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Siirt ili yarı kurak iklim koşullarında tesis edilen fıstık bahçelerinde toprak organik karbon stokunun değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 286 - 298, 16.06.2025

Mesut Budak , Miraç Kiliç , Kübra Polat , Elif Günal , Mesut Sırrı , Reşat Yolbaş

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1656156

Abstract

Tarım arazilerinin yönetimi, küresel karbon (C) döngüsünde çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Yoğun toprak işleme, toprak organik karbonunun (SOC) mineralizasyonunu artıran ve CO₂ olarak atmosfere salınmasına yol açan başlıca faktörlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada son dönemlerde Siirt iline bağlı Kurtalan ilçesinde yetiştiriciliği önemli oranda artan Siirt Fıstık bahçelerinde toprak organik C stoku (TOCS)’nun belirlenmesi ve yersel değişimlerinin haritalanarak izlenebilirliğinin sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 72 farklı fıstık bahçesinden 0-20 cm derinlikten toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinin toprak organik C (TOC) içeriği ve hacim ağırlığı belirlenerek TOCS değerleri hesaplanmış ve yersel değişimleri haritalanmıştır. TOC içeriği 2.85 g kg-¹ ile 26 g kg-¹ arasında değişirken, SOCS değerleri 8.97 t ha-¹ ile 73.74 t ha-¹ arasında değişmiştir. Çalışma alanındaki farklı tekstür gruplarına ait toprak örnekleri arasında TOC ve TOCS değerlerinde önemli düzeyde değişkenlik gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, meyve bahçesi yaşı arttıkça, SOC ve SOCS değerleri önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. 20 yaş ve üzeri Siirtfıstığı bahçelerinde TOC ve TOCS değerleri 5 yaş ve altı bahçelere göre sırası ile %20.3 ve %22.7 oranında azalmıştır. TOC içeriğindeki bu düşüş, toprak agregat stabilitesinin önemli bir göstergesi olan SOC:Kil oranına da yansımış ve genç bahçelerde ortalama 0.32 iken yaşlı bahçelerde 0.20'ye düşmüştür. Bu durum, Siirtfıstığı bahçelerindeki tarımsal uygulamaların toprak agregasyonunu bozarak organik karbon mineralizasyonunu hızlandırdığını ve toprağın zaman içinde organik madde tutma kabiliyetini azalttığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, yarı kurak iklime sahip Siirtfıstığı ekim alanlarında toprak bütünlüğünü korumak, karbon tutma oranını artırmak ve uzun vadeli tarımsal sürdürülebilirliği desteklemek için sürdürülebilir toprak yönetimi stratejilerine acil ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Toprak Organik Karbonu Yersel Değişim Siirt Fıstık Bahçeleri Sürdürülebilir toprak yönetimi

Project Number

2023-İHTZİR-01

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Assessment of soil organic carbon stock in pistachio orchards established under semi-arid climates of Siirt province, Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 286 - 298, 16.06.2025

Mesut Budak , Miraç Kiliç , Kübra Polat , Elif Günal , Mesut Sırrı , Reşat Yolbaş

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1656156

Abstract

The management of agricultural lands plays a crucial role in the global carbon (C) cycle.
Intensive soil tillage is one of the primary factors contributing to the mineralization of soil
organic carbon (SOC), leading to its release into the atmosphere as CO₂. This study
determined the soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) in pistachio-growing areas, which have
expanded significantly in recent years in Kurtalan district, Siirt province. Spatial variation
of SOCS was also mapped within the study area to ensure its long-term monitoring over
time. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–20 cm in 72
pistachio orchards. The soil organic C (SOC) content and bulk density (Bd) of the collected
soil samples were determined, and SOCS values were calculated to generate spatial
distribution maps. The SOC content ranged from 2.85 g kg⁻¹ to 26 g kg⁻¹, while SOCS
varied between 8.97 t ha⁻¹ and 73.74 t ha⁻¹. Significant variability in SOC and SOCS was
observed among soil samples belonging to different texture groups. Additionally, SOC
and SOCS values significantly decreased as orchard age increased. The SOC and SOCS
values decreased by 20.3% and 22.7%, respectively in pistachio orchards older than 20
years compared 5 years old or younger orchards. This decline in SOC content was also
reflected in the SOC:Clay ratio, a key indicator of soil structure stability, which dropped
from an average of 0.32 in younger orchards to 0.20 in older orchards. This suggests that
agricultural practices in pistachio orchards disrupt soil aggregation, accelerating organic C
mineralization and reducing the soil’s ability to retain organic matter over time. These
results show the urgent need for sustainable soil management strategies to preserve soil
integrity, enhance C retention, and support long-term agricultural sustainability in semiarid
pistachio cultivation areas.

Keywords

Soil Organic Carbon Spatial Distribution Sustainable soil management Pistachio orchard

Supporting Institution

Siirt Üniversitesi

Project Number

2023-İHTZİR-01

Thanks

The bulk density and organic carbon data required for calculating total organic carbon stock values were derived from the project (2023-İHTZİR-01) funded by Siirt University. We extend our gratitude to the Siirt University Agricultural and Livestock Specialization Coordination Center for their support.

References

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  • Adekiya, A. O., Alori, E. T., Ogunbode, T. O., Sangoyomi, T., & Oriade, O. A. (2023). Enhancing Organic Carbon Content in Tropical Soils: Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation. The Open Agriculture Journal, 17(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0118743315282476231124074206
  • Ahmad, N., Virk, A. L., Shoukat, M. R., Zahra, N., Arshad, I., Wang, X., Li, J. & Hafeez, M. B. (2025). Nutrient Management on Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Crop Production under Changing Environments. In Agricultural Crop Improvement (pp. 258-273). CRC Press.
  • Beillouin, D., Cardinael, R., Berre, D., Boyer, A., Corbeels, M., Fallot, A., Feder, F. & Demenois, J. (2022). A global overview of studies about land management, land‐use change, and climate change effects on soil organic carbon. Global change biology, 28(4), 1690-1702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15998
  • Blake, G.R., Hardge, K.H. (1986). “Bulk Density” In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Edition, Agronomy Monograph No.9, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 363-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
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  • Budak, M., & Günal, H. (2018). Carbon Storage Potentials of Soils Under Different Land Uses in the Upper Tigris Basin. Anatolian Journal of Forest Research, 4(1), 63-76. (in Turkish)
  • Budak, M., Günal, H., Çelik, İ., Kılıç, M., Kılıç, O.M., Sırrı, M., Aslan, N., (2025). Determination of Soil Fertility and Quality in Pistachio Production Areas and Proposals for Sustainable Pistachio Production, Project Final Report (Project No: 2023-İHTZİR-01), Siirt. (in Turkish).
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  • Cao, S., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, X., & Zhou, W. (2021). Soil organic carbon and soil aggregate stability associated with aggregate fractions in a chronosequence of citrus orchards plantations. Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112847
  • Chang, T. K., & Lin, Y. P. (2000). Geostatistical simulation and estimation of the spatial variability of soil zinc. Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 2000, Vol A35, Issue 3, p327.
  • Chaudhari, P. R., Ahire, D. V., Ahire, V. D., Chkravarty, M., & Maity, S. (2013). Soil bulk density as related to soil texture, organic matter content and available total nutrients of Coimbatore soil. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(2), 1-8.
  • Chowdhury, S., Bolan, N., Farrell, M., Sarkar, B., Sarker, J. R., Kirkham, M. B., Hossain, M. Z. & Kim, G. H. (2021). Role of cultural and nutrient management practices in carbon sequestration in agricultural soil. Advances in agronomy, 166, 131-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2020.10.001
  • Conant, R. T., Easter, M., Paustian, K., Swan, A., & Williams, S. (2007). Impacts of periodic tillage on soil C stocks: A synthesis. Soil and Tillage Research, 95(1-2), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.12.006
  • de Oliveira Silva, B., Moitinho, M. R., de Araujo Santos, G. A., Teixeira, D. D. B., Fernandes, C., & La Scala Jr, N. (2019). Soil CO2 emission and short-term soil pore class distribution after tillage operations. Soil and Tillage Research, 186, 224-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.10.019
  • Fallahzade, J., Karimi, A., Naderi, M., & Shirani, H. (2020). Soil mechanical properties and wind erosion following conversion of desert to irrigated croplands in central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 204, 104665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104665
  • Francaviglia, R., Almagro, M., & Vicente-Vicente, J. L. (2023). Conservation agriculture and soil organic carbon: Principles, processes, practices and policy options. Soil Systems, 7(1), 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7010017
  • Hayes, R. C., Rohan, M., Li, G. D., Orgill, S. E., Poile, G. J., Oates, A. A., & Conyers, M. K. (2022). The nature of spatial variability of four soil chemical properties and the implications for soil sampling. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 22(12), 3006-3017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03285-x
  • Hussain, S., Hussain, S., Guo, R., Sarwar, M., Ren, X., Krstic, D., Aslam, Z., Zulifqar, U., Rauf, A., Hano, C. & El-Esawi, M. A. (2021). Carbon sequestration to avoid soil degradation: A review on the role of conservation tillage. Plants, 10(10), 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102001
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Land Capability and Soil Productivity, Soil Chemistry and Soil Carbon Sequestration (Excl. Carbon Sequestration Science)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Mesut Budak 0000-0001-5715-1246

Miraç Kiliç 0000-0001-8026-5540

Kübra Polat 0000-0003-2966-8699

Elif Günal 0000-0003-0624-2919

Mesut Sırrı 0000-0001-9793-9599

Reşat Yolbaş 0009-0000-8244-397X

Project Number 2023-İHTZİR-01
Early Pub Date June 11, 2025
Publication Date June 16, 2025
Submission Date March 12, 2025
Acceptance Date May 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Budak, M., Kiliç, M., Polat, K., Günal, E., et al. (2025). Assessment of soil organic carbon stock in pistachio orchards established under semi-arid climates of Siirt province, Türkiye. Harran Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(2), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1656156
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