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An Evaluation on the Effect of Culture on the Self

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 158

Kenan Alparslan

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1474102

Abstract

Culture is an important factor shaping people's lives and identities. With the emergence of cross-cultural psychology, it has been understood that culture plays critical roles in psychological processes. This article delves into the intricate relationship between culture and self-construals, aiming to evaluate how culture profoundly influences the way individuals perceive and construct their selves. Self-construals serve as the foundation for how individuals define themselves and interact within society. Culture, in this context, plays a pivotal role in shaping these self-construals. As individuals are raised within specific cultural contexts, they internalize cultural elements, which subsequently impact how they define their identities. For example, individuals from collectivist cultures may emphasize group harmony and interconnectedness in their self-construals, whereas those from individualistic cultures may prioritize personal autonomy and independence. Furthermore, by shaping self-construals, culture influences individuals' perceptions, perspectives, attitudes, preferences, and emotions. However, it is essential to acknowledge that culture's influence on self-construals is not unidirectional or deterministic. Individuals possess agency and the ability to navigate their cultural backgrounds, incorporating aspects that resonate with them while adapting or challenging those that do not. This dynamic process illustrates the complex and nuanced relationship between culture and self-construals.

Keywords

Culture Cross-Cultural Psychology Self Self-Construals Social Context

Ethical Statement

I declare that all processes of the study are in accordance with research and publication ethics and that I comply with ethical rules and scientific citation principles.

References

  • Bentley, J. R. ve Treadway, D. C. (2024). The victimized narcissist: Anger, hope, and self-construal. Current Psychology, 1-16.
  • Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. ve Sam, D. (2013). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (3. Baskı). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, S. X., Bond, M. H., Chan, B., Tang, D. ve Buchtel, E. E. (2009). Behavioral manifestations of modesty. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(4), 603-626.
  • Choi, I., Nisbett, R. ve Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 47–63.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Gore, J. S. (2012). Cultural models of the self. M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Ed.), Handbook of self and identity (2. Baskı) içinde (ss. 587-614). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142–179.
  • Domino, G. (1992). Cooperation and competition in Chinese and American children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23(4), 456-467.
  • Fishbach, A. ve Woolley, K. (2022). The structure of intrinsic motivation. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 339-363.
  • Gabriel, S. ve Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there “his” and “her” types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective and relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 642–655.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y. ve Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709-720.
  • Iyengar, S. S. ve Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 349-366.
  • Jauk, E., Breyer, D., Kanske, P. ve Wakabayashi, A. (2021). Narcissism in independent and interdependent cultures. Personality and individual differences, 177, 110716.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36(4), 403-422.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012a). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi: Kültürel psikoloji (3. Basım). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012b). Günümüzde insan ve insanlar: Sosyal psikolojiye giriş (13. Basım). İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kashima, Y., Kashima, E. S., Kim, U. ve Gelfand, M. (2006). Describing the social world: How is a person, a group, and a relationship described in the East and the West? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(3), 388-396.
  • Kim-Ju, G. M., Graham, A. R., Krmpotich, E. A. ve Hong, J. (2024). Self, ethnicity, and ethnic composition: Variations in self among Asian Americans and White Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 21–30.
  • Kim, H. S. ve Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness? Harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 785–800.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R. ve Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14(1), 93–124.
  • Lee, S. (2005). Judgment of ingroups and outgroups in intra-and intercultural negotiation: The role of interdependent self-construal in judgment timing. Group Decision and Negotiation, 14, 43-62.
  • Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
  • Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420-430.
  • Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 961-978.
  • Moscardino, U., Miconi, D. ve Carraro, L. (2020). Implicit and explicit self-construals in Chinese-heritage and Italian nonimmigrant early adolescents: Associations with self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 56(7), 1397.
  • Neumann, R., Steinhäuser, N. ve Roeder, U. R. (2009). How self-construal shapes emotion: Cultural differences in the feeling of pride. Social Cognition, 27(2), 327-337.
  • Nisbett, R. E. (2020). Düşüncenin coğrafyası: Doğulular ve Batılılar neden ve nasıl birbirinden farklı düşünürler? (7.Basım) (Çev. G. Ç. Güven). İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • Oyserman, D. ve Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think?: Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 311–342.
  • Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K. ve Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 142-152.
  • Shweder, R. A. ve Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? R. A. Shweder ve R. A. LeVine (Ed.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion içinde (ss. 158-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Singelis, T. M (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
  • Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4), 407-415.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924.
  • Utz, S. (2004). Self-construal and cooperation: Is the interdependent self more cooperative than the independent self? Self and Identity, 3(3), 177-190.
  • Xiong, M., Wang, F. ve Cai, R. (2018). Development and validation of the Chinese Modesty Scale (CMS). Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2014.

Kültürün Benlik Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 158

Kenan Alparslan

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1474102

Abstract

Kültür, insanların yaşamlarını ve kimliklerini şekillendiren önemli bir etkendir. Kültürlerarası psikolojinin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte kültürün psikolojik süreçler üzerinde kritik roller oynadığı anlaşılmıştır. Bu çalışma, kültür ve benlik kurguları arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi inceleyerek, kültürün bireylerin benliklerini algılama ve inşa etme biçimlerini nasıl derinden etkilediğini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Benlik kurguları, bireylerin kendilerini nasıl tanımladıklarının ve toplum içinde nasıl etkileşimde bulunduklarının temelini oluşturur. Bu bağlamda kültür, bu benlik kurgularının şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bireyler belirli kültürel bağlamlar içinde yetiştikçe, kültürel unsurları içselleştirirler ve bu da kimliklerini nasıl tanımladıklarını etkiler. Örneğin, toplulukçu kültürlerden gelen bireyler benlik kurgularında grup uyumu ve birbirine bağlılığı vurgularken, bireyci kültürlerden gelenler kişisel özerklik ve bağımsızlığa öncelik verebilir. Dahası, kültür benlik kurgularını şekillendirerek bireylerin algılarını, bakış açılarını, tutumlarını, tercihlerini ve duygularını etkiler. Bununla birlikte, kültürün benlik kurguları üzerindeki etkisinin tek yönlü veya deterministik olmadığını kabul etmek önemlidir. Bireyler, kültürel geçmişleri arasında gezinme, kendilerine uyan yönleri birleştirirken uymayanlara uyum sağlama veya meydan okuma becerisine sahiptir. Bu dinamik süreç, kültür ve benlik kurguları arasındaki karmaşık ve incelikli ilişkiyi göstermektedir.

Keywords

Kültür Kültürlerarası Psikoloji Benlik Benlik Kurguları Toplumsal Bağlam

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederim.

References

  • Bentley, J. R. ve Treadway, D. C. (2024). The victimized narcissist: Anger, hope, and self-construal. Current Psychology, 1-16.
  • Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A. ve Sam, D. (2013). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (3. Baskı). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, S. X., Bond, M. H., Chan, B., Tang, D. ve Buchtel, E. E. (2009). Behavioral manifestations of modesty. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(4), 603-626.
  • Choi, I., Nisbett, R. ve Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 47–63.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Gore, J. S. (2012). Cultural models of the self. M. R. Leary ve J. P. Tangney (Ed.), Handbook of self and identity (2. Baskı) içinde (ss. 587-614). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142–179.
  • Domino, G. (1992). Cooperation and competition in Chinese and American children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23(4), 456-467.
  • Fishbach, A. ve Woolley, K. (2022). The structure of intrinsic motivation. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 339-363.
  • Gabriel, S. ve Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there “his” and “her” types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective and relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 642–655.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y. ve Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709-720.
  • Iyengar, S. S. ve Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 349-366.
  • Jauk, E., Breyer, D., Kanske, P. ve Wakabayashi, A. (2021). Narcissism in independent and interdependent cultures. Personality and individual differences, 177, 110716.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36(4), 403-422.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012a). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi: Kültürel psikoloji (3. Basım). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012b). Günümüzde insan ve insanlar: Sosyal psikolojiye giriş (13. Basım). İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kashima, Y., Kashima, E. S., Kim, U. ve Gelfand, M. (2006). Describing the social world: How is a person, a group, and a relationship described in the East and the West? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(3), 388-396.
  • Kim-Ju, G. M., Graham, A. R., Krmpotich, E. A. ve Hong, J. (2024). Self, ethnicity, and ethnic composition: Variations in self among Asian Americans and White Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 21–30.
  • Kim, H. S. ve Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness? Harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 785–800.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R. ve Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14(1), 93–124.
  • Lee, S. (2005). Judgment of ingroups and outgroups in intra-and intercultural negotiation: The role of interdependent self-construal in judgment timing. Group Decision and Negotiation, 14, 43-62.
  • Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
  • Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420-430.
  • Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 961-978.
  • Moscardino, U., Miconi, D. ve Carraro, L. (2020). Implicit and explicit self-construals in Chinese-heritage and Italian nonimmigrant early adolescents: Associations with self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 56(7), 1397.
  • Neumann, R., Steinhäuser, N. ve Roeder, U. R. (2009). How self-construal shapes emotion: Cultural differences in the feeling of pride. Social Cognition, 27(2), 327-337.
  • Nisbett, R. E. (2020). Düşüncenin coğrafyası: Doğulular ve Batılılar neden ve nasıl birbirinden farklı düşünürler? (7.Basım) (Çev. G. Ç. Güven). İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • Oyserman, D. ve Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think?: Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 311–342.
  • Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K. ve Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 142-152.
  • Shweder, R. A. ve Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? R. A. Shweder ve R. A. LeVine (Ed.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion içinde (ss. 158-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Singelis, T. M (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
  • Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4), 407-415.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924.
  • Utz, S. (2004). Self-construal and cooperation: Is the interdependent self more cooperative than the independent self? Self and Identity, 3(3), 177-190.
  • Xiong, M., Wang, F. ve Cai, R. (2018). Development and validation of the Chinese Modesty Scale (CMS). Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2014.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Cognition, Personal Development
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kenan Alparslan 0000-0001-6701-355X

Early Pub Date May 29, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date April 26, 2024
Acceptance Date December 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alparslan, K. (2025). Kültürün Benlik Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme. İçtimaiyat, 9(1), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1474102
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