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Harm Reduction Approaches of Professionals Working in Substance Addiction Treatment

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 15 - 31
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1489723

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the importance of harm reduction practices in substance use treatment and to explore the views of professionals working in substance use treatment on harm reduction. Interviews with 16 professionals using semi-structured forms revealed four main themes: Perspectives on Harm Reduction in Substance Use Treatment, Harm Reduction Strategies Applied as a Treatment Method, Perceptions and Challenges of the Harm Reduction Approach, and Suggestions for the Harm Reduction Approach. Findings show that while some professionals find harm reduction effective, others believe it is not suitable for advanced cases. Generally, the harm reduction approach is seen as a diverse and holistic model in addiction treatment. It is valued for its motivational benefits and effectiveness for individuals with concurrent substance use and psychiatric disorders, offering strategies like reducing use and transitioning to less harmful alternatives. Techniques such as mindfulness for developing conscious responses to triggers, as well as the role of education, research, and awareness in advancing harm reduction strategies, are highlighted. Addressing the knowledge gaps in communities and families can enhance social integration and support processes. These results underline the importance of strategies to increase the effectiveness and acceptability of the harm reduction approach in addiction treatment.

Ethical Statement

03.01.2024 dated 03.01.2024, E-74555795-050.04-876578 numbered 2023/497 and Ethics Committee Approval No. 2023/497, the necessary ethics committee report was obtained from Cerrah Paşa University, and ethical rules were complied with in this study.

References

  • Aletraris, L., Bond-Edmond, M., Paino, M., Fields, D., Roman, P. M. (2016). Counselor training and attitudes toward pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorder. Substance Abuse, 37 (1), 47-53.
  • Andersen, D., Jarvinen, M. (2007). Harm reduction – ıdeals and paradoxes. Nordıc Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 24(3), 235-252.
  • Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşerî ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi, 2 (2), 60-71.
  • Bayles, C. (2014). Using mindfulness in a harm reduction approach to substance abuse treatment: A literature review. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 9(2), 22–25.
  • Carrico, A., Flentje, A., Gruber, V., Woods, W., Discepola, M., Dilworth, S., … & Siever, M. (2014). Community-based harm reduction substance abuse treatment with methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 91(3), 555-567.
  • Carrico, A.W., Flentje, A., Gruber, V.A. et al. (2014). Community-Based harm reduction substance abuse treatment with methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. J Urban Health, 91, 555–567.
  • Cheung, Y. W. (2000). Substance abuse and developments in harm reduction. CMAJ, 162 (12), 1697-1700.
  • Çöpür, M., Eryılmaz, A., Çakmak, D. (2014). Alkol, madde kullanımı ve yasal sorunlar. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 30(Ek sayı 2):84-88.
  • Cüceler, S., Yılmaz, M., Türkleş, S. (2022). Madde Bağımlısı bireylerin yaşadığı psikososyal sorunlar, uygulanan kanıt temelli müdahaleler ve hemşireliğin rolü, Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(1):105-110.
  • Dickson, L., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2004). Harm reduction for the prevention of youth gambling problems. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(2), 233-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258272.
  • Dodge, K., Krantz, B., & Kenny, P. (2010). How can we begin to measure recovery?. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597x-5-31.
  • Erickson, P.G. (1999) Introduction: the three phases of harm reduction. An examination of emerging concepts, methodologies, and critiques. Subst Use Misuse, 34:1-7.
  • Evli, M., Albayrak, E. (2021). Madde Bağımlılığında Hemşirelik. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 10-14.
  • Fıllmorem, S. & Hohman M. (2015) Traditional, alternative, and harm reduction approaches: what do social work students think?, Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 15:3, 252-266.
  • Futterman, R., Lorente, M.&Silverman, S. (2004). Integrating harm reduction and abstinence-based substance abuse treatment in the public sector, Substance Abuse, 25:1, 3-7.
  • Futterman, R., Lorente, M., & Silverman, S. (2005). Beyond harm reduction: a new model of substance abuse treatment further integrating psychological techniques.. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 15(1), 3-18.
  • Goddard, P. (2003). Changing Attitudes towards harm reduction among treatment professionals: a report from the american midwes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14 (3), 257-260.
  • Javadi, R., Lagana, K., Krowicki, T., Bennett, D., Schindler, B. (2021). Attitudes toward harm reduction among substance use treatment professionals in philadelphia. Journal of Substane Use, 27 (5), 459-464. Jiloha, R.C. (2017). Prevention, early ıntervention and harm reduction of substance use in adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry, 59(1): 111–118.
  • Karataş, Z. (2021). Madde bağımlılığının nedenlerine, sosyal tedavi ve rehabilitasyonuna ilişkin görüşlerin odak grup yöntemiyle belirlenmesi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 25 (1) , 67-94.
  • Karataşoğlu, S. (2013) Sosyal politika boyutuyla madde bağımlılığı. Türk İdare Dergisi, Sayı 476, 321-352.
  • Keller, D. and Dermatis, H. (1999). Current status of professional training in the addictions. Substance Abuse, 20(3), 123-140.
  • Kerr, T., et al. (2005). Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users. Lancet, 366;271-277.
  • Khan, G., Harvey, L., Johnson, S., Long, P., Kimmel, S., Pierre, C., … & Drainoni, M. (2022). Integration of a community-based harm reduction program into a safety net hospital: a qualitative study. Harm Reduction Journal, 19(1).
  • Knaak, S., Christie, R., Mercer, S., & Stuart, H. (2019). Harm reduction, stigma and the problem of low compassion satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Nursing, 3(1), e8-e20. https://doi.org/10.22374/jmhan.v3i1.37.
  • Kyser, N. M. (2010). "Counselor Attitudes Toward the Harm Reduction Approach in Substance Abuse Treatment" Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Counseling & Human Services, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/abzz-km63
  • Latkin, C. A., Knowlton, A. R., Hoover, D., & Mandell, W. (1999). Drug network characteristics as a predictor of cessation of drug use among adult injection drug users: A prospective study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-100101873.
  • Lauritsen, K. J. (2017). Do Psychological Characteristics Of Addiction Treatment Professionals Predict Acceptance Of Harm Reduction Interventions? Bowling Green State University and OhioLINK. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1497572679919639
  • Marlatt, G. A., Larimer, M. E., Guilford Press, K. W. (2011). Harm reduction, second edition: pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. The Guılford Press. 396, New York.
  • Marlatt, G., Blume, A., & Parks, G. (2001). Integrating harm reduction therapy and traditional substance abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400463.
  • Marlatt, GA: Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press; 1998.
  • Miller, WR, Rollnick, S: Motivational Interviewing, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Mutlu, E. (2015). Madde bağımlılığının tedavisinde sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının rol ve işlevleri: ankara numune eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi alkol ve madde bağımlılığı tedavi ve eğitim merkezi örneği. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (5), 16-23. Ögel, K., Sarp, N., Gürol, D.T.ve Ermağan, E. (2014). Bağımlı olan ve olmayan bireylerde farkındalık (mindfulness) ve farkındalığı etkileyen etkenlerin incelenmesi, Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 15:282-288, doi: 10.5455/apd.169583.
  • Ögel, K., Tamar, D., Çakmak, D. (1999). Madde Bağımlılığında Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım: Zarar Azaltma (Harm Reduction). İstanbul, Erişim Adresi: https://www.ogelk.net/makale/33-kisisel-arastirma-makale-raporlar.html.
  • Ritter A, Cameron J. A. (2006). A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev, 25:611-624.
  • Rothschild, D. (2010). Partners in treatment: relational psychoanalysis and harm reduction therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20670.
  • Salyers, K., Ritchie, M., Luellen, W., & Roseman, C. (2005). Inclusion of substance abuse training in cacrep-accredited programs. Counselor Education and Supervision, 45(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb00128.x.
  • Strathdee, S. A., et al. (2010). HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. Lancet, 24;376(9737):268-84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60743-X.
  • Tatarsky, A. (2003). Harm reduction psychotherapy: extending the reach of traditional substance use treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25 (4), 249-256.
  • Tekindal M, Şerife U. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1): 153-172.
  • Tiderington, E., Stanhope, V. (2013). A qualitative analysis of case managers' use of harm reduction in practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44 (1), 71-77.
  • Uslu, F., Demir, E. (2023). Nitel bir veri toplama tekniği: derinlemesine görüşme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 289-299.
  • Ültay, E., Akyurt, H., Ültay, N. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Betimsel İçerik Analizi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (10), 188-201.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Wood, E., Kerr, T., Marshall, B. D. L., Li, K., Zhang, R., Hogg, R. S., ... & Montaner, J. S. G. (2003). Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study. BMJ Resarch, 326(7398), 1044.

Madde Bağımlılığı Tedavisinde Çalışan Profesyonellerin Zarar Azaltma Yaklaşımları

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 15 - 31
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1489723

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı madde kullanım tedavisindeki zarar azaltımı uygulamalarının önemini ve madde kullanım tedavisinde çalışan profesyonellerin zarar azaltımı hakkındaki görüşlerini incelemektir. Araştırmada madde bağımlılığı tedavisinde çalışan 16 profesyonelle derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplamada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmış ve elde edilen veriler nitel veri analiz yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda “Madde Kullanım Tedavisinde Zarar Azaltımına Bakış, Tedavi Yöntemi Olarak Uygulanan Zarar Azaltma Stratejileri, Zarar Azaltımınında Karşılaşılan Zorluklar ve Algılar, Zarar Azaltım Yaklaşımına Dair Öneriler” şeklinde 4 ana tema belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda madde kullanım tedavisi alanında çalışan profesyonellerin bazıları zarar azaltımını etkili bulurken bazıları zarar azaltımının ileri düzey vakalarda kullanılamayacağını düşünmektedir. Genel olarak, zarar azaltımı yaklaşımının madde bağımlılığı tedavisindeki çeşitli ve bütünsel modeli ön plana çıkmıştır. Profesyonellerin, zarar azaltımını motivasyon artırıcı ve eş zamanlı madde kullanımı ve psikiyatrik bozukluğu olan bireyler için etkili bir yöntem olarak görmesi; kullanım miktarını azaltma, zararlılardan daha az zararlı alternatiflere geçiş gibi stratejilerin olumlu etkileri; mindfulness gibi tekniklerle bireylerin tetikleyicilere karşı bilinçli tepkiler geliştirmesini sağlama; eğitim, araştırma ve bilinçlendirme çabalarının zarar azaltma stratejilerinin gelişimine katkısı; ve toplum ve ailelerin bilgi eksikliklerinin giderilmesinin sosyal uyumu ve destek süreçlerini güçlendirebileceği önemli bulgular arasındadır. Bu sonuçlar, zarar azaltma yaklaşımının madde bağımlılığı tedavisindeki etkinliğini ve kabul edilebilirliğini artırmaya yönelik stratejilerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

03.01.2024 tarih, E-74555795-050.04-876578 Sayı ve 2023/497 Sayılı Etik Kurul Onayı ile Cerrah Paşa Üniversitesinden gerekli etik kurul raporu alınmış, bu çerçevede çalışmada etik kurallara uyulmuştur.

References

  • Aletraris, L., Bond-Edmond, M., Paino, M., Fields, D., Roman, P. M. (2016). Counselor training and attitudes toward pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorder. Substance Abuse, 37 (1), 47-53.
  • Andersen, D., Jarvinen, M. (2007). Harm reduction – ıdeals and paradoxes. Nordıc Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 24(3), 235-252.
  • Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşerî ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi, 2 (2), 60-71.
  • Bayles, C. (2014). Using mindfulness in a harm reduction approach to substance abuse treatment: A literature review. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 9(2), 22–25.
  • Carrico, A., Flentje, A., Gruber, V., Woods, W., Discepola, M., Dilworth, S., … & Siever, M. (2014). Community-based harm reduction substance abuse treatment with methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 91(3), 555-567.
  • Carrico, A.W., Flentje, A., Gruber, V.A. et al. (2014). Community-Based harm reduction substance abuse treatment with methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. J Urban Health, 91, 555–567.
  • Cheung, Y. W. (2000). Substance abuse and developments in harm reduction. CMAJ, 162 (12), 1697-1700.
  • Çöpür, M., Eryılmaz, A., Çakmak, D. (2014). Alkol, madde kullanımı ve yasal sorunlar. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 30(Ek sayı 2):84-88.
  • Cüceler, S., Yılmaz, M., Türkleş, S. (2022). Madde Bağımlısı bireylerin yaşadığı psikososyal sorunlar, uygulanan kanıt temelli müdahaleler ve hemşireliğin rolü, Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(1):105-110.
  • Dickson, L., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2004). Harm reduction for the prevention of youth gambling problems. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(2), 233-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258272.
  • Dodge, K., Krantz, B., & Kenny, P. (2010). How can we begin to measure recovery?. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597x-5-31.
  • Erickson, P.G. (1999) Introduction: the three phases of harm reduction. An examination of emerging concepts, methodologies, and critiques. Subst Use Misuse, 34:1-7.
  • Evli, M., Albayrak, E. (2021). Madde Bağımlılığında Hemşirelik. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 10-14.
  • Fıllmorem, S. & Hohman M. (2015) Traditional, alternative, and harm reduction approaches: what do social work students think?, Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 15:3, 252-266.
  • Futterman, R., Lorente, M.&Silverman, S. (2004). Integrating harm reduction and abstinence-based substance abuse treatment in the public sector, Substance Abuse, 25:1, 3-7.
  • Futterman, R., Lorente, M., & Silverman, S. (2005). Beyond harm reduction: a new model of substance abuse treatment further integrating psychological techniques.. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 15(1), 3-18.
  • Goddard, P. (2003). Changing Attitudes towards harm reduction among treatment professionals: a report from the american midwes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14 (3), 257-260.
  • Javadi, R., Lagana, K., Krowicki, T., Bennett, D., Schindler, B. (2021). Attitudes toward harm reduction among substance use treatment professionals in philadelphia. Journal of Substane Use, 27 (5), 459-464. Jiloha, R.C. (2017). Prevention, early ıntervention and harm reduction of substance use in adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry, 59(1): 111–118.
  • Karataş, Z. (2021). Madde bağımlılığının nedenlerine, sosyal tedavi ve rehabilitasyonuna ilişkin görüşlerin odak grup yöntemiyle belirlenmesi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 25 (1) , 67-94.
  • Karataşoğlu, S. (2013) Sosyal politika boyutuyla madde bağımlılığı. Türk İdare Dergisi, Sayı 476, 321-352.
  • Keller, D. and Dermatis, H. (1999). Current status of professional training in the addictions. Substance Abuse, 20(3), 123-140.
  • Kerr, T., et al. (2005). Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users. Lancet, 366;271-277.
  • Khan, G., Harvey, L., Johnson, S., Long, P., Kimmel, S., Pierre, C., … & Drainoni, M. (2022). Integration of a community-based harm reduction program into a safety net hospital: a qualitative study. Harm Reduction Journal, 19(1).
  • Knaak, S., Christie, R., Mercer, S., & Stuart, H. (2019). Harm reduction, stigma and the problem of low compassion satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Nursing, 3(1), e8-e20. https://doi.org/10.22374/jmhan.v3i1.37.
  • Kyser, N. M. (2010). "Counselor Attitudes Toward the Harm Reduction Approach in Substance Abuse Treatment" Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Counseling & Human Services, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/abzz-km63
  • Latkin, C. A., Knowlton, A. R., Hoover, D., & Mandell, W. (1999). Drug network characteristics as a predictor of cessation of drug use among adult injection drug users: A prospective study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-100101873.
  • Lauritsen, K. J. (2017). Do Psychological Characteristics Of Addiction Treatment Professionals Predict Acceptance Of Harm Reduction Interventions? Bowling Green State University and OhioLINK. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1497572679919639
  • Marlatt, G. A., Larimer, M. E., Guilford Press, K. W. (2011). Harm reduction, second edition: pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. The Guılford Press. 396, New York.
  • Marlatt, G., Blume, A., & Parks, G. (2001). Integrating harm reduction therapy and traditional substance abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400463.
  • Marlatt, GA: Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press; 1998.
  • Miller, WR, Rollnick, S: Motivational Interviewing, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Mutlu, E. (2015). Madde bağımlılığının tedavisinde sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının rol ve işlevleri: ankara numune eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi alkol ve madde bağımlılığı tedavi ve eğitim merkezi örneği. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, (5), 16-23. Ögel, K., Sarp, N., Gürol, D.T.ve Ermağan, E. (2014). Bağımlı olan ve olmayan bireylerde farkındalık (mindfulness) ve farkındalığı etkileyen etkenlerin incelenmesi, Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 15:282-288, doi: 10.5455/apd.169583.
  • Ögel, K., Tamar, D., Çakmak, D. (1999). Madde Bağımlılığında Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım: Zarar Azaltma (Harm Reduction). İstanbul, Erişim Adresi: https://www.ogelk.net/makale/33-kisisel-arastirma-makale-raporlar.html.
  • Ritter A, Cameron J. A. (2006). A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev, 25:611-624.
  • Rothschild, D. (2010). Partners in treatment: relational psychoanalysis and harm reduction therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20670.
  • Salyers, K., Ritchie, M., Luellen, W., & Roseman, C. (2005). Inclusion of substance abuse training in cacrep-accredited programs. Counselor Education and Supervision, 45(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb00128.x.
  • Strathdee, S. A., et al. (2010). HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. Lancet, 24;376(9737):268-84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60743-X.
  • Tatarsky, A. (2003). Harm reduction psychotherapy: extending the reach of traditional substance use treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25 (4), 249-256.
  • Tekindal M, Şerife U. (2020). Nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 20(1): 153-172.
  • Tiderington, E., Stanhope, V. (2013). A qualitative analysis of case managers' use of harm reduction in practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44 (1), 71-77.
  • Uslu, F., Demir, E. (2023). Nitel bir veri toplama tekniği: derinlemesine görüşme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 289-299.
  • Ültay, E., Akyurt, H., Ültay, N. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Betimsel İçerik Analizi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (10), 188-201.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Wood, E., Kerr, T., Marshall, B. D. L., Li, K., Zhang, R., Hogg, R. S., ... & Montaner, J. S. G. (2003). Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study. BMJ Resarch, 326(7398), 1044.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Youth Sociology , Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Musa Gürel 0000-0003-4132-1700

Fatmanur Kaygısız 0009-0009-6426-7883

İlker Aktürk 0000-0001-9626-3275

Ömer Miraç Yaman 0000-0001-9989-8575

Early Pub Date May 29, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 25, 2024
Acceptance Date November 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gürel, M., Kaygısız, F., Aktürk, İ., Yaman, Ö. M. (2025). Harm Reduction Approaches of Professionals Working in Substance Addiction Treatment. İçtimaiyat, 9(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1489723

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