The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Seher Çakmak; Sevda Uzun; Şevval Baygın

doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376

Research Article

Hemodiyaliz Hastalarında Umutsuzluk, Yalnızlık ve Depresyon Üzerine Şiir Terapisinin Etkisi: Yarı Deneysel Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 637 - 648, 26.06.2025

Seher Çakmak , Sevda Uzun , Şevval Baygın

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemodiyaliz hastalarına uygulanan şiir terapisinin umutsuzluk, yalnızlık ve depresyon üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Yarı deneysel tasarımda yürütülen araştırmaya hemodiyaliz tedavisi alan 22 kronik böbrek yetmezliği hastası dâhil edilmiştir. 11 hasta şiir grubuna ve 11 hasta kontrol grubuna atanmıştır. Şiir grubundaki hastalara 4 hafta boyunca haftada üç gün olmak üzere 12 seans şiir terapisi uygulanırken, kontrol grubundaki hastalara müdahale edilmemiştir. Araştırmanın verileri, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği”, “UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği” ve “Beck Depresyon Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ortalama, standart sapma ve yüzde hesaplamaları, Kolmogorov Smirnov normal dağılıma uygunluk testi, ki-kare ve t testi kullanılmıştır. Şiir ve kontrol grubundaki hastaların sosyodemografik ve hastalık özelliklerinin benzer olduğu belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). Ön testte, şiir ve kontrol grupları arasında ortalama umutsuzluk ve yalnızlık puanları yönünden benzerlik bulunduğu (p>0.05), ortalama depresyon puanı ve sıklığı yönünden ise istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir (p=0.016, p=0.012). Şiir terapisinden sonra şiir grubunun umutsuzluk ve depresyon puan ortalamalarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde azaldığı (p=0.009, p=0.016), yalnızlık puan ortalamasının ise anlamlı düzeyde arttığı belirlenmiştir (p<0.001). Sonuç olarak, hemodiyaliz hastalarında şiir terapisinin umutsuzluk ve depresyonu azalttığı, ancak yalnızlığı arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, şiir terapisinin umutsuzluk ve depresyon düzeylerini azaltmada faydalı olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Depresyon, Hemodiyaliz, Umutsuzluk, Yalnızlık, Şiir

Ethical Statement

Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan (No: E-95674917-108.99-215297) ve ilgili kurumdan yazılı izin alındı.

Supporting Institution

yok

Thanks

Araştırmaya katılan hastalara teşekkür ederiz.

References

1. Elendu C, Elendu RC, Enyong JM, Ibhiedu JO, Ishola IV, Egbunu EO, et al. “Comprehensive review of current management guidelines of chronic kidney disease. Medicine 2023;102(23):e33984.https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000033984.
2. Chesnaye NC, Ortiz A, Zoccali C, Stel VS, Jager KJ. The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology 2024;20(9):569-585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00863-9.
3. Amne DA, Özer Z. (2025). Hemodiyaliz tedavisi uygulanan hastalarda umut, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişki/Relationship between hope, psychological resilience, and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2025;20(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2025.92
4. Xu F, Zhuang B, Wang Z, Wu H, Hui X, Peng H. et al. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis regarding hemodialysis and ıts complications: A Single-center, cross-sectional study in nanjing. BMC Nephrology 2023;24(1):275.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-023-03320-0
5. Demir Çam S. Sesli kitap uygulamasının hemodiyaliz tedavisi alan hastalarda anksiyete depresyon ve yaşam kalitesine etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi; 2021.
6. Almutary H, Bonner A, Douglas C. Which patients with chronic kidney disease have the greatest symptom burden? A comparative study of advanced CKD stage and dialysis modality. Journal of Renal Care 2016;42(2):73-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12152.
7. Sharif-Nia H, Marôco J, Froelicher ES, Barzegari S, Sadeghi N, Fatehi R. The relationship between fatigue, pruritus, and thirst distress with quality of life among patients receiving hemodialysis: A mediator model to test concept of treatment adherence. Scientific Reports 2024;14(1):9981. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60679-2
8. Tuna D, Ovayolu N, Kes D. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında sık karşılaşılan problemler ve çözüm önerileri. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2018;13(1):17-25.
9. Kavala A, Tokatlıoğlu TŞ. Hemodiyaliz tedavisi uygulanan bireylerde anksiyete ve depresyonun yönetiminde nonfarmakolojik yöntemlerin rolü: bir literatür derlemesi/The role of non-pharmacological methods in the management of anxiety and depression in individuals undergoing hemodialysis treatment: A literature review. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2023;18(2):104-113.
10. Karkou V, Sajnani N, Orkibi H, Groarke JM, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Panero ME, et al. The psychological and physiological benefits of the arts. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13: 840089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840089.
11. Carswell C, Reid J, Walsh I, McKeaveney C, Noble H. The experiences of a complex arts-based intervention for patients with end-stage kidney disease whilst receiving haemodialysis: A qualitative process evaluation. Healthcare 2021;9(10):1392.
12. Le Rhun A, Caillet P, Lebeaupin M, Duval M, Guilmault L, Anthoine, E, et al. Mind–body and art therapies impact on emotional regulation in patients with chronic diseases: A pragmatic mixed-methods randomized controlled trial. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2023;23(1):344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04173-8
13. Carswell CE, Reid J, Walsh I, Johnston W, Lee JB, McAneney, H, et al. Development of a complex arts-based intervention for patients with end-stage kidney disease whilst receiving haemodialysis. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2021;7(1):127.
14. Corrigan C, Peterson L, McVeigh C, Lavin PJ, Mellotte GJ, Wall C, et al. The perception of art among patients and staff on a renal dialysis unit. Irish Medical Journal 2017;110(9):632.
15. Rowe N, Jones CH, Seeger L, Greaves G, Holman C, Turner H. Forgetting the machine: Patients' experiences of engaging in artwork while on renal dialysis. Journal of Applied Arts & Health. 2011;2(1):57-72. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaah.2.1.57_1.
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18. Alfrey A, Field V, Xenophontes I, Holttum S. Identifying the mechanisms of poetry therapy and associated effects on participants: A synthesised review of empirical literature. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2021;75:101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101832
19. Park JH, Kim JY, Kim HO. Effects of a group poetry therapy program on stress, anxiety, ego-resilience, and psychological well-being of nursing students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2022;41:144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.027
20. Beiranvand M, Rezaei F, Sahraei G. Effects of cognitive self-compassion with an emphasis on poetry therapy on the psychological well-being and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in women. International Journal of Psychology 2021;15(2):271-293.
21. Güler K, Çağan M. Examination of the effect of suggestion-focused poetry therapy on early maladaptive schemas and psychological symptoms of adults. Neuro Quantology 2022;20(7):3653-3660.
22. Daboui P, Janbabai G, Moradi S. Hope and mood improvement in women with breast cancer using group poetry therapy: A questionnaire-based before-after study. Journal of Poetry Therapy. 2018;31(3):165-172.
23. Mirzaee M, Hajivandi A, Khalili A, Jahanpour F. The assessment of the effect of poetry therapy on the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in myocardial infarction patient. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 2016;4(2):11-18. https://doi.org/10.21859/ijpn-04022.
24. Bahall M, Legall G, Lalla C. Depression among patients with chronic kidney disease, associated factors, and predictors: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):733. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05249-y
25. Sovianti V, Puspitasari E, Saraswanty GW, Juwariyah S, Nafisah M. Reducing depression with classical music therapy in chronic kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of Health Science Review 2024;1(2):51-59.
26. Beck AT, Weissman A, Lester D, Trexler L. The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1974;42(6):861–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562
27. Durak A, Palabıyıkoğlu R. Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği geçerlilik çalışması. Kriz Dergisi 1994;2(2):311-319.
28. Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML. Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment 1978;42(3):290-294.
29. Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980;39(3):472. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
30. Russell DW. UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996;66(1):20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
31. Demir A. Validity and reliability of the UCLA loneliness scale. Journal of Psychology 1989;7(8):14-8.
32. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961;4(6):561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
33. Hisli N. Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenilirliği. Journal of Psychology 1989;7:3-13.
34. Rydén A, Nolan S, Maher J, Meyers O, Kündig A, Bjursell M. Understanding the patient experience of chronic kidney disease stages 2–3b: A qualitative interview study with Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-36) debrief. BMC Nephrology 2022;23(1):201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-022-02826-3
35. Duggleby W, Hicks D, Nekolaichuk C, Holtslander L, Williams A, Chambers T, et al. Hope, older adults, and chronic illness: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2012;68(6):1211-1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05919.x
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The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 637 - 648, 26.06.2025

Seher Çakmak , Sevda Uzun , Şevval Baygın

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of poetry therapy on hopelessness, loneliness and depression in haemodialysis patients. The study, which was conducted in a quasi-experimental design, included 22 chronic renal failure patients receiving haemodialysis treatment. 11 patients were assigned to the poetry group and 11 patients to the control group. The patients in the poetry group received 12 sessions of poetry therapy three days a week for 4 weeks, while the patients in the control group were not intervened. The data of the study were collected with ‘Personal Information Form’, ‘Beck Hopelessness Scale’, ‘UCLA Loneliness Scale’ and ‘Beck Depression Scale’. Mean, standard deviation and percentage calculations, Kolmogorov Smirnov normal distribution test, chi-square and t test were used in the analysis of the data. It was determined that the sociodemographic and disease characteristics of the patients in the poetry and control groups were similar (p>0.05). In the pre-test, it was found that there was a similarity between the poetry and control groups in terms of mean hopelessness and loneliness scores (p>0.05), while there was a statistically significant difference in terms of mean depression score and frequency (p=0.016, p=0.012). After the poetry therapy, it was determined that the mean scores of hopelessness and depression of the poetry group decreased statistically significantly (p=0.009, p=0.016), while the mean score of loneliness increased significantly (p<0.001). In conclusion, it was determined that poetry therapy decreased hopelessness and depression but increased loneliness in haemodialysis patients. Accordingly, it can be said that poetry therapy is beneficial in reducing hopelessness and depression levels.

Keywords

Depression, Hemodialysis, Hopelessness, Loneliness, Poetry

References

1. Elendu C, Elendu RC, Enyong JM, Ibhiedu JO, Ishola IV, Egbunu EO, et al. “Comprehensive review of current management guidelines of chronic kidney disease. Medicine 2023;102(23):e33984.https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000033984.
2. Chesnaye NC, Ortiz A, Zoccali C, Stel VS, Jager KJ. The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology 2024;20(9):569-585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00863-9.
3. Amne DA, Özer Z. (2025). Hemodiyaliz tedavisi uygulanan hastalarda umut, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişki/Relationship between hope, psychological resilience, and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2025;20(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2025.92
4. Xu F, Zhuang B, Wang Z, Wu H, Hui X, Peng H. et al. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis regarding hemodialysis and ıts complications: A Single-center, cross-sectional study in nanjing. BMC Nephrology 2023;24(1):275.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-023-03320-0
5. Demir Çam S. Sesli kitap uygulamasının hemodiyaliz tedavisi alan hastalarda anksiyete depresyon ve yaşam kalitesine etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi; 2021.
6. Almutary H, Bonner A, Douglas C. Which patients with chronic kidney disease have the greatest symptom burden? A comparative study of advanced CKD stage and dialysis modality. Journal of Renal Care 2016;42(2):73-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12152.
7. Sharif-Nia H, Marôco J, Froelicher ES, Barzegari S, Sadeghi N, Fatehi R. The relationship between fatigue, pruritus, and thirst distress with quality of life among patients receiving hemodialysis: A mediator model to test concept of treatment adherence. Scientific Reports 2024;14(1):9981. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60679-2
8. Tuna D, Ovayolu N, Kes D. Hemodiyaliz hastalarında sık karşılaşılan problemler ve çözüm önerileri. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2018;13(1):17-25.
9. Kavala A, Tokatlıoğlu TŞ. Hemodiyaliz tedavisi uygulanan bireylerde anksiyete ve depresyonun yönetiminde nonfarmakolojik yöntemlerin rolü: bir literatür derlemesi/The role of non-pharmacological methods in the management of anxiety and depression in individuals undergoing hemodialysis treatment: A literature review. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi 2023;18(2):104-113.
10. Karkou V, Sajnani N, Orkibi H, Groarke JM, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Panero ME, et al. The psychological and physiological benefits of the arts. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13: 840089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840089.
11. Carswell C, Reid J, Walsh I, McKeaveney C, Noble H. The experiences of a complex arts-based intervention for patients with end-stage kidney disease whilst receiving haemodialysis: A qualitative process evaluation. Healthcare 2021;9(10):1392.
12. Le Rhun A, Caillet P, Lebeaupin M, Duval M, Guilmault L, Anthoine, E, et al. Mind–body and art therapies impact on emotional regulation in patients with chronic diseases: A pragmatic mixed-methods randomized controlled trial. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2023;23(1):344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04173-8
13. Carswell CE, Reid J, Walsh I, Johnston W, Lee JB, McAneney, H, et al. Development of a complex arts-based intervention for patients with end-stage kidney disease whilst receiving haemodialysis. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2021;7(1):127.
14. Corrigan C, Peterson L, McVeigh C, Lavin PJ, Mellotte GJ, Wall C, et al. The perception of art among patients and staff on a renal dialysis unit. Irish Medical Journal 2017;110(9):632.
15. Rowe N, Jones CH, Seeger L, Greaves G, Holman C, Turner H. Forgetting the machine: Patients' experiences of engaging in artwork while on renal dialysis. Journal of Applied Arts & Health. 2011;2(1):57-72. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaah.2.1.57_1.
16. Nyfors M, Pöyhiä R, Vehviläinen AR, Lamminmäki A. Writing connections as a source of significance: Group poetry therapy among patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Poetry Therapy. 2024;1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2024.2391425.
17. Davies EA. Why we need more poetry in palliative care. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. 2018;8(3):266-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001477.
18. Alfrey A, Field V, Xenophontes I, Holttum S. Identifying the mechanisms of poetry therapy and associated effects on participants: A synthesised review of empirical literature. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2021;75:101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101832
19. Park JH, Kim JY, Kim HO. Effects of a group poetry therapy program on stress, anxiety, ego-resilience, and psychological well-being of nursing students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2022;41:144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.027
20. Beiranvand M, Rezaei F, Sahraei G. Effects of cognitive self-compassion with an emphasis on poetry therapy on the psychological well-being and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in women. International Journal of Psychology 2021;15(2):271-293.
21. Güler K, Çağan M. Examination of the effect of suggestion-focused poetry therapy on early maladaptive schemas and psychological symptoms of adults. Neuro Quantology 2022;20(7):3653-3660.
22. Daboui P, Janbabai G, Moradi S. Hope and mood improvement in women with breast cancer using group poetry therapy: A questionnaire-based before-after study. Journal of Poetry Therapy. 2018;31(3):165-172.
23. Mirzaee M, Hajivandi A, Khalili A, Jahanpour F. The assessment of the effect of poetry therapy on the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in myocardial infarction patient. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 2016;4(2):11-18. https://doi.org/10.21859/ijpn-04022.
24. Bahall M, Legall G, Lalla C. Depression among patients with chronic kidney disease, associated factors, and predictors: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):733. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05249-y
25. Sovianti V, Puspitasari E, Saraswanty GW, Juwariyah S, Nafisah M. Reducing depression with classical music therapy in chronic kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of Health Science Review 2024;1(2):51-59.
26. Beck AT, Weissman A, Lester D, Trexler L. The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1974;42(6):861–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562
27. Durak A, Palabıyıkoğlu R. Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği geçerlilik çalışması. Kriz Dergisi 1994;2(2):311-319.
28. Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML. Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment 1978;42(3):290-294.
29. Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980;39(3):472. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
30. Russell DW. UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996;66(1):20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
31. Demir A. Validity and reliability of the UCLA loneliness scale. Journal of Psychology 1989;7(8):14-8.
32. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961;4(6):561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
33. Hisli N. Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenilirliği. Journal of Psychology 1989;7:3-13.
34. Rydén A, Nolan S, Maher J, Meyers O, Kündig A, Bjursell M. Understanding the patient experience of chronic kidney disease stages 2–3b: A qualitative interview study with Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-36) debrief. BMC Nephrology 2022;23(1):201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-022-02826-3
35. Duggleby W, Hicks D, Nekolaichuk C, Holtslander L, Williams A, Chambers T, et al. Hope, older adults, and chronic illness: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2012;68(6):1211-1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05919.x
36. Bayram Z, Karadağ S. The effect of therapeutic touch on the loneliness and hopelessness levels of patients undergoing hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2024;13(3):611-619. https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1441305
37. Poorgholami F, Abdollahifard S, Zamani M, Jahromi MK, Jahromi ZB. The effect of stress management training on hope in hemodialysis patients. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015;8(7):165.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Internal Diseases Nursing
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Seher Çakmak 0000-0003-4684-8333 Sevda Uzun 0000-0002-5954-717X Şevval Baygın 0009-0003-6387-4290
Publication Date	June 26, 2025
Submission Date	September 28, 2024
Acceptance Date	March 13, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Çakmak, S., Uzun, S., & Baygın, Ş. (2025). The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376
AMA	Çakmak S, Uzun S, Baygın Ş. The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. June 2025;14(2):637-648. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376
Chicago	Çakmak, Seher, Sevda Uzun, and Şevval Baygın. “The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 14, no. 2 (June 2025): 637-48. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376.
EndNote	Çakmak S, Uzun S, Baygın Ş (June 1, 2025) The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 14 2 637–648.
IEEE	S. Çakmak, S. Uzun, and Ş. Baygın, “The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study”, Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 637–648, 2025, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376.
ISNAD	Çakmak, Seher et al. “The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 14/2 (June 2025), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376.
JAMA	Çakmak S, Uzun S, Baygın Ş. The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;14:637–648.
MLA	Çakmak, Seher et al. “The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 2, 2025, pp. 637-48, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1557376.
Vancouver	Çakmak S, Uzun S, Baygın Ş. The Effect Of Poetry Therapy On Hopelessness, Loneliness And Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;14(2):637-48.

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