Abstract
Bu makale, otomobil antenlerinin tarihsel gelişimini ve günümüz akıllı anten tasarımlarının önemini incelemektedir. 1970'lerde kullanılan yaklaşık 1.5 metre uzunluğundaki çubuk antenlerin yerini, 1984'ten itibaren araç camlarına entegre edilen aktif AM/FM antenler almıştır. Günümüzde ise 5-15 cm boyutlarındaki sarmal anten tasarımları, anten performansını artırmak, aerodinamik avantaj sağlamak ve elektromanyetik uyumluluk düzenlemelerine uyum göstermek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Makale, sayısal video yayını (SVY) ve V2X iletişim sistemleri gibi modern uygulamalara yönelik anten entegrasyonu, yüksek empedanslı amplifikatörler (15-25 dB kazanç) ve triband antenler gibi yeniliklere de değinmektedir. Aktif anten tasarım sürecinde empedans uyumu, kazanç, kararlılık ve gürültü gibi parametrelerin optimize edilmesinin, anten performansını ve elektromanyetik bağışıklığı artırmak için kritik olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, AM ve FM bantlarında çalışan, 1.2 dB gürültü seviyesine sahip bir yükseltici ile donatılmış 40 cm boyunda bir çubuk anten tasarlanmıştır. Anten, araç üzerinde test edilmiş ve alınan sinyalin güç değeri Rigol Spectrum Analizör ile ölçülmüştür. Orijinal cihazla kıyaslandığında sinyalin gürültü seviyesinin 1 dB daha düşük olduğu gözlenmiştir. Tasarımda kullanılan helisel yapı, rezonans frekansını 180 MHz’e ayarlamış ve şerit boyunun anten boyundan uzun olması sayesinde kapasitif giriş empedansını düşürmüştür. Bu, antenin performansını artıran önemli bir teknik yenilik olarak öne çıkmıştır.
References
- [1] L. Reiter, A. Böge, A. Negut and S. Lindenmeier, "A new low-cost active rod antenna for automotive reception of all terrestrial audio broadcast services," The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), The Hague, Netherlands, 2014, pp. 2981-2984, doi: 10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902454..
- [2] A. Sakitani, "Comments on "A design of AM/FM mobile telephone triband antenna" [with reply]," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 544-545, May 1995, doi: 10.1109/8.384204.
- [3] R. Iustin, R. Petersson and J. Wettergren, "A Triband Wire Antenna for All Radio and TV bands," 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135651. [4] J. J. H. Wang, D. J. Triplett and S. C. Workman, "Miniaturized planar slow-wave antennas and their application to ultrawideband multifunction antennas," 2011 4th IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 733-736, doi: 10.1109/MAPE.2011.6156260.
- [5] O. J. Sather, "Construction of the WOR Transmitter and Directional Antenna System," in IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. BC-15, no. 3, pp. 65-77, Sept. 1969, doi: 10.1109/TBC.1969.265988.
- [6] M. Wechsberg and D. E. Snyder, "AM/FM noise in fiber optic links for radar antenna remoting," Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993, pp. 1534-1537 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/APS.1993.385488.
- [7] C. Rostamzadeh, P. DeRoy, A. Barchanski and B. Abdolali, "Investigation of electromagnetic field coupling from DC-DC buck converters to automobile AM/FM antennas," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2016, pp. 364-369, doi: 10.1109/ISEMC.2016.7571674
- [8] H. Lindenmeier, J. Hopf and L. Reiter, "Active AM-FM windshield antenna with equivalent performance to the whip now as standard equipment in car production," 1985 Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1985, pp. 621-624, doi: 10.1109/APS.1985.1149458.
- [9] S. Egashira, T. Tanaka and A. Sakitani, "A design of AM/FM mobile telephone triband antenna," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 538-540, April 1994, doi: 10.1109/8.286224.
- [10]T. Tanaka, S. Egashira and A. Sakitani, "AM-FM-cellular mobile telephone tri-band antenna with double sleeves," Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium 1991 Digest, London, ON, Canada, 1991, pp. 958-961 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/APS.1991.175003.
- [11]M. F. F. Chowdhury, Y. -K. Hong, H. Won, W. Lee and M. Choi, "A Glass-Integrated Ferrite FM Antenna for Vehicle Telematics," 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 921-922, doi: 10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8889229.
- [12]R. Iustin, R. Petersson and J. Wettergren, "A Triband Wire Antenna for All Radio and TV bands," 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135651.
- [13]B. Seungbok, K. Sangpil, H. Choulhee, K. Heeyoung and K. yoongi, "Design of a V2X Vehicle Antenna," 2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Busan, Korea (South), 2018, pp. 1-2.
- [14]H. -S. Tae, W. -I. Son, M. -Q. Lee, S. -B. Min and J. -W. Yu, "Printed square quadirifilar helix antenna (QHA) for XM Satellite Radio receiver," The 40th European Microwave Conference, Paris, France, 2010, pp. 1469-1471, doi: 10.23919/EUMC.2010.5616513. [15]M. Rütschlin and D. Tallini, "Simulation for antenna design and placement in vehicles," Antennas, Propagation & RF Technology for Transport and Autonomous Platforms 2017, Birmingham, 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1049/ic.2017.0021.
Abstract
This article examines the historical evolution of automobile antennas and highlights the importance of modern smart antenna designs. The long rod antennas, approximately 1.5 meters in length, used in the 1970s were replaced by active AM/FM antennas integrated into vehicle windows starting in 1984. Today, spiral antenna designs measuring 5-15 cm in length are widely used to enhance antenna performance, provide aerodynamic advantages, and comply with electromagnetic compatibility regulations. The article also explores innovations such as antenna integration for digital video broadcasting (DVB) and V2X communication systems, high-impedance amplifiers (with gains typically ranging from 15-25 dB), and triband antennas. The optimization of parameters such as impedance matching, gain, stability, and noise (typically 1-2 dB) during the active antenna design process is emphasized as crucial for improving antenna performance and electromagnetic immunity. As part of the study, a 40 cm rod antenna equipped with an amplifier operating in the AM and FM bands and with a noise level of 1.2 dB was designed. The antenna was tested on a vehicle, and the signal strength was measured using a Rigol Spectrum Analyzer. It was observed that the signal noise level was 1 dB lower compared to the original device. The helical structure of the designed antenna set the resonance frequency at 180 MHz. Additionally, the longer strip length compared to the antenna’s physical length reduced the capacitive input impedance, contributing to enhanced antenna performance through this key technical innovation.
References
- [1] L. Reiter, A. Böge, A. Negut and S. Lindenmeier, "A new low-cost active rod antenna for automotive reception of all terrestrial audio broadcast services," The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), The Hague, Netherlands, 2014, pp. 2981-2984, doi: 10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902454..
- [2] A. Sakitani, "Comments on "A design of AM/FM mobile telephone triband antenna" [with reply]," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 544-545, May 1995, doi: 10.1109/8.384204.
- [3] R. Iustin, R. Petersson and J. Wettergren, "A Triband Wire Antenna for All Radio and TV bands," 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135651. [4] J. J. H. Wang, D. J. Triplett and S. C. Workman, "Miniaturized planar slow-wave antennas and their application to ultrawideband multifunction antennas," 2011 4th IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 733-736, doi: 10.1109/MAPE.2011.6156260.
- [5] O. J. Sather, "Construction of the WOR Transmitter and Directional Antenna System," in IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. BC-15, no. 3, pp. 65-77, Sept. 1969, doi: 10.1109/TBC.1969.265988.
- [6] M. Wechsberg and D. E. Snyder, "AM/FM noise in fiber optic links for radar antenna remoting," Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993, pp. 1534-1537 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/APS.1993.385488.
- [7] C. Rostamzadeh, P. DeRoy, A. Barchanski and B. Abdolali, "Investigation of electromagnetic field coupling from DC-DC buck converters to automobile AM/FM antennas," 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2016, pp. 364-369, doi: 10.1109/ISEMC.2016.7571674
- [8] H. Lindenmeier, J. Hopf and L. Reiter, "Active AM-FM windshield antenna with equivalent performance to the whip now as standard equipment in car production," 1985 Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1985, pp. 621-624, doi: 10.1109/APS.1985.1149458.
- [9] S. Egashira, T. Tanaka and A. Sakitani, "A design of AM/FM mobile telephone triband antenna," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 538-540, April 1994, doi: 10.1109/8.286224.
- [10]T. Tanaka, S. Egashira and A. Sakitani, "AM-FM-cellular mobile telephone tri-band antenna with double sleeves," Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium 1991 Digest, London, ON, Canada, 1991, pp. 958-961 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/APS.1991.175003.
- [11]M. F. F. Chowdhury, Y. -K. Hong, H. Won, W. Lee and M. Choi, "A Glass-Integrated Ferrite FM Antenna for Vehicle Telematics," 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 921-922, doi: 10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8889229.
- [12]R. Iustin, R. Petersson and J. Wettergren, "A Triband Wire Antenna for All Radio and TV bands," 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135651.
- [13]B. Seungbok, K. Sangpil, H. Choulhee, K. Heeyoung and K. yoongi, "Design of a V2X Vehicle Antenna," 2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Busan, Korea (South), 2018, pp. 1-2.
- [14]H. -S. Tae, W. -I. Son, M. -Q. Lee, S. -B. Min and J. -W. Yu, "Printed square quadirifilar helix antenna (QHA) for XM Satellite Radio receiver," The 40th European Microwave Conference, Paris, France, 2010, pp. 1469-1471, doi: 10.23919/EUMC.2010.5616513. [15]M. Rütschlin and D. Tallini, "Simulation for antenna design and placement in vehicles," Antennas, Propagation & RF Technology for Transport and Autonomous Platforms 2017, Birmingham, 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1049/ic.2017.0021.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering Electromagnetics |
| Journal Section | Tasarım ve Teknoloji |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | August 15, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | November 23, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 3 |
