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Which Parenting Style is More Sexist? Evidence from Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 94 - 110

Veysi Baydar

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362

Abstract

The research explores the association between parenting styles and sexist attitudes among university students in Türkiye. It focuses on four parenting styles — authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful — and examines their association with benevolent and hostile sexism. The sample comprised 371 university students aged 18 to 25. The participants completed questionnaires that assessed their perceptions of parenting styles as well as the levels of benevolent and hostile sexism they exhibited. The results indicated that authoritarian parenting was associated with higher benevolent and hostile sexism, while indulgent parenting was linked to lower sexism. Curiously, authoritative parenting, typically associated with positive development outcomes, also showed higher sexism, suggesting that its control dimension may reinforce traditional gender roles. The study highlights the importance of considering gendered socialization processes in understanding the development of sexist attitudes. It suggests parenting interventions should promote nurturing and supportive styles while minimizing controlling behaviors.

Keywords

Sexism Authoritative Indulgent Authoritarian Neglectful Parenting

References

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Hangi Yetiştirme Stili Daha Cinsiyetçi? Türkiye'den Kanıtlar

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 94 - 110

Veysi Baydar

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki üniversite öğrencileri arasında yetiştirme stilleri ve cinsiyetçi tutumlar arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırma, dört yetiştirme stiline — açıklayıcı otoriter, hoşgörülü, otoriter ve ihmalkâr — odaklanmakta ve bunların korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilikle ilişkisini incelemektedir. Örneklem, yaşları 18 ile 25 arasında değişen 371 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar, ebeveynlerinin yetiştirme stillerine dair algılarını ve kendi korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik düzeylerini değerlendiren ölçekleri doldurmuştur. Sonuçlar, otoriter yetiştirme stilinin diğer stillere göre daha yüksek korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik barındırdığını; hoşgörülü yetiştirme stilinin ise daha düşük cinsiyetçilikle ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, genellikle olumlu gelişim sonuçlarıyla ilişkilendirilen açıklayıcı yetiştirme stili de otoriter yetiştirme stili gibi yüksek cinsiyetçilik göstermiştir. Bu durum, açıklayıcı otoriter yetiştirme stilindeki yüksek talep ve kontrol düzeyinin geleneksel cinsiyet rollerini pekiştirebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Çalışma, cinsiyetçi tutumların gelişimini anlamada cinsiyetlendirilmiş sosyalleşme süreçlerinin önemini vurgulamakta ve ebeveynlik müdahalelerinin destekleyici ve besleyici yönünü teşvik ederken kontrol edici davranışları en aza indirmesi gerektiğini önermektedir.

Keywords

Cinsiyetçilik Açıklayıcı Otoriter Hoşgörülü Otoriter İhmalkâr Yetiştirme Stili

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul'dan gerekli izin alınmış ve çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

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  • Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0308.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Barni, D., Fiorilli, C., Romano, L., Zagrean, I., Alfieri, S., & Russo, C. (2022). Gender prejudice within the family: The relation between parents' sexism and their socialization values. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 846016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846016
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Developmental, 37(4), 887-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.
  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
  • Brandt, M. J. (2011). Sexism and gender inequality across 57 societies. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420445
  • Bornstein M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12(2-3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683359
  • Bornstein, M. H. (2013). Parenting × gender × culture × time. In W. B. Wilcox & K. K. Kline (Eds.), Gender and parenthood: Biological and social scientific perspectives (pp. 91-119). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bosson, J. K., Parrott, D. J., Swan, S. C., Kuchynka, S. L., & Schramm, A. T. (2015). A dangerous boomerang: Injunctive norms, hostile sexist attitudes, and male-to-female sexual aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 41(6), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21597
  • Brown, C. S., & Stone, E. A. (2016). Gender stereotypes and discrimination: How sexism impacts development. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 105-133). Elsevier Inc.
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713.
  • Butler-Wall, A., Cosier, K., Harper, R. L. S, Sapp, J., Sokolower, J., & Tempel, M. B. (2016). Rethinking sexism, gender, and sexuality. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools Publication.
  • Calafat, A., García, F., Juan, M., Becoña, E., & Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2014). Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705
  • Carlo, G., White, R. M. B., Streit, C., Knight, G. P., & Zeiders, K. H. (2018). Longitudinal relations among parenting styles, prosocial behaviors, and academic outcomes in U.S. Mexican adolescents. Child Development, 89(2), 577-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12761
  • Collins, W. A. & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology vol. three: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed.) (pp. 1003-1049). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
  • Dobash R. E. & Dobash, R. (1979) Violence against wives: A Case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar [Gender: Social psychological explanations]. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Ellemers N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2018). The psychology of women and gender: Half the human experience + (5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 65(1-2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9975-7
  • Gallahan, L. B. (2002). Research and conceptual approaches to the understanding of gender. In M. Biaggio, M. Hersen (Eds.), Issues in the psychology of women (pp. 33-52). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents' educational level, and sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 592–603. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870
  • Garcia, O. F., & Serra, E. (2019). Raising children with poor school performance: Parenting styles and short- and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071089
  • Garcia, F., Serra, E., Garcia, O. F., Martinez, I., & Cruise, E. (2019). A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132333
  • Garcia, O. F., Fuentes, M. C., Gracia, E., Serra, E., & Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting warmth and strictness across three generations: parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207487
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S.T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Women's Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Veysi Baydar 0000-0002-1434-079X

Early Pub Date May 29, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date December 29, 2024
Acceptance Date April 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

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APA Baydar, V. (2025). Which Parenting Style is More Sexist? Evidence from Türkiye. İçtimaiyat, 9(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362
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