Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü

Abdurahaman Molu; Mutlu Yılmaz

doi:10.32003/igge.1494262

Research Article

Regional economic resilience in Turkey: The role of industrial specialization and diversification

Year 2025, Issue: 55, 127 - 150, 30.05.2025

Abdurahaman Molu , Mutlu Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1494262

Abstract

This study examines the role of industrial specialization and diversification in regional economic resilience in Turkey. It specifically analyses the effect of the economic structure in Turkey's Level 3 regions, encompassing the periods of economic shrinkage and recovery between 2003 and 2020. Analyses are conducted using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Krugman Diversity Index (KDI). The findings reveal that economic structure plays an important role in understanding the resilience of regions to crises. Contrary to the prevailing literature suggesting that economic diversification promotes greater resilience, it shows that specialization significantly contributes to the resilience of Turkey's regions. It has been observed that specialization of less developed regions in certain sectors provides more effective protection against crises. Since the manufacturing sector was predominantly affected by the crisis, it has been observed that regions specialized in non-manufacturing sectors are more resilient during economic recessions and perform better during recovery periods. Moreover, by distinguishing between relative specialization and absolute specialization, the analysis finds that relative specialization consistently and significantly increases economic resilience across all periods examined.

Keywords

İndustrial Specialization, Diversity, Regional Resilience, Economic Resilience, Economic Crisis

References

Acar, S., Bilen Kazanık, L., Meydan, M. C., & Işık, M. (2019). İllerı̇n ve bölgelerin sosyo- ekonomı̇k gelı̇şmı̇şlı̇k sıralaması araştırması sege-2017. T.C Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı, Ankara.
Allenby, B., & Fink, J. (2005). Toward inherently iecure and resilient societies. Science Journal, 309(5737). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111534
Arslan, A., Canpolat, E., & Ateş, M. S. (2020). Türkiye'de iktisadi krizlerin toplam vergi gelirleri üzerindeki etkisi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.654439
Avrupa Komisyonu. (2013). Türkiye 2013 Yılı İlerleme Raporu. Brüksel.
Aydın, C., & Cural, M. (2022). The Relationship between economic crises and domestic-external borrowing after 1980 in Turkey. Journal of Public Finance Studies (67), 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/mcd2022- 1068787
Baltzopoulos, A. (2009). Agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurship - micro-level evidence from Sweden. The Royal Institute of Technology, Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies. Stockholm.
Batmaz, T. (2021). Türkiye’nin üretim ve diş ticaret yapısındaki gelişimin seyri. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 6(3).
Boschma, R. (2015). Towrds an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49(5), 733– 751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481
Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N., & Vella, S. (2009). Economic vulnerability and resilience: concepts and measurements. Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 229-247. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/45146
Bristow, G., & Healy, A. (2018). Innovation and regional economic resilience: an exploratory analysis. The Annals of Regional Science, 60, 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-017-0841-6
Brown, L., & Greenbaum, R. T. (2017). The role of industrial diversity in economic resilience: An empirical examination across 35 years. Journal of Urban Studies, 54(6), 1347-1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624870
Cinel, E. A. (2018). Fragile structure of Turkish economy. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enistitüsü Dergisi, 10(23), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.397302
Community & Regional Resilience Institute. (2013). Definitions of communıty resilience: an analysis. Meridian İnstitute.
Conroy, M. E. (1975, January). The concept and measurement of regional industrial diversification. Southern Economic Journal, 41(3), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/1056160
Davies, A., & Tonts, M. (2009). Economic diversity and regional socioeconomic performance: An empirical analysis of the western Australian grain belt. Geographical Research, 48(3), 223–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00627.x
Davies, S. (2011). Regional resilience in the 2008-2010 downturn: Comparative evidence from European countries. Regions, Economy and Society, 4(3), 369- 382. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsr019
De Siano, R., Sciabolazza, V. L., & Sapio, A. (2020). Economic resilience and regional disparities: The value added of spatial analysis. Regional Resilience to Climate and Environmental Shocks. içinde Cham: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54588-8_2
Di Caro, P. (2015). Recessions, recoveries and regional resilience: evidence on Italy. Regions, Economy and Society, 18(2), 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu029
Emin, D. (2017, 07). Türkiye'nin finansal krizleri ve göstergeleri. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 9(17), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.346191
Enrique L., K.-V. (2022). Industrial variety, firms and resilience. Sciendo, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe- 2022-0030
Eraydın, A. (2013, Augest). Bölgesel ekonomik uyum kapasitesi: Türkiye’deki bölgelerin ekonomik krizler ve sonrasındaki başarımlarını belirleyen etkenler. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 179-208.
Eraydın, A. (2016). Attributes and characteristics of regional resilience: defining and measuring the resilience of Turkish Regions. Regional Studies, 50(4), 600-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1034672
Evans, R., & Karecha, J. (2014). Staying on Top: Why is Munich so resilient and successful? European Planning Studies, 22(6), 1259-1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.778958
Faggian, A., Gemmiti, R., Jaquet, T., & Santini3, I. (2018). Regional economic resilience: the experience of the Italian local labor systems. Annals of Regional Science, 90, 393-410. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00168-017-0822-9
Fakıoğlu, P. A. (2022). Bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık çerçevesinde Türkiye İBBS düzey-2 bölgelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Urban Academy, 15(2), 861-878. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.979787
Fingleton, B., Garretsen, H., & Martin, R. (2012). Recessionary shocks and regional employment: Evidence on the resilience of U.K. regions. Journal of Regional Scince, 52(1), 109–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9787.2011.00755.x
Frenken, K., Oort, F., Verburg, T., & Boschma, R. (2004). Variety and regional economic growth in the Netherlands. The Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research, Geowetenschappen. Utrecht University. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.871804
Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007, July). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120296
Giannakis, E., & Bruggeman, A. (2017). Determinants of regional resilience to economic crisis: a European perspective. European Planning Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1319464
Goschin, Z. (2019). Specialisation vs diversification. Which one better upholds regional resilience to economic crises? Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, 8(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2019-0002
Gültekin, L. (2017). Bölgesel dayanıklılık ve uyum kapasitesi kavramı: Türkiye'de ekonomik krizlerin bölgesel etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Coğrafya. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
Güngen, A. R. (2015). 2015 Sonuna doğru dünya ekonomisine dair notlar. Mülkiye Dergisi, 39(3), 343-347.
Han, Y., & J. Goetz, S. (2013). Predicting the economic resilience of US counties from industry input-output Accounts. Southern Regional Science Association Annual Meeting (s. 1-16). Washington DC: Southern Regional Science Association.
Hane-Weijman, E., H. Eriksson, R., & Henning , M. (2018). Returning to work: regional determinants of re- employment after major redundancies. Regional Studies, 52(6), 768-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1395006
He, D., Miao, P., & Qureshi, N. A. (2022). Can industrial diversification help strengthen regional economic resilience? Frontiers in Environmental Science.
He, D., Tang, Y., Wang, L., & Mohsin, M. (2023). Can increasing technological complexity help strengthen regional economic resilience? Economic Change and Restructuring, 56, 4043–4070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.987396
Henderson, V., Kuncoro, A., & Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 1067–1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/262013
Hernandez, L., Atienza, M., & Modrego, F. (2022). Is industrial related variety an enabling condition for regional entrepreneurship? A comparison between mining and non-mining regions in Chile. The Extractive Industries and Society, 11, 101096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101096
Hill, E., St. Clair, T., Wial, H., Wolman, H., Atkins, P., Blumenthal, P., . . . Friedhoff, A. (2011). Economic shocks and regional economic resilience. Institute of governmental studies, Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Bulding Resilient Regions. Berkeley: University of California.
Hu, X., & Hassink, R. (2020). Adaptation, adaptability and regional economic resilience: A conceptual framework. G. Bristow, & A. Healy (Dü) içinde, Resilience, Handbook on Regional Eonomic (s. 54-68). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00009
Ishaq, A., Ali, M., & Naveed, S. (2022). Related or unrelated variety and economic growth of south Asian countries. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221117080
Köse, Z. (2016). Türkiye ekonomisinde 2003-2014 döneminde ekonomik büyüme işsizlik ve enflasyon ilişkisi. 1(1).
Karagöl, E. T. (2016). 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi ve Türkiye ekonomisi. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 37-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.285017
Kemeny, T., & Storper , M. (2015). Is specialization good for regional economic development? Regional Studies, 49(6), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.899691
Khan, J., & Labonté, O. (2017). Urban tech sector growth drives economic resilience. Economic Development Journal, 16(2), 54-62.
Kitsos, A., & Bishop, P. (2018). Economic resilience in Great Britain: the crisis impact and its determining factors for local authority districts. The Annals of Regional Science, 60, 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016- 0797-y
Kitsos, T. (2020). Economic resilience in Great Britain: an empirical analysis at the local authority district level. G. Bristow, & A. Healy içinde, Handbook on regional economic resilience (s. 190-207). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00017
Korten, G., & Elburz, Z. (2018). Looking for diversified specialization in the regions of Turkey. Megaron, 13(4), 623-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/MEGARON.2018.36450
Leamer, E. E. (2008). What's recession, anyway? National bureau of econoic research. Cambridge: NBER.
Maliye Bakanlığı. (2018). Yıllık Economik Rapor 2017. Maliye Bakanlığı, Ankara.
Martin, R. (2010). Rethinking regional path dependence: Beyond lock-in to evolution. Economic Geography, 36(1), 1-27. 
Martin, R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019
Martin, R. (2018). Shocking aspects of regional development: Towards an economic geography of resilience. G. L. Clark, M. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wöjcik içinde, The new Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (s. 839–864). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.43
Martin, R., & Gardiner, B. (2019). The resilience of cities to economic shocks: A tale of four recessions (and the challenge of Brexit). Papers in Regional Scince, 98(4), 1801-1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12430
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2015). On the notion of regional economic resilience: conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 15, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu015
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2020). Regional economic resilience: evolution and evaluation. G. Bristow, & A. Healy içinde, Handbook on Regional Economic Resilience (s. 10-35). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00007
Martin, R., Sunley, P., Gardiner, B., & Tyler, P. (2016). How regions react to recessions: Resilience and the role of economic structure. Regional Studies, 50(4), 561-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1136410
Masik, G. (2016). Economıc resilience: The case of Poland and certaın European regions. Geographia Polonica, 89(4), 457-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0068
McConnell, C., Brue, S., & Macpherso, D. (2017). Contemporary labor economics. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill Education.
Nancy, A., Hal, W., Howard, W., & Mara, M. (2013). Regional economic capacity, economic shocks, and economic resilience. Washington DC: Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Bulding Resilient Regions.
Öcal, M. (2011). The analysıs of Turkey’s foreign trade in the context of the effects of global economıc crisis on the reel sector. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 10(36), 204-225.
Pendall, R., A. Foster, K., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp028
Puga, D. (2010). The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economıes. Journal of regional scıence, 50(1), 203–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00657.x
Rassekh, F. (1998). The convergence hypothesis: History, theory, and evidence. Open economies review, 9, 85– 105. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008279323832
Reggiani, A., Graaff, T. D., & Nijkamp, P. (2002). Resilience: An evolutionary approach to spatial economic systems. Networks and Spatial Economics, 2, 211-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015377515690
Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2003). Geography, industrial organization, and agglomeration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(2), 377-393. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882
Sánchez, A. C., Rasmussen, M., & Röhn, O. (2015). Economic resilience: what role for policies? OECD, Economics Department. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Sekur, T. (2020). Economıc concentration and regıonal specialization in the European union. Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business. 2, s. 49–72. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 27-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029
Simon, F. B., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary Object. Ecology and Society, 12(1), 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-02029-120123
Şanlı, O. (2021). Türkiye'de 1994, 2001 ve 2018 - 2021 Kur krizlerinin yeni nesil kriz teorileri çerçevesinde Iincelenmesi. Faculty of Economics Journal, Aydın. https://doi.org/10.53839/aifd.988000
Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. (2012). Finansal İstikrar Raporu. Ankara.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2013). Ekonomik Rapor 2012. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2015). Ekonomik Rapor 2014. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2021a). 2019 Ekonomik Raporu. Ankara: Gökçe Ofset.
Tan, J., Hu, X., Hassink, R., & Ni, J. (2020). Industrial structure or agency: What afects regional economic resilience? Evidence from resource-based cities in China. Cities, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102906
Temiz, D., & Gokmen, A. (2009). The 2000-2001 financial crisis in Turkey and the global economic crisis of 2008-2009: Reasons and comparisons. Internatıonal Journal of Socıal Scıences and Humanıty Studıes, I(I). http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/8028
Toth, B. I. (2015). Regional economic resilience: concepts, empirics and a critical review. Mıscellanea Geographıca – Regional Studies on Development, 19(3), 70-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0017
Toth, G., Elekes, Z., Whittle, A., Lee, C., & Kogler, D. F. (2022). Technology network structure conditions the economic resilience of regions. Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies. Budapest: EöTvöS Loránd Research Network (ELKH). https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2035715
Turan, Z. (2011). Dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki krizlerin ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve ekonomik kalkınma etkisi. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, IV(I), s. 56-80.
Tutar, F. K., Yıldırım, G., & Balkaya, D. (2022). Economic politics of global and national crisis: Reflection on Turkey. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8(95), 737-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.3885
Van der Panne , G. (2004). Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs. Evolutionary Economics, 14, 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0232-x
Viladecans-Marsal, E. (2004). Agglomeration economies and industrial location: city-leve evidence. Journal of Economic Geography, 565-582 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh040
Walker, B., Holling, C., Carpenter, S., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social– ecological systems. Ecology and Society ,, 9(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205
Wanga, Z., & Weib, W. (2021). Regional economic resilience in China: measurement and determinants. Regional Studies, 55(7), 1228-1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1872779
Zolli, A., & Healy, A. (2012). Resilience: Why things bounce back. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü

Year 2025, Issue: 55, 127 - 150, 30.05.2025

Abdurahaman Molu , Mutlu Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1494262

Abstract

Çalışma, Türkiye'de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık bağlamında endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlendirmenin rolünü incelemektedir. 2003-2020 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin düzey 3 bölgelerinde yaşanan ekonomik daralma ve toparlanma dönemlerinde bölgesel ekonomik yapının dayanıklılık üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Analizler, Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi (HHI) ve Krugman Çeşitlilik Endeksi (KDI) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, ekonomik yapının bölgelerin krizlere karşı gösterdiği direnci anlamada önemli bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ekonomik çeşitliliğin daha yüksek dayanıklılığı desteklediğini öne süren yaygın literatüre karşın, bu çalışma uzmanlaşmanın Türkiye bölgelerinin dayanıklılığına anlamlı bir katkı sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle az gelişmiş bölgelerin belirli sektörlerde uzmanlaşmasının krizlere karşı daha etkili bir koruma sağladığı görülmüştür. İmalat sektörünün ağırlıklı olarak krizden etkilenmesi nedeniyle imalat dışı sektörlerde uzmanlaşmış bölgelerin ekonomik durgunluk dönemlerinde daha dirençli olduğu ve toparlanma süreçlerinde de daha iyi performans sergilediği görülmüştür. Ayrıca analiz, göreceli uzmanlaşma ve mutlak uzmanlaşma arasında ayrım yaparak, göreceli uzmanlaşmanın incelenen tüm dönemler boyunca ekonomik dayanıklılığı tutarlı ve önemli ölçüde artırdığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Endüstriyel Uzmanlaşma, Çeşitlilik, Bölgesel Dayanıklılık, Ekonomik Dayanıklılık, Ekonomik Kriz

References

Acar, S., Bilen Kazanık, L., Meydan, M. C., & Işık, M. (2019). İllerı̇n ve bölgelerin sosyo- ekonomı̇k gelı̇şmı̇şlı̇k sıralaması araştırması sege-2017. T.C Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı, Ankara.
Allenby, B., & Fink, J. (2005). Toward inherently iecure and resilient societies. Science Journal, 309(5737). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111534
Arslan, A., Canpolat, E., & Ateş, M. S. (2020). Türkiye'de iktisadi krizlerin toplam vergi gelirleri üzerindeki etkisi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.654439
Avrupa Komisyonu. (2013). Türkiye 2013 Yılı İlerleme Raporu. Brüksel.
Aydın, C., & Cural, M. (2022). The Relationship between economic crises and domestic-external borrowing after 1980 in Turkey. Journal of Public Finance Studies (67), 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/mcd2022- 1068787
Baltzopoulos, A. (2009). Agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurship - micro-level evidence from Sweden. The Royal Institute of Technology, Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies. Stockholm.
Batmaz, T. (2021). Türkiye’nin üretim ve diş ticaret yapısındaki gelişimin seyri. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 6(3).
Boschma, R. (2015). Towrds an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49(5), 733– 751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481
Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N., & Vella, S. (2009). Economic vulnerability and resilience: concepts and measurements. Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 229-247. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/45146
Bristow, G., & Healy, A. (2018). Innovation and regional economic resilience: an exploratory analysis. The Annals of Regional Science, 60, 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-017-0841-6
Brown, L., & Greenbaum, R. T. (2017). The role of industrial diversity in economic resilience: An empirical examination across 35 years. Journal of Urban Studies, 54(6), 1347-1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624870
Cinel, E. A. (2018). Fragile structure of Turkish economy. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enistitüsü Dergisi, 10(23), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.397302
Community & Regional Resilience Institute. (2013). Definitions of communıty resilience: an analysis. Meridian İnstitute.
Conroy, M. E. (1975, January). The concept and measurement of regional industrial diversification. Southern Economic Journal, 41(3), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/1056160
Davies, A., & Tonts, M. (2009). Economic diversity and regional socioeconomic performance: An empirical analysis of the western Australian grain belt. Geographical Research, 48(3), 223–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00627.x
Davies, S. (2011). Regional resilience in the 2008-2010 downturn: Comparative evidence from European countries. Regions, Economy and Society, 4(3), 369- 382. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsr019
De Siano, R., Sciabolazza, V. L., & Sapio, A. (2020). Economic resilience and regional disparities: The value added of spatial analysis. Regional Resilience to Climate and Environmental Shocks. içinde Cham: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54588-8_2
Di Caro, P. (2015). Recessions, recoveries and regional resilience: evidence on Italy. Regions, Economy and Society, 18(2), 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu029
Emin, D. (2017, 07). Türkiye'nin finansal krizleri ve göstergeleri. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 9(17), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.346191
Enrique L., K.-V. (2022). Industrial variety, firms and resilience. Sciendo, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe- 2022-0030
Eraydın, A. (2013, Augest). Bölgesel ekonomik uyum kapasitesi: Türkiye’deki bölgelerin ekonomik krizler ve sonrasındaki başarımlarını belirleyen etkenler. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 179-208.
Eraydın, A. (2016). Attributes and characteristics of regional resilience: defining and measuring the resilience of Turkish Regions. Regional Studies, 50(4), 600-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1034672
Evans, R., & Karecha, J. (2014). Staying on Top: Why is Munich so resilient and successful? European Planning Studies, 22(6), 1259-1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.778958
Faggian, A., Gemmiti, R., Jaquet, T., & Santini3, I. (2018). Regional economic resilience: the experience of the Italian local labor systems. Annals of Regional Science, 90, 393-410. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00168-017-0822-9
Fakıoğlu, P. A. (2022). Bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık çerçevesinde Türkiye İBBS düzey-2 bölgelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Urban Academy, 15(2), 861-878. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.979787
Fingleton, B., Garretsen, H., & Martin, R. (2012). Recessionary shocks and regional employment: Evidence on the resilience of U.K. regions. Journal of Regional Scince, 52(1), 109–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9787.2011.00755.x
Frenken, K., Oort, F., Verburg, T., & Boschma, R. (2004). Variety and regional economic growth in the Netherlands. The Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research, Geowetenschappen. Utrecht University. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.871804
Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007, July). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120296
Giannakis, E., & Bruggeman, A. (2017). Determinants of regional resilience to economic crisis: a European perspective. European Planning Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1319464
Goschin, Z. (2019). Specialisation vs diversification. Which one better upholds regional resilience to economic crises? Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, 8(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2019-0002
Gültekin, L. (2017). Bölgesel dayanıklılık ve uyum kapasitesi kavramı: Türkiye'de ekonomik krizlerin bölgesel etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi, Coğrafya. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
Güngen, A. R. (2015). 2015 Sonuna doğru dünya ekonomisine dair notlar. Mülkiye Dergisi, 39(3), 343-347.
Han, Y., & J. Goetz, S. (2013). Predicting the economic resilience of US counties from industry input-output Accounts. Southern Regional Science Association Annual Meeting (s. 1-16). Washington DC: Southern Regional Science Association.
Hane-Weijman, E., H. Eriksson, R., & Henning , M. (2018). Returning to work: regional determinants of re- employment after major redundancies. Regional Studies, 52(6), 768-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1395006
He, D., Miao, P., & Qureshi, N. A. (2022). Can industrial diversification help strengthen regional economic resilience? Frontiers in Environmental Science.
He, D., Tang, Y., Wang, L., & Mohsin, M. (2023). Can increasing technological complexity help strengthen regional economic resilience? Economic Change and Restructuring, 56, 4043–4070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.987396
Henderson, V., Kuncoro, A., & Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), 1067–1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/262013
Hernandez, L., Atienza, M., & Modrego, F. (2022). Is industrial related variety an enabling condition for regional entrepreneurship? A comparison between mining and non-mining regions in Chile. The Extractive Industries and Society, 11, 101096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101096
Hill, E., St. Clair, T., Wial, H., Wolman, H., Atkins, P., Blumenthal, P., . . . Friedhoff, A. (2011). Economic shocks and regional economic resilience. Institute of governmental studies, Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Bulding Resilient Regions. Berkeley: University of California.
Hu, X., & Hassink, R. (2020). Adaptation, adaptability and regional economic resilience: A conceptual framework. G. Bristow, & A. Healy (Dü) içinde, Resilience, Handbook on Regional Eonomic (s. 54-68). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00009
Ishaq, A., Ali, M., & Naveed, S. (2022). Related or unrelated variety and economic growth of south Asian countries. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221117080
Köse, Z. (2016). Türkiye ekonomisinde 2003-2014 döneminde ekonomik büyüme işsizlik ve enflasyon ilişkisi. 1(1).
Karagöl, E. T. (2016). 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi ve Türkiye ekonomisi. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 37-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.285017
Kemeny, T., & Storper , M. (2015). Is specialization good for regional economic development? Regional Studies, 49(6), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.899691
Khan, J., & Labonté, O. (2017). Urban tech sector growth drives economic resilience. Economic Development Journal, 16(2), 54-62.
Kitsos, A., & Bishop, P. (2018). Economic resilience in Great Britain: the crisis impact and its determining factors for local authority districts. The Annals of Regional Science, 60, 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016- 0797-y
Kitsos, T. (2020). Economic resilience in Great Britain: an empirical analysis at the local authority district level. G. Bristow, & A. Healy içinde, Handbook on regional economic resilience (s. 190-207). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00017
Korten, G., & Elburz, Z. (2018). Looking for diversified specialization in the regions of Turkey. Megaron, 13(4), 623-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/MEGARON.2018.36450
Leamer, E. E. (2008). What's recession, anyway? National bureau of econoic research. Cambridge: NBER.
Maliye Bakanlığı. (2018). Yıllık Economik Rapor 2017. Maliye Bakanlığı, Ankara.
Martin, R. (2010). Rethinking regional path dependence: Beyond lock-in to evolution. Economic Geography, 36(1), 1-27. 
Martin, R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019
Martin, R. (2018). Shocking aspects of regional development: Towards an economic geography of resilience. G. L. Clark, M. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wöjcik içinde, The new Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography (s. 839–864). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.43
Martin, R., & Gardiner, B. (2019). The resilience of cities to economic shocks: A tale of four recessions (and the challenge of Brexit). Papers in Regional Scince, 98(4), 1801-1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12430
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2015). On the notion of regional economic resilience: conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 15, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu015
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2020). Regional economic resilience: evolution and evaluation. G. Bristow, & A. Healy içinde, Handbook on Regional Economic Resilience (s. 10-35). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00007
Martin, R., Sunley, P., Gardiner, B., & Tyler, P. (2016). How regions react to recessions: Resilience and the role of economic structure. Regional Studies, 50(4), 561-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1136410
Masik, G. (2016). Economıc resilience: The case of Poland and certaın European regions. Geographia Polonica, 89(4), 457-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0068
McConnell, C., Brue, S., & Macpherso, D. (2017). Contemporary labor economics. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill Education.
Nancy, A., Hal, W., Howard, W., & Mara, M. (2013). Regional economic capacity, economic shocks, and economic resilience. Washington DC: Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Bulding Resilient Regions.
Öcal, M. (2011). The analysıs of Turkey’s foreign trade in the context of the effects of global economıc crisis on the reel sector. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 10(36), 204-225.
Pendall, R., A. Foster, K., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp028
Puga, D. (2010). The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economıes. Journal of regional scıence, 50(1), 203–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00657.x
Rassekh, F. (1998). The convergence hypothesis: History, theory, and evidence. Open economies review, 9, 85– 105. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008279323832
Reggiani, A., Graaff, T. D., & Nijkamp, P. (2002). Resilience: An evolutionary approach to spatial economic systems. Networks and Spatial Economics, 2, 211-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015377515690
Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2003). Geography, industrial organization, and agglomeration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(2), 377-393. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882
Sánchez, A. C., Rasmussen, M., & Röhn, O. (2015). Economic resilience: what role for policies? OECD, Economics Department. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Sekur, T. (2020). Economıc concentration and regıonal specialization in the European union. Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business. 2, s. 49–72. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 27-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029
Simon, F. B., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary Object. Ecology and Society, 12(1), 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-02029-120123
Şanlı, O. (2021). Türkiye'de 1994, 2001 ve 2018 - 2021 Kur krizlerinin yeni nesil kriz teorileri çerçevesinde Iincelenmesi. Faculty of Economics Journal, Aydın. https://doi.org/10.53839/aifd.988000
Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. (2012). Finansal İstikrar Raporu. Ankara.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2013). Ekonomik Rapor 2012. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2015). Ekonomik Rapor 2014. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2021a). 2019 Ekonomik Raporu. Ankara: Gökçe Ofset.
Tan, J., Hu, X., Hassink, R., & Ni, J. (2020). Industrial structure or agency: What afects regional economic resilience? Evidence from resource-based cities in China. Cities, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102906
Temiz, D., & Gokmen, A. (2009). The 2000-2001 financial crisis in Turkey and the global economic crisis of 2008-2009: Reasons and comparisons. Internatıonal Journal of Socıal Scıences and Humanıty Studıes, I(I). http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/8028
Toth, B. I. (2015). Regional economic resilience: concepts, empirics and a critical review. Mıscellanea Geographıca – Regional Studies on Development, 19(3), 70-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0017
Toth, G., Elekes, Z., Whittle, A., Lee, C., & Kogler, D. F. (2022). Technology network structure conditions the economic resilience of regions. Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies. Budapest: EöTvöS Loránd Research Network (ELKH). https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2035715
Turan, Z. (2011). Dünyadaki ve Türkiye'deki krizlerin ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve ekonomik kalkınma etkisi. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, IV(I), s. 56-80.
Tutar, F. K., Yıldırım, G., & Balkaya, D. (2022). Economic politics of global and national crisis: Reflection on Turkey. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8(95), 737-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.3885
Van der Panne , G. (2004). Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs. Evolutionary Economics, 14, 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0232-x
Viladecans-Marsal, E. (2004). Agglomeration economies and industrial location: city-leve evidence. Journal of Economic Geography, 565-582 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh040
Walker, B., Holling, C., Carpenter, S., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social– ecological systems. Ecology and Society ,, 9(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205
Wanga, Z., & Weib, W. (2021). Regional economic resilience in China: measurement and determinants. Regional Studies, 55(7), 1228-1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1872779
Zolli, A., & Healy, A. (2012). Resilience: Why things bounce back. New York: Simon and Schuster.

There are 86 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Economic Geography
Journal Section	RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors	Abdurahaman Molu 0009-0005-2760-4546 Mutlu Yılmaz 0000-0001-8914-1165
Publication Date	May 30, 2025
Submission Date	June 1, 2024
Acceptance Date	February 23, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Issue: 55

Cite

APA	Molu, A., & Yılmaz, M. (2025). Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education(55), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1494262
AMA	Molu A, Yılmaz M. Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü. IGGE. May 2025;(55):127-150. doi:10.32003/igge.1494262
Chicago	Molu, Abdurahaman, and Mutlu Yılmaz. “Türkiye’de bölgesel Ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma Ve çeşitlenmenin Rolü”. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 55 (May 2025): 127-50. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1494262.
EndNote	Molu A, Yılmaz M (May 1, 2025) Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education 55 127–150.
IEEE	A. Molu and M. Yılmaz, “Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü”, IGGE, no. 55, pp. 127–150, May 2025, doi: 10.32003/igge.1494262.
ISNAD	Molu, Abdurahaman - Yılmaz, Mutlu. “Türkiye’de bölgesel Ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma Ve çeşitlenmenin Rolü”. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education 55 (May 2025), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1494262.
JAMA	Molu A, Yılmaz M. Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü. IGGE. 2025;:127–150.
MLA	Molu, Abdurahaman and Mutlu Yılmaz. “Türkiye’de bölgesel Ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma Ve çeşitlenmenin Rolü”. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 55, 2025, pp. 127-50, doi:10.32003/igge.1494262.
Vancouver	Molu A, Yılmaz M. Türkiye’de bölgesel ekonomik dayanıklılık: Endüstriyel uzmanlaşma ve çeşitlenmenin rolü. IGGE. 2025(55):127-50.

Article Files

Full Text