Abstract
Amaç: Myroides spp. karbapenemler dahil beta-laktam antibiyotiklere karşı oldukça dirençli, aminoglikozitlere, florokinolonlara ve sülfametoksazole karşı ise değişken duyarlılık gösteren mikroorganizmalardır. Bu çalışmada çeşitli antiseptik maddelerin idrar kültüründen izole edilen Myroides odoratus/odoratimimus izolatı üzerine in vitro etkinliğinin incelenmesi amaçlandı.
Yöntem: İn vitro çalışmada, amikasin, seftazidim, siprofloksasin, imipenem, levofloksasin, piperasilin tazobaktam, tobramisine dirençli olduğu bilinen Myroides odoratus/odoratimimus klinik izolatı kullanıldı. Bu izolat %5 koyun kanlı agarda 24 saatlik inkübasyon sonunda üreyen bakteri kolonilerinden Mueller Hinton Broth ile 0.5 McFarland olmak üzere bakteri süspansiyonu hazırlandı. Sonrasında izolat, kalitatif süspansiyon yöntemine göre; hipokloröz asit (HOCL), povidon-iyot, klorheksidin ve alkol bazlı el dezenfektanı ile üç, beş, 10, 15, 20, 30 saniyelik sürelerle temas ettirildi. Temas süresi 990 µl dezenfektanın içerisine, vortekslenen 10 µl bakteri süspansiyonu ilave edilerek başlatıldı. Temas süreleri sonunda 10 µl alınarak, %5 koyun kanlı agara ekim gerçekleştirilip 24 saat inkübasyon süresi sonunda bakteri üremesi olup olmadığı değerlendirildi. Kontrol amacı ile 990 µl Mueller Hinton Broth’a 10 µl bakteri süspansiyonu ilave edilip %5 koyun kanlı agara ekimi yapıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmada povidon-iyot (%2)’un denenen klinik izolat üzerinde bekletilen tüm sürelerde en etkili antiseptik olduğu tespit edildi. Üç saniyelik temas sonucunda üremeyi baskıladığı görüldü. Klorheksidin (%0.2) ve alkol bazlı dezenfektan (%70 etil alkol) için beş saniyelik temasın yeterli olduğu tespit edildi. HOCL’nin etkili olması için ise en az 15 saniye temas süresi gerektiği saptandı. Etkinliği en yüksek ajanın %2 povidon-iyot olduğu saptandı. HOCL’nin de etkinliğinin olduğu ancak daha uzun süre maruziyet gerektirdiği saptandı.
Sonuç: Çalışmada üriner sistem enfeksiyonu (ÜSE) tedavisinde lokal olarak mesane irrigasyonu ile kullanılabilecek üç antiseptik solüsyonun üçünün de M. odoratus/odoratimimus’a karşı etkin olduğu görülmüştür. Etkinliği en yüksek ajanın %2 povidon-iyot olduğu gösterilmiştir.
References
- 1. Vancanneyt M, Segers P, Torck U, et al. Reclassification of flavobacterium odoratum (Stutzer 1929) strains to a new genus, myroides, as myroides odoratus comb. nov. and myroides odoratimimus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1996;46(4):926-932. doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-4-926.
- 2. Jorgensen JH, Carroll KC, Funke G, et al., eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 11th ed. ASM Press; 2015. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.
- 3. Benedetti P, Rassu M, Pavan G, Sefton A, Pellizzer G. Septic shock, pneumonia, and soft tissue infection due to myroides odoratimimus: Report of a case and review of myroides infections. Infection. 2011;39(2):161-165. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0077-1.
- 4. Schröttner P, Rudolph WW, Eing BR, Bertram S, Gunzer F. Comparison of VITEK2, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16S rDNA sequencing for identification of myroides odoratus and myroides odoratimimus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79(2):155-159.
- 5. Avcı D, Otkun M. Bazı antiseptik ve dezenfektanların antibakteriyel etkinliklerinin araştırılması. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2017;74(3):211-220.
- 6. Sultan N. Dezenfektanların mikroorganizma üzerine etkinliğinin ölçümü ve pratikteki önemi. In: Günaydın M, Esen Ş, Saniç A, Leblebicioğlu H, Sünbül M, ed. Sterilizasyon Dezenfeksiyon ve Hastane İnfeksiyonları’nda. İstanbul: Kaya Basım; 2002:27–40.
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- 8. Selkon JB, Cherry GW, Wilson JM, Hughes MA. Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care. 2006;15(1):33-37. doi:10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861.
- 9. Sakarya S, Gunay N, Karakulak M, Ozturk B, Ertugrul B. Hypochlorous acid: An ideal wound care agent with powerful microbicidal, antibiofilm, and wound healing potency. Wounds a Compend Clin Res Pract. 2014;26(12):342-350.
- 10. Gunaydin M, Esen S, Karadag A, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Medilox® super-oxidized water. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014;13:29. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-13-29.
- 11. Moussa M, Chakra MA, Papatsoris AG, Dellis A, Dabboucy B, Fares Y. Bladder irrigation with povidone-iodine prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladder patients on clean intermittent catheterization. Neurourol Urodyn. 2021;40(2):672-679. doi:10.1002/nau.24607.
- 12. Wikström M, Levi R, Antepohl W. Bladder irrigation with Chlorhexidine reduces bacteriuria in persons with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(2):181-184. doi:10.2340/16501977-2298.
- 13. Pittet D, Simon A, Hugonnet S, Pessoa-Silva CL, Sauvan V, Perneger TV. Hand hygiene among physicians: Performance, beliefs, and perceptions. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(1):1-8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00008.
- 14. Maki DG. The use of antiseptics for handwashing by medical personnel. J Chemother. 1989;1 Suppl 1:3-11. doi:10.1080/1120009x.1989.11738936.
- 15. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Pro. 2002;51(RR-16):1-45.
- 16. Russell AD. Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3(2):99-119. doi:10.1128/CMR.3.2.99.
- 17. GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024;404(10459):1199-1226. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1.
- 18. Lotfinejad N, Peters A, Tartari E, Fankhauser-Rodriguez C, Pires D, Pittet D. Hand hygiene in health care: 20 years of ongoing advances and perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(8):e209-e221. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00383-2. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(10):e302. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00476-X.
- 19. Stadler RN, Tschudin-Sutter S. What is new with hand hygiene? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(4):327-332. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000654.
Abstract
Aim: Myroides spp. are microorganisms that exhibit high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, while displaying variable susceptibility to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfamethoxazole. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of various antiseptic agents against Myroides odoratus/odoratimimus isolates isolated from urine cultures.
Method: In this in vitro study, a clinical isolate of Myroides odoratus/odoratimimus known to be resistant to amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and tobramycin was used. The isolate was grown on sheep blood agar (5% SBA) and incubated for 24 hours, followed by the preparation of a bacterial suspension in Mueller Hinton Broth (5 mL, 0.5 McFarland). Subsequently, the isolate was exposed to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and alcohol-based hand sanitizer using contact times of 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 seconds, according to the qualitative suspension method. The contact time was initiated by adding 10 µl of bacterial suspension to 990 µl of the disinfectant. After the contact time, 10 µl was collected, inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar, and evaluated for bacterial growth after a 24-hour incubation period. As a control, 10 µl of the bacterial suspension was added to 990 µl of Mueller Hinton Broth and plated on sheep blood agar.
Results: In this study, povidone-iodine (2%) was found to be the most effective antiseptic against the tested clinical isolate, suppressing growth after a 3-second contact time. A 5-second contact time was sufficient for chlorhexidine (0.2%) and alcohol-based disinfectant (70% ethyl alcohol). HOCl required a minimum contact time of 15 seconds for effective activity. The highest efficacy was observed with 2% povidone-iodine. Although HOCl was also effective, it required longer exposure times.
Conclusion: In this study, it has been observed that three antiseptic solutions, which can be used locally for bladder irrigation in the treatment of urinary tract infections, are effective against M. odoratus/odoratimimus. It has been demonstrated that the most effective agent is 2% povidone-iodine.
References
- 1. Vancanneyt M, Segers P, Torck U, et al. Reclassification of flavobacterium odoratum (Stutzer 1929) strains to a new genus, myroides, as myroides odoratus comb. nov. and myroides odoratimimus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1996;46(4):926-932. doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-4-926.
- 2. Jorgensen JH, Carroll KC, Funke G, et al., eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 11th ed. ASM Press; 2015. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.
- 3. Benedetti P, Rassu M, Pavan G, Sefton A, Pellizzer G. Septic shock, pneumonia, and soft tissue infection due to myroides odoratimimus: Report of a case and review of myroides infections. Infection. 2011;39(2):161-165. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0077-1.
- 4. Schröttner P, Rudolph WW, Eing BR, Bertram S, Gunzer F. Comparison of VITEK2, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16S rDNA sequencing for identification of myroides odoratus and myroides odoratimimus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79(2):155-159.
- 5. Avcı D, Otkun M. Bazı antiseptik ve dezenfektanların antibakteriyel etkinliklerinin araştırılması. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2017;74(3):211-220.
- 6. Sultan N. Dezenfektanların mikroorganizma üzerine etkinliğinin ölçümü ve pratikteki önemi. In: Günaydın M, Esen Ş, Saniç A, Leblebicioğlu H, Sünbül M, ed. Sterilizasyon Dezenfeksiyon ve Hastane İnfeksiyonları’nda. İstanbul: Kaya Basım; 2002:27–40.
- 7. McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(1):147-179. doi:10.1128/CMR.12.1.147.
- 8. Selkon JB, Cherry GW, Wilson JM, Hughes MA. Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care. 2006;15(1):33-37. doi:10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861.
- 9. Sakarya S, Gunay N, Karakulak M, Ozturk B, Ertugrul B. Hypochlorous acid: An ideal wound care agent with powerful microbicidal, antibiofilm, and wound healing potency. Wounds a Compend Clin Res Pract. 2014;26(12):342-350.
- 10. Gunaydin M, Esen S, Karadag A, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Medilox® super-oxidized water. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014;13:29. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-13-29.
- 11. Moussa M, Chakra MA, Papatsoris AG, Dellis A, Dabboucy B, Fares Y. Bladder irrigation with povidone-iodine prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladder patients on clean intermittent catheterization. Neurourol Urodyn. 2021;40(2):672-679. doi:10.1002/nau.24607.
- 12. Wikström M, Levi R, Antepohl W. Bladder irrigation with Chlorhexidine reduces bacteriuria in persons with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(2):181-184. doi:10.2340/16501977-2298.
- 13. Pittet D, Simon A, Hugonnet S, Pessoa-Silva CL, Sauvan V, Perneger TV. Hand hygiene among physicians: Performance, beliefs, and perceptions. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(1):1-8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00008.
- 14. Maki DG. The use of antiseptics for handwashing by medical personnel. J Chemother. 1989;1 Suppl 1:3-11. doi:10.1080/1120009x.1989.11738936.
- 15. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Pro. 2002;51(RR-16):1-45.
- 16. Russell AD. Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3(2):99-119. doi:10.1128/CMR.3.2.99.
- 17. GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024;404(10459):1199-1226. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1.
- 18. Lotfinejad N, Peters A, Tartari E, Fankhauser-Rodriguez C, Pires D, Pittet D. Hand hygiene in health care: 20 years of ongoing advances and perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(8):e209-e221. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00383-2. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(10):e302. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00476-X.
- 19. Stadler RN, Tschudin-Sutter S. What is new with hand hygiene? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(4):327-332. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000654.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Microbiology |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 19, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | February 24, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Issue: 25 |
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