Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Nitelikli Türk Göçmenler: Expatlar, Göç Motivasyonları ve Dayanışma Ağları

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 500 - 516

Cihangir Karakaya

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1512143

Abstract

İş dünyasında artan küreselleşme nitelikli işgücünün ulusal sınırları aşmasına neden olurken uluslararası nitelikli işgücü göçünü artırmıştır. Nitelikli işgücü göçü, Türkiye’den de dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerine yönelme eğilimindedir. Çalışmanın amacı nitelikli Türk göçmenlerin kendilerini farklı bir göçmen türü olarak ifade etmek için ‘expat’ terimini nasıl kullandıklarını, expatları göçe motive eden unsurları, expatların yurt dışında oluşturdukları dayanışma ağlarını ve bu ağların önemini incelemektir. Çalışmada öncelikle ‘expat’ kavramının nasıl şekillendiği ve expatların göçe dair motivasyon unsurları incelenmiştir. Daha sonra dayanışma ağlarının işlevleri ve expatlar için hayati rolü analiz edilmiştir. Son olarak ise Türk expatların göç ettikleri çeşitli ülkelerde kurdukları dayanışma ağları ve bu ağları oluşturan temel unsurlar açıklanmış ve nasıl işledikleri ifade edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, nitelikli Türk göçmenlerin 'expat' olarak tanımlanma isteği, Türk expatları göçe motive eden unsurların şekillenmesi ve dayanışma ağlarıyla desteklenmeleri süreçlerinde rol oynayan mikro, mezo, ekzo ve makro düzeydeki faktörleri ekolojik bir perspektiften ele alarak, nitelikli Türk göçüne dair özgün bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Expat Nitelikli Göç Nitelikli Göçmen Göç Motivasyonu Dayanışma Ağı

References

  • Anatolian Culture Centre. (2024). Enriching the Anatolian culture and heritage… Anadolu Kültür Merkezi. http://www.anatolianculturalcentre.com/services.html
  • Arifa, Y. N., El Baroudi, S., & Khapova, S. N. (2021). How do Individuals Form Their Motivations to Expatriate? A Review and Future Research Agenda. Frontiers in sociology, 6, 631537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.631537
  • Bayraktar, S. (2019). A diary study of expatriate adjustment: Collaborative mechanisms of social support. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595819836688
  • Beaverstock, J.V. (2007). ‘World city networks from below: international mobility and inter city relations in the global investment banking industry’, içinde Taylor, P.J., Derudder, B., Saey, P. and Witlox, F. (ed) Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies, Theories. London: Routledge, 52 71.
  • Beaverstock, J. V. (2011). Servicing British Expatriate ‘Talent’ in Singapore: Exploring Ordinary Transnationalism and the Role of the ‘Expatriate’ Club. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(5), 709–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.559714
  • Bierbrauer, G., & Pedersen, P. (1996), ‘Culture and Migration,’ içinde Applied Social Psychology, ed. G. Semin and K. Fiedler, London: Sage, pp. 399–422.
  • Caligiuri, P., & Lazarova, M. (2002). A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210125903
  • Castles, S, de Haas, H, & Millar, M. (2013). The Age of Migration, 5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Cerdin, J. L., & Selmer, J. (2013). Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(9), 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.863793
  • Collings, D.G., Scullion, H., & Morley, M.J. (2007). Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives, Journal of World Business, 42, 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.02.005
  • Cranston, S. (2017). Expatriate as a “Good” Migrant: Thinking Through Skilled International Migrant Categories. Population, Space, and Place, 23(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2058
  • Crawley, H., & Skleparis, D. (2017). Refugees, migrants, neither, both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis.’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224
  • De Turkse Federatie Nederland. (2024). Over ons. Türk Federasyonu Hollanda: https://www.turksefederatie.nl/over-ons/ adresinden alınmıştır
  • Despotovic, W. V., Hutchings, K., & McPhail, R. (2022). Business, pleasure or both?: Motivations and chan-ging motivation of self-initiated expatriates. Journal of Management, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2022.38
  • Dickmann, M., Doherty, N., Mills, T., & Brewster, C. (2008). Why do they go? Individual and corporate perspectives on the factors influencing the decision to accept an international assignment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(4), 731–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190801953749
  • Doherty, N. (2013). Understanding the Self-Initiated Expatriate: A Review and Directions for Future Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 447-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.1200
  • Dünya Türk İş Konseyi. (2024). Dünya Türk İş Konseyi (DTİK). https://www.dtik.org.tr/
  • Ewers, M.C. (2007). ‘Migrants, markets and multinationals: competition among world cities for the highly skilled’. GeoJournal, 68(2 3): 119 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-007-9077-9
  • Farh, C. I. C., Bartol, K. M., Shapiro, D. L., & Shin, J. (2010). Networking abroad: A process model of how expatriates form support ties to facilitate adjustment. The Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.51142246
  • Federation of Turkish American Associations. (2024). Hakkımızda. Türk Amerikan Dernekleri Federasyonu: https://tadf.info/hakkimizda/ adresinden alınmıştır
  • Froese, F. J. (2011). Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates: the case of expatriate academics in South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1095–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561220
  • Gatti, E. (2009). Defining the Expat: the case of high-skilled migrants in Brussels. Brussels Studies. The e-journal for academic research on Brussels, 28. Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/brussels/681
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00042-0
  • Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London: Routledge.
  • l’Institut français de Turquie. (2024). GmMissions et actions. Institut français Türkiye. https://www.ifturquie.org/fr/qui-sommes-nous/missions-et-actions/
  • Klekowski von Koppenfels, A. (2014). Migrants or expatriates? Americans in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kunz, S. (2020). Expatriate, migrant? The social life of migration categories and the polyvalent mobility of race. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(11), 2145–2162. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584525
  • L’Aigle Fransız Türk Derneği. (2024). Tarihçe. https://afta.fr/tarihce/
  • Liu, C.-H., & Lee, H.-W. (2008). A proposed model of expatriates in multinational corporations. Cross Cultural Management, 15(2), 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810870615
  • Madi, A., Alsoussi, A., & Shubailat, O.M. (2023). Self-initiated expatriates motivation and basic psychological needs – a generalization and extension replication. Journal of Global Mobility, 11(3), 358-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-09-2022-0049
  • Manev, I.M., & Stevenson, W.B. (2001). Nationality, Cultural Distance and Expatriate Status: Effects on the Managerial Network in a Multinational Enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490953
  • Marketing Türkiye. (2023). Türkiye’nin “Expat Fabrikası” şirketleri. https://www.marketingturkiye.com.tr/haberler/expat-fabrikasi-sirketler/
  • Massey, D.S., & Espinosa, K.E. (1997). What's Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 102, 939-999. https://doi.org/10.1086/231037
  • McNulty, Y., & Brewster, C. (2016). Theorizing the meaning(s) of ‘expatriate’: establishing boundary conditions for business expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 27–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1243567
  • McNulty, Y., & Vance, C. (2017). Dynamic global careers: a new conceptualization of expatriate career paths. Personnel Review, 46(2):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2015-0175
  • Pehkonen, A. (2018). Together or alone together in ethnically diverse work communities. İçinde D. Habti & M. Elo (Ed.), Global mobility of highly skilled people-Multidisciplinary perspectives on self-initiated expatriation (pp. 165–185). Cham: Springer.
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Talent mobility 2020: the next generation of international assignments. Retrieved from http://pwc.com/managingpeople2020
  • Richardson, J., & Mallon, M. (2005). Career Interrupted? The Case of the Self-Directed Expatriate, Journal of World Business, 40, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.08.008
  • Rogaly, B., & Taylor, B. (2010). ‘They Called Them Communists Then … What D’You Call ‘Em Now? … Insurgents?’. Narratives of British Military Expatriates in the Context of the New Imperialism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(8), 1335–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003687741
  • Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2010). Self-initiated academic expatriates: Inherent demographics and reasons to expatriate. European Management Review, 7, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1057/emr.2010.15
  • Shen, Y., & Kram, K. E. (2011). Expatriates' developmental networks: Network diversity, base, and support functions. The Career Development International, 16(6), 528–552. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111178317
  • The Australian Turkish Friendship Association. (2023). Hakkımızda. https://turkishaustralians.org.au/t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e
  • The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations. (2024). About. https://www.turkishfederation.ca/about.html
  • Thorn, K. (2009). The relative importance of motives for international self‐initiated mobility. Career Development International, 14, 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910989843
  • Turkish Association of South Australia. (2024). About Us. https://turkishassociationsa.org/
  • Turkish Community Center. (2024). Hakkımızda. https://turkishcommunitycentre.org/hakkimizda/

Skilled Turkish Migrants: Expats, Migration Motivations, and Solidarity Networks

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 500 - 516

Cihangir Karakaya

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1512143

Abstract

Increasing globalization in the business world has caused skilled labor to cross national borders and increased international skilled labor migration. Skilled labor migration also tends to be directed from Türkiye to various countries around the world. The aim of this study is to examine how qualified Turkish migrants use the term 'expat' to express themselves as a different type of migrant, the factors that motivate expats to migrate, the solidarity networks that expats form abroad and the importance of these networks. The study first examines how the concept of 'expat' was shaped and the motivational factors of expats regarding migration. Then, the functions of solidarity networks and their vital role for expats are analyzed. Finally, the solidarity networks established by Turkish expats in the various countries they migrated to and the basic elements that make up these networks are explained and how they function are described. This study offers a unique approach to qualified Turkish migration by addressing the micro, meso, exo and macro level factors that play a role in the processes of qualified Turkish migrants' desire to be defined as 'expats', shaping the factors that motivate Turkish expats to migrate and supporting them with solidarity networks from an ecological perspective.

Keywords

Expat Skilled Migration Skilled Migrant Migration Motivation Solidarity Network

References

  • Anatolian Culture Centre. (2024). Enriching the Anatolian culture and heritage… Anadolu Kültür Merkezi. http://www.anatolianculturalcentre.com/services.html
  • Arifa, Y. N., El Baroudi, S., & Khapova, S. N. (2021). How do Individuals Form Their Motivations to Expatriate? A Review and Future Research Agenda. Frontiers in sociology, 6, 631537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.631537
  • Bayraktar, S. (2019). A diary study of expatriate adjustment: Collaborative mechanisms of social support. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595819836688
  • Beaverstock, J.V. (2007). ‘World city networks from below: international mobility and inter city relations in the global investment banking industry’, içinde Taylor, P.J., Derudder, B., Saey, P. and Witlox, F. (ed) Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies, Theories. London: Routledge, 52 71.
  • Beaverstock, J. V. (2011). Servicing British Expatriate ‘Talent’ in Singapore: Exploring Ordinary Transnationalism and the Role of the ‘Expatriate’ Club. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(5), 709–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.559714
  • Bierbrauer, G., & Pedersen, P. (1996), ‘Culture and Migration,’ içinde Applied Social Psychology, ed. G. Semin and K. Fiedler, London: Sage, pp. 399–422.
  • Caligiuri, P., & Lazarova, M. (2002). A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210125903
  • Castles, S, de Haas, H, & Millar, M. (2013). The Age of Migration, 5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Cerdin, J. L., & Selmer, J. (2013). Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(9), 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.863793
  • Collings, D.G., Scullion, H., & Morley, M.J. (2007). Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives, Journal of World Business, 42, 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.02.005
  • Cranston, S. (2017). Expatriate as a “Good” Migrant: Thinking Through Skilled International Migrant Categories. Population, Space, and Place, 23(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2058
  • Crawley, H., & Skleparis, D. (2017). Refugees, migrants, neither, both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis.’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224
  • De Turkse Federatie Nederland. (2024). Over ons. Türk Federasyonu Hollanda: https://www.turksefederatie.nl/over-ons/ adresinden alınmıştır
  • Despotovic, W. V., Hutchings, K., & McPhail, R. (2022). Business, pleasure or both?: Motivations and chan-ging motivation of self-initiated expatriates. Journal of Management, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2022.38
  • Dickmann, M., Doherty, N., Mills, T., & Brewster, C. (2008). Why do they go? Individual and corporate perspectives on the factors influencing the decision to accept an international assignment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(4), 731–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190801953749
  • Doherty, N. (2013). Understanding the Self-Initiated Expatriate: A Review and Directions for Future Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 447-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.1200
  • Dünya Türk İş Konseyi. (2024). Dünya Türk İş Konseyi (DTİK). https://www.dtik.org.tr/
  • Ewers, M.C. (2007). ‘Migrants, markets and multinationals: competition among world cities for the highly skilled’. GeoJournal, 68(2 3): 119 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-007-9077-9
  • Farh, C. I. C., Bartol, K. M., Shapiro, D. L., & Shin, J. (2010). Networking abroad: A process model of how expatriates form support ties to facilitate adjustment. The Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.51142246
  • Federation of Turkish American Associations. (2024). Hakkımızda. Türk Amerikan Dernekleri Federasyonu: https://tadf.info/hakkimizda/ adresinden alınmıştır
  • Froese, F. J. (2011). Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates: the case of expatriate academics in South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1095–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561220
  • Gatti, E. (2009). Defining the Expat: the case of high-skilled migrants in Brussels. Brussels Studies. The e-journal for academic research on Brussels, 28. Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/brussels/681
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00042-0
  • Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London: Routledge.
  • l’Institut français de Turquie. (2024). GmMissions et actions. Institut français Türkiye. https://www.ifturquie.org/fr/qui-sommes-nous/missions-et-actions/
  • Klekowski von Koppenfels, A. (2014). Migrants or expatriates? Americans in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kunz, S. (2020). Expatriate, migrant? The social life of migration categories and the polyvalent mobility of race. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(11), 2145–2162. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584525
  • L’Aigle Fransız Türk Derneği. (2024). Tarihçe. https://afta.fr/tarihce/
  • Liu, C.-H., & Lee, H.-W. (2008). A proposed model of expatriates in multinational corporations. Cross Cultural Management, 15(2), 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810870615
  • Madi, A., Alsoussi, A., & Shubailat, O.M. (2023). Self-initiated expatriates motivation and basic psychological needs – a generalization and extension replication. Journal of Global Mobility, 11(3), 358-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-09-2022-0049
  • Manev, I.M., & Stevenson, W.B. (2001). Nationality, Cultural Distance and Expatriate Status: Effects on the Managerial Network in a Multinational Enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490953
  • Marketing Türkiye. (2023). Türkiye’nin “Expat Fabrikası” şirketleri. https://www.marketingturkiye.com.tr/haberler/expat-fabrikasi-sirketler/
  • Massey, D.S., & Espinosa, K.E. (1997). What's Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 102, 939-999. https://doi.org/10.1086/231037
  • McNulty, Y., & Brewster, C. (2016). Theorizing the meaning(s) of ‘expatriate’: establishing boundary conditions for business expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 27–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1243567
  • McNulty, Y., & Vance, C. (2017). Dynamic global careers: a new conceptualization of expatriate career paths. Personnel Review, 46(2):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2015-0175
  • Pehkonen, A. (2018). Together or alone together in ethnically diverse work communities. İçinde D. Habti & M. Elo (Ed.), Global mobility of highly skilled people-Multidisciplinary perspectives on self-initiated expatriation (pp. 165–185). Cham: Springer.
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Talent mobility 2020: the next generation of international assignments. Retrieved from http://pwc.com/managingpeople2020
  • Richardson, J., & Mallon, M. (2005). Career Interrupted? The Case of the Self-Directed Expatriate, Journal of World Business, 40, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.08.008
  • Rogaly, B., & Taylor, B. (2010). ‘They Called Them Communists Then … What D’You Call ‘Em Now? … Insurgents?’. Narratives of British Military Expatriates in the Context of the New Imperialism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(8), 1335–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003687741
  • Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2010). Self-initiated academic expatriates: Inherent demographics and reasons to expatriate. European Management Review, 7, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1057/emr.2010.15
  • Shen, Y., & Kram, K. E. (2011). Expatriates' developmental networks: Network diversity, base, and support functions. The Career Development International, 16(6), 528–552. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111178317
  • The Australian Turkish Friendship Association. (2023). Hakkımızda. https://turkishaustralians.org.au/t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e
  • The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations. (2024). About. https://www.turkishfederation.ca/about.html
  • Thorn, K. (2009). The relative importance of motives for international self‐initiated mobility. Career Development International, 14, 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910989843
  • Turkish Association of South Australia. (2024). About Us. https://turkishassociationsa.org/
  • Turkish Community Center. (2024). Hakkımızda. https://turkishcommunitycentre.org/hakkimizda/
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Migration Sociology, Social Movement, International Migration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cihangir Karakaya 0000-0002-1104-379X

Early Pub Date May 29, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date July 7, 2024
Acceptance Date May 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karakaya, C. (2025). Nitelikli Türk Göçmenler: Expatlar, Göç Motivasyonları ve Dayanışma Ağları. İçtimaiyat, 9(1), 500-516. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1512143
 Download Cover Image

Içtimaiyat is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).

3176931770

Instagram: @tvictimaiyat