Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management

Shahid Farooq

doi:10.29050/harranziraat.1686971

Research Article

Türkiye’nin farklı iklim bölgelerinden toplanan Xanthium spinosum popülasyonlarının tohum çimlenme özellikleri: Yabancı ot mücadelesi açısından ipuçları

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 328 - 344, 16.06.2025

Shahid Farooq

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1686971

Abstract

Xanthium spinosum, Türkiye’nin birçok agroekolojik bölgesine yayılmış, tarımsal üretimi ve yerel biyoçeşitliliği olumsuz etkileyen sorunlu bir istilacı yabancı ottur. Bu türün tohum çimlenme biyolojisinin anlaşılması, etkili ve bölgeye özgü yönetim önlemlerinin oluşturulması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin dört farklı coğrafik bölgesinden (Güneydoğu Anadolu, Akdeniz, Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu) toplanan X. spinosum popülasyonlarının çimlenme davranışı üzerinde fotoperiyot, sıcaklık, pH, tuzluluk, ozmotik potansiyel ve tohum gömülme derinliğinin etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. En yüksek çimlenme, 12 saat ışık/12 saat karanlık fotoperiyotta gözlenmiş, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Akdeniz popülasyonları daha yüksek ışık duyarlılığı sergilemiştir. Sıcaklık açısından en yüksek çimlenmenin Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Akdeniz popülasyonlarında yaklaşık 30 °C’de gözlemlenirken, Karadeniz ve İç Anadolu popülasyonlarında ise daha ılıman sıcaklıklarda (25–27 °C) gerçekleştiği ortaya konulmuştur. Benzer şekilde, tüm popülasyonlarda nötr pH (~7.0–7.6) koşullarında en yüksek çimlenme kaydedilmiş, Güneydoğu Anadolu popülasyonu daha geniş bir pH toleransı göstermiştir. Tuzluluk ve ozmotik stres testleri, Güneydoğu Anadolu popülasyonunun tuz ve kuraklık streslerine karşı daha yüksek tolerans sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Fide çıkışı, düşük gömülme derinliklerinde (~2–4 cm) zirveye ulaşmış, derinlik arttıkça keskin bir düşüş göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, yerel iklimsel ve edafik koşullarla ilişkili önemli popülasyon-özgü adaptasyon kalıplarını vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada belirlenen çevresel toleranslara dayalı derin sürüm teknikleri ve yönetim stratejileri, X. spinosum’un gelişimini sınırlayabilir. Bu çalışmada ortaya konulan popülasyon düzeyindeki değişkenlik, bölgeye özgü etkili yabancı ot yönetim stratejileri için kritik öneme sahiptir

Keywords

İstilacı yabancı ot yönetimi, Fotoperiyot duyarlılığı, Popülasyon varyasyonu, Tohum çimlenmesi

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Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 328 - 344, 16.06.2025

Shahid Farooq

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1686971

Abstract

Xanthium spinosum is a troublesome invasive weed widely distributed through many agroecological zones in Türkiye, adversely affecting crop production and local biodiversity. Understanding its seed germination biology is essential for formulating efficient, region-specific management measurements. This study assessed the influence of photoperiod, temperature, pH, salinity, osmotic potential, and seed burial depth on the germination characteristics of X. spinosum populations collected from four geographical regions (Southeastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Central Anatolia) in Türkiye. Peak germination was observed under a 12-hour light/dark photoperiod, with Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean populations exhibiting higher responsiveness to light. The highest germination occurred at ~30 °C for Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean populations, whereas Black Sea and Central Anatolia populations preferred relatively lower temperatures (25–27 °C) for peak germination. Similarly, neutral pH (~7.0–7.6) resulted in the highest germination of all populations, whereas Southeastern Anatolia had better pH tolerance. Salinity and osmotic stress tests revealed significant demographic differences, with the Southeastern Anatolia population exhibiting higher tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Seedling emergence peaked at lower burial depths (~2–4 cm) and had a sharp decline at increased depths. These results highlight significant population-specific adaptation patterns associated with local climatic and edaphic conditions. Deep tillage and management strategies based on environmental tolerance determined in the current study may restrict the further spread of X. spinosum.

Keywords

Invasive weed management, Photoperiod sensitivity, Population variability, Seed germination

References

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Auld, B. A. (1993). Emergence and flowering in Xanthium spinosum. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 47(3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90123-7
Baskin, C. C., & Baskin, J. M. (2014). Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Elsevier Science.
Batlla, D., & Benech-Arnold, R. L. (2014). Weed seed germination and the light environment: Implications for weed management. Weed Biology and Management, 14(2), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12039
Batlla, D., & Luis Benech-Arnold, R. (2007). Predicting changes in dormancy level in weed seed soil banks: Implications for weed management. Crop Protection, 26(3), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.07.014
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Bükün, B. (2005). Weed flora changes in cotton growing areas during the last decade after irrigation of Harran plain in Şanliurfa, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37(3), 667–672.
CABI. (2022). Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) – Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Chauhan, B. S., Gill, G., & Preston, C. (2006a). Factors affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Weed Science, 54(4), 854–860. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-06-047R.1
Chauhan, B. S., Gill, G., & Preston, C. (2006b). Factors affecting seed germination of little mallow (Malva parviflora) in southern Australia. Weed Science, 54(6), 1045–1050.
Chauhan, B. S., Gill, G., & Preston, C. (2006c). Factors affecting seed germination of threehorn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) in Australia. Weed Science, 54(3), 471–477.
Chauhan, B. S., & Johnson, D. E. (2010). The role of seed ecology in improving weed management strategies in the tropics. Advances in Agronomy, 105, 221–262.
Cochrane, A., Yates, C. J., Hoyle, G. L., & Nicotra, A. B. (2015). Will among-population variation in seed traits improve the chance of species persistence under climate change? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12234
DiTommaso, A. (2004). Germination behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) populations across a range of salinities. Weed Science, 52(6), 1002–1009. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-030R1
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Esashi, Y., & Leopold, A. C. (1968). Physical forces in dormancy and germination of Xanthium seeds. Plant Physiology, 43(6), 871-876. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.43.6.871
Farooq, S., Onen, H., Ozaslan, C., Baskin, C. C., & Gunal, H. (2019). Seed germination niche for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) populations naturalized in Turkey. South African Journal of Botany, 123, 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.031
Farooq, S., Onen, H., Tad, S., Ozaslan, C., Mahmoud, S. F., Brestic, M., Zivcak, M., Skalicky, M., & El-Shehawi, A. M. (2021). The influence of environmental factors on seed germination of Polygonum perfoliatum L.: Implications for management. Agronomy, 11(6), 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061123
Fenner, M., & Thompson, K. (2005). The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK, 2005
Grundy, A. C., Mead, A., & Burston, S. (2003). Modelling the emergence response of weed seeds to burial depth: Interactions with seed density, weight and shape. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(4), 750-770. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00836.x
Gul, B., Ansari, R., Flowers, T. J., & Khan, M. A. (2013). Germination strategies of halophyte seeds under salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92, 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.11.006
Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Hanafi, M. M., Selamat, A., Ismail, M. R., & Rezaul Karim, S. M. (2011). Studies on seed germination and growth in weed species of rice field under salinity stress. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32(5), 529-536.
Hegarty, T. W. (1978). The physiology of seed hydration and dehydration, and the relation between water stress and the control of germination: a review. Plant, Cell & Environment, 1(2), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1978.tb00752.x
Hocking, P. J., & Liddle, M. J. (1986). The biology of Australian weeds: 15. Xanthium occidentale Bertol. complex and Xanthium spinosum L. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 52(4), 191–221.
Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., Herbebgeb, J. S., Hilbig, W., & Halle, S. (1978). The World’s Worst Weeds. Distribution and Biology. Pedobiologia, 18(4), 296-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-4056(23)00601-7
Kadıoğlu, İ., & Kekeç, M. (2020). İklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak Xanthium strumarium L.’un Türkiye’de gelecekte dağılım alanlarının belirlenmesi. Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 23(1), 1–14.
Kelečević, B., Kovačević, Z., Mitrić, S., & Vrbničanin, S. (2024). Responses of seed germination of Xanthium orientale L. and Xanthium spinosum L. to temperature. Plant Protection Science, 60(3), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.17221/124/2023-PPS
Kigel, J. (2017). Seed germination in arid and semiarid regions. In Seed Development and Germination. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071. pp: 55.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Herbology
Journal Section	Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors	Shahid Farooq 0000-0002-6349-1404
Early Pub Date	June 11, 2025
Publication Date	June 16, 2025
Submission Date	April 29, 2025
Acceptance Date	May 27, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Farooq, S. (2025). Seed germination characteristics of Xanthium spinosum populations from different climatic regions of Türkiye: Implications for weed management. Harran Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(2), 328-344. https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1686971