ethical Statement

The authors of this article declare that the materials and methods they use in their work do not require ethical committee approval and/or legal-specific permission.

Thanks

We sincerely thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat Ergenç and Res. Assist. Bora Ayvaz for their invaluable guidance and for granting access to the extensive resources of the Rockwell Automation Power and Motion Control Laboratory, which played a crucial role in the successful completion of this research

References

  • [1] Hamilton TL, Wichman CJ. Bicycle infrastructure and traffic congestion: Evidence from DC’s Capital Bikeshare. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2018; 87: 72-93.
  • [2] Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Götschi T, Orsini N, Richards J, Roberts N, Scarborough P, Foster C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2014; 11: 1-15.
  • [3] Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, De Geus B, Krenn P, Reger-Nash B, Kohlberger T. Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2011; 21 (4): 496-509.
  • [4] Piatkowski D, Bopp M. Increasing Bicycling for Transportation: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2021; 147 (2): 04021019.
  • [5] Wyss CR, Brengelmann GL, Johnson JM, Rowell LB, Niederberger M. Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate: role of skin vs. core temperature. Journal of applied physiology. 1974; 36 (6): 726-733.
  • [6] Hung NB, Sung J, Lim O. A simulation and experimental study of the operating performance of an electric bicycle integrated with a semi-automatic transmission. Applied Energy. 2018; 221: 319-333.
  • [7] Chien HC, Tseng CH. An automatic transmission for bicycles: a simulation. International journal of industrial ergonomics. 2004; 33 (2): 123-132.
  • [8] Chen ML, Chen KJ. Design of Active Disturbance Rejection Control Architecture for Bicycle Automatic Transmission. In 2019 IEEE Eurasia Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare and Sustainability (ECBIOS). 2019; 174-176.
  • [9] Hsieh LC, Chen TH. The kinematic Design of Automatic Gear Transmissions for Bicycles. Engineering Letters. 2008; 16 (3).
  • [10] Atencio LGM, Cena JSE, Opalla IU, Angelia RE. Arduino-based electronic bicycle transmission switching system. In International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research. 2021; 275-286.
  • [11] Tandon P, Awasthi A, Mishra BK, Rathore P, Shukla RK. Design and simulation of an intelligent bicycle transmission system. IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics. 2010; 16 (3): 509-517.
  • [12] Sun G, Gao B, Jin J, Sanada K. Modelling, analysis and simulation of a novel automated manual transmission with gearshift assistant mechanism. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2019; 20: 885-895.
  • [13] Gao B, Lei Y, Ge A, Chen H, Sanada K. Observer-based clutch disengagement control during gear shift process of automated manual transmission. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2011; 49 (5): 685-701.
  • [14] Taguchi Y, Soga Y, Mineno A, Kuzuya H, Horiuchi I, Ueda Y, Miyazaki T. Development of an automated manual transmission system based on robust design. SAE Technical Paper. 2003.
  • [15] Wu ZY, Lin HY. IntelliBike: An intelligent bicycle with automatic shifting based on sensing and riding analysis. In 2020 IEEE/SICE Internationa Symposium on System Integration (SII). 2020; 731-736.
  • [16] Uyar O, Çunkaş M, Karaca H. Enhanced intelligent control with adaptive system for electrically assisted bicycle. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2022; 30: 101047.
  • [17] Rallo G, Formentin S, Corno M, Savaresi SM. Real-time pedaling rate estimation via wheel speed filterinmg. IFAC PapersOnline. 2017; 50 (1): 6010-6015.
  • [18] Lin HY, Wu ZY. Development of Automatic Gear Shifting for Bicycle Riding Based on Physiological Information and Environment Sensing. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021; 21 (21): 24591-24600.
  • [19] Lin SK, Yang SW, Cheng CC. Design of an automatic shift control system with self-learning ability for a bicycle. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2015; 38 (5): 594-602.
  • [20] Ay FC, Kılınç B, Ercan TE, Kağızman A, Sezer V. Design. Implementation, and Control of a Novel Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) System for Manual Transmission Bicycles. In 2024 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU). 1-6.
  • [21] Kağızman A, Sezer V. Design and fabrication of a new chest compression device with a specialized piston and bayonet lock mechanism. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2024; 55: 101724.
  • [22] Félix R. ‘Speed-Slope Factor’. Accessed: Jun. 09, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/~rosamfelix/gis/declives/SpeedSlopeFactor.html
  • [23] Bevis B. ‘The Search For the Ideal Cycling Cadence’. Triathlete. Accessed: Jun. 09, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.triathlete.com/training/what-is-the-ideal-bike-cadence-for-you/
  • [24] Keytel LR, Goedecke JH, Noakes TD, Hiiloskorpi H, Laukkanen R, van der Merwe L, Lambert EV. Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. Journal of sports sciences. 2005; 23 (3): 289-297.
  • [25] Joo S, Oh C. A novel method to monitor bicycling environments. Transportation research part A: policy and practice. 2013; 54: 1-13.
  • [26] SimScale. ‘Bike Aerodynamics Simulation — Reducing Cyclist Drag by 30%’. Accessed; Mar. 03, 2025. [Online]. Available:https://medium.com/@SimScale/bike-aerodynamics-simulation-reducing-cyclist-drag-by-30-2d9b0b1191a

Manuel Bisikletler için Yenilikçi Otomatikleştirilmiş Manuel Şanzıman (AMT) Sistemi: Tasarım, Uygulama ve Kontrol

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 579 - 591, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Kağızman , Fehmi Can Ay , Bengisu Kilinç , Talha Enes Ercan , Volkan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1622406

Abstract

Son yıllarda bisiklet endüstrisi, yenilikçi teknolojilerin ve dönüştürücü tasarım ilkelerinin bir araya getirilmesiyle kayda değer ilerlemeler kaydetmiştir. Bu bağlamda, otomotiv sektöründe yaygın olarak kullanılan Otomatikleştirilmiş Manuel Şanzıman (AMT) sistemi, önemli bir teknolojik dönüm noktasını temsil etmektedir. Bu sistemler, gelişmiş elektronik bileşenler ve aktüatörler aracılığıyla geleneksel manuel şanzımanların otomatikleştirilmesiyle motorlu taşıtlarda yakıt verimliliğinin artması, işletme maliyetlerinin azalması, kullanıcı konforunun artması gibi pek çok avantaj sunmuş ve sektörde geniş kabul görmüştür. Otomotiv sektöründeki bu kanıtlanmış başarıya rağmen, benzer bir sistemin bisikletlerde uygulanabilirliği yeterince incelenmemiş bir alan olarak kalmakta ve bu durum, bisiklet endüstrisinde teknolojik yeniliklerin geliştirilmesi açısından önemli bir eksiklik oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bisikletlerde geleneksel yöntemlerle manuel şekilde gerçekleştirilen vites değiştirme sürecini, zekâ tabanlı bir sistemle otomatikleştiren yenilikçi bir vites değiştirme sisteminin geliştirilmesini sunmaktadır. Sensörlerden elde edilen verileri işleyerek optimal vites geçişlerini otonom bir şekilde belirleyen ve bu kararları entegre bir aktüatör mekanizmasıyla uygulayan sistem, manuel şanzımanlı bisikletlerin pratik bir şekilde otomatik vitese dönüştürülmesini sağlamaktadır. Kompakt tasarımı, düşük maliyeti ve kullanıcı dostu montajıyla dikkat çeken bu sistem, aynı zamanda kullanıcı tercihlerine veya değişen sürüş koşullarına dinamik olarak uyum sağlayan birden fazla sürüş modu sunarak performansı ve konforu da optimize etmektedir. Geliştirilen sistem, manuel şanzımanlı bir bisiklete entegre edilmiş ve kapsamlı bir şekilde test edilmiş olup, otomatik vites geçişlerini yüksek doğrulukla gerçekleştirebildiği bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır.

Keywords

Otomatikleştirilmiş Manuel Şanzıman (AMT) Manuel Şanzıman Sistemi Akıllı Vites Değiştirme Çoklu Sürüş Modu Bisiklet

Ethical Statement

Bu makalenin yazarları çalışmalarında kullandıkları materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve/veya yasal-özel bir izin gerektirmediğini beyan ederler.

Thanks

Değerli rehberlikleri ve bu araştırmanın başarılı bir şekilde tamamlanmasında önemli rol oynayan Rockwell Automation Güç ve Hareket Kontrol Laboratuvarı'nın kapsamlı kaynaklarına erişim sağladıkları için Doç. Dr. Ali Fuat Ergenç ve Arş. Gör. Bora Ayvaz'a içtenlikle teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • [1] Hamilton TL, Wichman CJ. Bicycle infrastructure and traffic congestion: Evidence from DC’s Capital Bikeshare. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2018; 87: 72-93.
  • [2] Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Götschi T, Orsini N, Richards J, Roberts N, Scarborough P, Foster C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2014; 11: 1-15.
  • [3] Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, De Geus B, Krenn P, Reger-Nash B, Kohlberger T. Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2011; 21 (4): 496-509.
  • [4] Piatkowski D, Bopp M. Increasing Bicycling for Transportation: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2021; 147 (2): 04021019.
  • [5] Wyss CR, Brengelmann GL, Johnson JM, Rowell LB, Niederberger M. Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate: role of skin vs. core temperature. Journal of applied physiology. 1974; 36 (6): 726-733.
  • [6] Hung NB, Sung J, Lim O. A simulation and experimental study of the operating performance of an electric bicycle integrated with a semi-automatic transmission. Applied Energy. 2018; 221: 319-333.
  • [7] Chien HC, Tseng CH. An automatic transmission for bicycles: a simulation. International journal of industrial ergonomics. 2004; 33 (2): 123-132.
  • [8] Chen ML, Chen KJ. Design of Active Disturbance Rejection Control Architecture for Bicycle Automatic Transmission. In 2019 IEEE Eurasia Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare and Sustainability (ECBIOS). 2019; 174-176.
  • [9] Hsieh LC, Chen TH. The kinematic Design of Automatic Gear Transmissions for Bicycles. Engineering Letters. 2008; 16 (3).
  • [10] Atencio LGM, Cena JSE, Opalla IU, Angelia RE. Arduino-based electronic bicycle transmission switching system. In International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research. 2021; 275-286.
  • [11] Tandon P, Awasthi A, Mishra BK, Rathore P, Shukla RK. Design and simulation of an intelligent bicycle transmission system. IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics. 2010; 16 (3): 509-517.
  • [12] Sun G, Gao B, Jin J, Sanada K. Modelling, analysis and simulation of a novel automated manual transmission with gearshift assistant mechanism. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2019; 20: 885-895.
  • [13] Gao B, Lei Y, Ge A, Chen H, Sanada K. Observer-based clutch disengagement control during gear shift process of automated manual transmission. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2011; 49 (5): 685-701.
  • [14] Taguchi Y, Soga Y, Mineno A, Kuzuya H, Horiuchi I, Ueda Y, Miyazaki T. Development of an automated manual transmission system based on robust design. SAE Technical Paper. 2003.
  • [15] Wu ZY, Lin HY. IntelliBike: An intelligent bicycle with automatic shifting based on sensing and riding analysis. In 2020 IEEE/SICE Internationa Symposium on System Integration (SII). 2020; 731-736.
  • [16] Uyar O, Çunkaş M, Karaca H. Enhanced intelligent control with adaptive system for electrically assisted bicycle. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2022; 30: 101047.
  • [17] Rallo G, Formentin S, Corno M, Savaresi SM. Real-time pedaling rate estimation via wheel speed filterinmg. IFAC PapersOnline. 2017; 50 (1): 6010-6015.
  • [18] Lin HY, Wu ZY. Development of Automatic Gear Shifting for Bicycle Riding Based on Physiological Information and Environment Sensing. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021; 21 (21): 24591-24600.
  • [19] Lin SK, Yang SW, Cheng CC. Design of an automatic shift control system with self-learning ability for a bicycle. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2015; 38 (5): 594-602.
  • [20] Ay FC, Kılınç B, Ercan TE, Kağızman A, Sezer V. Design. Implementation, and Control of a Novel Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) System for Manual Transmission Bicycles. In 2024 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU). 1-6.
  • [21] Kağızman A, Sezer V. Design and fabrication of a new chest compression device with a specialized piston and bayonet lock mechanism. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2024; 55: 101724.
  • [22] Félix R. ‘Speed-Slope Factor’. Accessed: Jun. 09, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/~rosamfelix/gis/declives/SpeedSlopeFactor.html
  • [23] Bevis B. ‘The Search For the Ideal Cycling Cadence’. Triathlete. Accessed: Jun. 09, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.triathlete.com/training/what-is-the-ideal-bike-cadence-for-you/
  • [24] Keytel LR, Goedecke JH, Noakes TD, Hiiloskorpi H, Laukkanen R, van der Merwe L, Lambert EV. Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. Journal of sports sciences. 2005; 23 (3): 289-297.
  • [25] Joo S, Oh C. A novel method to monitor bicycling environments. Transportation research part A: policy and practice. 2013; 54: 1-13.
  • [26] SimScale. ‘Bike Aerodynamics Simulation — Reducing Cyclist Drag by 30%’. Accessed; Mar. 03, 2025. [Online]. Available:https://medium.com/@SimScale/bike-aerodynamics-simulation-reducing-cyclist-drag-by-30-2d9b0b1191a
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechatronics Engineering, Mechatronic System Design
Journal Section Tasarım ve Teknoloji
Authors

Ahmet Kağızman 0000-0003-4004-2400

Fehmi Can Ay 0009-0000-3416-5637

Bengisu Kilinç 0009-0001-1446-1831

Talha Enes Ercan 0009-0000-5623-9844

Volkan Sezer 0000-0001-9658-2153

Early Pub Date June 3, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date January 18, 2025
Acceptance Date March 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kağızman, A., Ay, F. C., Kilinç, B., Ercan, T. E., et al. (2025). Innovative Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) System for Bcycles: Design, Implementation and Control. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, 13(2), 579-591. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1622406
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