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COVID-19 ve Döviz Kurunun Zeytinyağı Piyasaları ve Gıda Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 123 - 137, 30.06.2025

Faruk Urak , Nihat Küçük , Gürkan Bozma , Abdulbaki Bilgiç , Mehmet Selim Yıldız

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 ve dışsal dolar döviz kuru değişkenleri kullanılarak Türkiye’de sızma zeytinyağı ile ham zeytinyağı piyasalarındaki uzun vadeli dalgalanma yayılımlarının belirlenmesi ve bu geçişkenliklerin asimetrikliğini araştırmaktır. Bu araştırma için gerekli analizler, Mayıs 2005 ile Haziran 2024 arasındaki döneme ait günlük veriler kullanılarak VECM (1)-Asimetrik BEKK-GARCH (1, 1) modeli ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ampirik bulgulara göre, hem kısa vadeli şoklar hem de uzun dönemli belirsizlikler sızma ve ham zeytinyağı getiri serilerinin koşullu varyanslarını önemli düzeyde artırmıştır. Sızma zeytinyağı piyasasındaki uzun vadeli belirsizliğin artışı, ham zeytinyağı piyasasındaki uzun dönemli volatiliteyi azaltıcı bir etki yapmaktadır. Sızma ve ham zeytinyağı getiri serilerinin şartlı varyanslarının uzun vadede COVID-19’dan kaynaklanan dalgalanmalardan negatif yönde etkilendikleri görülmüştür. Uzun vadede COVID-19, piyasalar arası ikili etkileşimlerdeki belirsizlikleri artırmış ve tüketicilerin ham ve sızma zeytinyağına erişimini olumsuz etkileyerek gıda güvenliğini ciddi şekilde tehdit etmiştir. Döviz kurundaki dalgalanmaların sızma ve ham zeytinyağı piyasalarındaki oynaklıkları azalttığı gözlenmiştir. Türkiye'deki politika yapıcılara, pandemi veya benzeri krizler nedeniyle küresel gıda tedarik zincirlerinin bozulma olasılığı dikkate alınarak gıda ürünlerine yönelik spesifik politikaların uygulanması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

COVID-19 döviz kuru zeytinyağı piyasaları fiyatlar oynaklık gıda güvenliği

Ethical Statement

Sorumlu yazar olarak tüm yazarlar adına, yayınlanmak üzere derginize gönderdiğimiz “Impacts of COVID-19 and Exchange Rates on Olive Oil Markets and Food Security” başlıklı çalışmada kullanılan sızma ve ham zeytinyağı fiyatlarına ilişkin veriler, Aydın ve Edremit Emtia Borsası Piyasaları Veri Tabanı'nın günlük kayıtlarından elde edilmiştir. Reel dolar döviz kuru serileri ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası'nın (TCMB) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi'nden (EVDS) elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; Etik Kurul Onay Belgesi gerektiren anket, mülakat, odak grup çalışması, gözlem, deney, görüşme gibi herhangi bir teknikle elde edilebilen veriler kullanılmamıştır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma için Etik Kurul Onay Belgesi gerekmemektedir. Saygılarımla arz ederim.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışmada herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır.

References

  • Arfaoui, M., Erraach, Y. & Boudiche, S. (2022). The Performance of the Tunisian Olive Oil Exports within the New Distribution of World Demand. New Medit, 21(02), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.30682/nm2202b
  • Askan, E., Urak, F. & Bilgic, A. (2022). Revealing Asymmetric Spillover Effects in Hazelnut, Gasoline, and Exchange Rate Markets in Turkey: The VECM-BEKK MGARCH Approach. Panoeconomicus, 69(1), 35-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PAN190509005A Azak, Ş. & Tuzun, Y. T. (2012). Value Chain Analysis of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in March. Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2(2012) 51-55. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5828/2012.01.007
  • Bajoub, A., Olmo-García, L., Ouazzani, N., Monasterio, R. P., Beltrán, G. & Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2016). Geographical Indication Labels in Moroccan Olive Oil Sector: Territorial Dimension and Characterization of Typicality: A Case Study of Meknès Region. In Products from Olive Tree. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51840 Bozma, G., Urak, F., Bilgic, A. & Florkowski, W. J. (2023). The Volatility of Beef and Lamb Prices in Turkiye: The Role of COVID–19, Livestock Imports, and Energy Prices. PLoS ONE, 18(3): e0282611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282611 Clodoveo, M. L., Camposeo, S., De Gennaro, B., Pascuzzi, S. & Roselli, L. (2014). In the Ancient World, Virgin Olive Oil Was Called “Liquid Gold” by Homer and “The Great Healer” by Hippocrates. Why Has This Mythic Image Been Forgotten? Food Research International, 62, 1062-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.034
  • Dağ, Ç., Demirtaş, İ., Özdemir, İ. S., Bekiroglu, S. & Ertaş, E. (2015). Biochemical Characterization of Turkish Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Six Different Olive Varieties of Identical Growing Conditions. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92(9), 1349-1356
  • Engle, R. F. & Kroner, K. F. (1995). Multivariate Simultaneous Generalized ARCH. Econometric Theory, 11(1), 122-150.
  • Ezekiel, M., (1938). The Cobweb Theorem. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 52(2), 255-280.
  • Farid, S., Naeem, M. A., Paltrinieri, A. & Nepal, R. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the Quantile Connectedness between Energy, Metals and Agriculture Commodities. Energy Economics, 109, 105962.
  • Francesca, N., Planeta, D. & Todaro, A. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 in the Italian Wine and Olive Oil Sector. In COVID-19 and Communities: The University of Palermo's Voices and Analyses During the Pandemic. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88622-6_21
  • Gázquez‐Abad, J. C. & Sánchez‐Pérez, M. (2009). Factors Influencing Olive Oil Brand Choice in Spain: An Empirical Analysis Using Scanner Data. Agribusiness An International Journal, 25(1), 36-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.20183
  • Ghadir, A. H., Vandchali, H. R., Fallah, M. & Tırkolaee, E. B. (2022). Evaluating the Impacts of COVID-19 Outbreak on Supply Chain Risks by Modified Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: A Case Study in An Automotive Company. Annals of Operations Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04651-1
  • Gontijo, T. S. (2020). Analysis of Olive Oil Market Volatility Using the Arch and Garch Techniques. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 423–428. https://www.zbw.eu/econis-archiv/bitstream/11159/8373/1/1753940400_0.pdf
  • Gorzynik-Debicka, M., Przychodzen, P., Cappello, F., Kuban-Jankowska, A., Marino Gammazza, A., Knap, N., ... & Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2018). Potential Health Benefits of Olive Oil and Plant Polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030686
  • Gökçebağ, M., Dıraman, H. & Özdemir, D. (2013). Classification of Turkish Monocultivar (Ayvalık and Memecik Cv.) Virgin Olive Oils from North and South Zones of Aegean Region Based on Their Triacyglycerol Profiles. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(11), 1661-1671.
  • Grier, K.B., Henry, T.O., Olekalns, N. & Shields, K. (2004). The Asymmetric Effects of Uncertainty on Inflation and Output Growth. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(5), 551-565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.763 International Olive Council (2023). Olive Oil Prices-April 2023 Update. Erişim Adresi: https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IOC-prices-rev-0-1.html, Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2023. İlyasoğlu, H., Özçelik, B., Hoed, V. V. & Verhé, R. (2010). Characterization of Aegean Olive Oils by Their Minor Compounds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(6), 627-636.
  • Johansen, S. (1995). Identifying Restrictions of Linear Equations with Applications to Simultaneous Equations and Cointegration. Journal of Econometrics, 69(1), 111-132.
  • Küçük, N., Urak, F., Bozma, G. & Bilgic, A. (2022). The Long-Term Volatility Spillovers between Egg and Feed Wheat Prices during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkiye. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 741-753. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1128935
  • Li, G. (2024). Research on Global Olive Oil Price Forecasting. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 30, 84-90. https://drpress.org/ojs/index.php/HBEM/article/view/19778
  • Mili, S. & Bouhaddane, M. (2021). Forecasting Global Developments and Challenges in Olive Oil Supply and Demand: A Delphi Survey from Spain. Agriculture, 11(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030191
  • Monge, M. (2024). Trends and Persistence in Global Olive Oil Prices After COVID-19. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 23(5), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-024-00481-x
  • Rahman, S. & Serletis, A. (2012). Oil Price Uncertainty and the Canadian Economy, Evidence from a VARMA, GARCH-in-Mean, Asymmetric BEKK Model. Energy Economics 34(29), 603-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.014 Ramsey, A.F., Goodwin, B. K., Hahn, W. F. & Holt, M. T. (2021). Impacts of COVID‐19 and Price Transmission in US Meat Markets. Agricultural Economics, 52(3), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12628
  • Reboredo-Rodríguez, P., Varela-López, A., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Afrin, S., Cianciosi, D., ... & Giampieri, F. (2018). Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Olive Oil as Nutraceutical Tools for the Prevention and Management of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8), 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082305 Romo Munoz, R., Lagos Moya, M. & Gil, J. M. (2015). Market Values for Olive Oil Attributes in Chile: A Hedonic Price Function. British Food Journal, 117(1), 358-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2014-0009
  • Ruiz-Carrasco, B., Fernández-Lobato, L., López-Sánchez, Y. & Vera, D. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Olive Oil Production in Turkey, A Territory with An Intensive Production Project. Agriculture, 13(6), 1192.
  • Salas-Salvadó, J., Becerra-Tomás, N., García-Gavilán, J. F., Bullo, M. & Barrubes, L. (2018). Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: What Do We Know? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 61(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.006 Salisu, A.A. & Oloko, T.F. (2015). Modeling Oil Price–US Stock Nexus, A VARMA–BEKK–AGARCH Approach. Energy Economics, 50(C), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.03.031
  • Storniolo, C. E., Casillas, R., Bulló, M., Castañer, O., Ros, E., Sáez, G. T., ... & Moreno, J. J. (2017). A Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts Improves Endothelial Markers Involved in Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Women. European Journal of Nutrition, 56(1), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1060-5
  • Umar, Z., Gubareva, M. & Teplova, T. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Commodity Markets Volatility: Analyzing Time-Frequency Relations between Commodity Prices and Coronavirus Panic Levels. Resources Policy, 73, 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102164
  • Urak, F. (2023). Unraveling Turkish Agricultural Market Challenges: Consequences of COVID-19, Russia–Ukraine Conflict, and Energy Market Dynamics. Agribusiness, 41(2), 307-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21888
  • Urak, F., Bilgic, A., Dağdemir, V. & Özer, H. (2022). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Bağlamında Dana Karkas, Kuzu Karkas ve Yemlik Buğday Piyasalarının Koşullu Varyanslarındaki Oynaklığın VAR (2)-Asimetrik BEKK-GARCH (1, 1) Modeli ile Tahmin Edilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1), 31-41. DOI: 10.54614/AUAF.2022.956575
  • Urak, F., Bilgic, A., Florkowski, W. J. & Bozma, G. (2024). Confluence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Effects on Agricultural Commodity Prices and Food Security. Borsa Istanbul Review, 24(3), 506-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2024.02.008
  • Vlontzos, G. & Duquenne, M. N. (2014). Assess the Impact of Subjective Norms of Consumers' Behaviour in the Greek Olive Oil Market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.09.003
  • Xiong, B., Sumner, D. & Matthews, W. (2014). A New Market for an Old Food: The US Demand for Olive Oil. Agricultural Economics, 45(S1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12133

Impacts of COVID-19 and Exchange Rates on Olive Oil Markets and Food Security

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 123 - 137, 30.06.2025

Faruk Urak , Nihat Küçük , Gürkan Bozma , Abdulbaki Bilgiç , Mehmet Selim Yıldız

Abstract

The objective of this research is to identify the long-term fluctuation spillovers in the Turkish extra-virgin olive oil and crude olive oil markets using COVID-19 and the external dollar exchange rate variables and to examine the asymmetry of these spillovers. The analyses required for this research were performed with the VECM (1)-Asymmetric BEKK-GARCH (1, 1) model, using daily data for the period from May 2005 to June 2024. According to the empirical findings, both brief shocks and long-term uncertainties have significantly increased the conditional variances of the extra-virgin and crude olive oil return series. An increase in long-term uncertainty in the extra-virgin olive oil market has a dampening effect on the long-term volatility in the crude olive oil market. It was observed that the conditional variances of the extra-virgin and crude olive oil return series were negatively affected by fluctuations stemming from COVID-19 in the long run. In the long term, COVID-19 increased uncertainties in bilateral interactions between markets, seriously threatening food security by negatively impacting consumer access to crude and extra-virgin olive oil. It was noted that fluctuations in the exchange rate reduced the volatilities in the extra virgin and crude olive oil markets. It is recommended that policymakers in Turkey implement specific policies for food commodities, considering the possibility of disruptions in global food supply chains due to pandemics or similar crises.

Keywords

COVID-19 exchange rates olive oil markets prices volatility food security

References

  • Arfaoui, M., Erraach, Y. & Boudiche, S. (2022). The Performance of the Tunisian Olive Oil Exports within the New Distribution of World Demand. New Medit, 21(02), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.30682/nm2202b
  • Askan, E., Urak, F. & Bilgic, A. (2022). Revealing Asymmetric Spillover Effects in Hazelnut, Gasoline, and Exchange Rate Markets in Turkey: The VECM-BEKK MGARCH Approach. Panoeconomicus, 69(1), 35-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PAN190509005A Azak, Ş. & Tuzun, Y. T. (2012). Value Chain Analysis of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in March. Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2(2012) 51-55. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5828/2012.01.007
  • Bajoub, A., Olmo-García, L., Ouazzani, N., Monasterio, R. P., Beltrán, G. & Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2016). Geographical Indication Labels in Moroccan Olive Oil Sector: Territorial Dimension and Characterization of Typicality: A Case Study of Meknès Region. In Products from Olive Tree. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51840 Bozma, G., Urak, F., Bilgic, A. & Florkowski, W. J. (2023). The Volatility of Beef and Lamb Prices in Turkiye: The Role of COVID–19, Livestock Imports, and Energy Prices. PLoS ONE, 18(3): e0282611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282611 Clodoveo, M. L., Camposeo, S., De Gennaro, B., Pascuzzi, S. & Roselli, L. (2014). In the Ancient World, Virgin Olive Oil Was Called “Liquid Gold” by Homer and “The Great Healer” by Hippocrates. Why Has This Mythic Image Been Forgotten? Food Research International, 62, 1062-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.034
  • Dağ, Ç., Demirtaş, İ., Özdemir, İ. S., Bekiroglu, S. & Ertaş, E. (2015). Biochemical Characterization of Turkish Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Six Different Olive Varieties of Identical Growing Conditions. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92(9), 1349-1356
  • Engle, R. F. & Kroner, K. F. (1995). Multivariate Simultaneous Generalized ARCH. Econometric Theory, 11(1), 122-150.
  • Ezekiel, M., (1938). The Cobweb Theorem. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 52(2), 255-280.
  • Farid, S., Naeem, M. A., Paltrinieri, A. & Nepal, R. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the Quantile Connectedness between Energy, Metals and Agriculture Commodities. Energy Economics, 109, 105962.
  • Francesca, N., Planeta, D. & Todaro, A. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 in the Italian Wine and Olive Oil Sector. In COVID-19 and Communities: The University of Palermo's Voices and Analyses During the Pandemic. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88622-6_21
  • Gázquez‐Abad, J. C. & Sánchez‐Pérez, M. (2009). Factors Influencing Olive Oil Brand Choice in Spain: An Empirical Analysis Using Scanner Data. Agribusiness An International Journal, 25(1), 36-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.20183
  • Ghadir, A. H., Vandchali, H. R., Fallah, M. & Tırkolaee, E. B. (2022). Evaluating the Impacts of COVID-19 Outbreak on Supply Chain Risks by Modified Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: A Case Study in An Automotive Company. Annals of Operations Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04651-1
  • Gontijo, T. S. (2020). Analysis of Olive Oil Market Volatility Using the Arch and Garch Techniques. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 423–428. https://www.zbw.eu/econis-archiv/bitstream/11159/8373/1/1753940400_0.pdf
  • Gorzynik-Debicka, M., Przychodzen, P., Cappello, F., Kuban-Jankowska, A., Marino Gammazza, A., Knap, N., ... & Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2018). Potential Health Benefits of Olive Oil and Plant Polyphenols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030686
  • Gökçebağ, M., Dıraman, H. & Özdemir, D. (2013). Classification of Turkish Monocultivar (Ayvalık and Memecik Cv.) Virgin Olive Oils from North and South Zones of Aegean Region Based on Their Triacyglycerol Profiles. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(11), 1661-1671.
  • Grier, K.B., Henry, T.O., Olekalns, N. & Shields, K. (2004). The Asymmetric Effects of Uncertainty on Inflation and Output Growth. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(5), 551-565. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.763 International Olive Council (2023). Olive Oil Prices-April 2023 Update. Erişim Adresi: https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IOC-prices-rev-0-1.html, Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2023. İlyasoğlu, H., Özçelik, B., Hoed, V. V. & Verhé, R. (2010). Characterization of Aegean Olive Oils by Their Minor Compounds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(6), 627-636.
  • Johansen, S. (1995). Identifying Restrictions of Linear Equations with Applications to Simultaneous Equations and Cointegration. Journal of Econometrics, 69(1), 111-132.
  • Küçük, N., Urak, F., Bozma, G. & Bilgic, A. (2022). The Long-Term Volatility Spillovers between Egg and Feed Wheat Prices during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkiye. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 741-753. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1128935
  • Li, G. (2024). Research on Global Olive Oil Price Forecasting. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 30, 84-90. https://drpress.org/ojs/index.php/HBEM/article/view/19778
  • Mili, S. & Bouhaddane, M. (2021). Forecasting Global Developments and Challenges in Olive Oil Supply and Demand: A Delphi Survey from Spain. Agriculture, 11(3), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030191
  • Monge, M. (2024). Trends and Persistence in Global Olive Oil Prices After COVID-19. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 23(5), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-024-00481-x
  • Rahman, S. & Serletis, A. (2012). Oil Price Uncertainty and the Canadian Economy, Evidence from a VARMA, GARCH-in-Mean, Asymmetric BEKK Model. Energy Economics 34(29), 603-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.014 Ramsey, A.F., Goodwin, B. K., Hahn, W. F. & Holt, M. T. (2021). Impacts of COVID‐19 and Price Transmission in US Meat Markets. Agricultural Economics, 52(3), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12628
  • Reboredo-Rodríguez, P., Varela-López, A., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Afrin, S., Cianciosi, D., ... & Giampieri, F. (2018). Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Olive Oil as Nutraceutical Tools for the Prevention and Management of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8), 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082305 Romo Munoz, R., Lagos Moya, M. & Gil, J. M. (2015). Market Values for Olive Oil Attributes in Chile: A Hedonic Price Function. British Food Journal, 117(1), 358-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2014-0009
  • Ruiz-Carrasco, B., Fernández-Lobato, L., López-Sánchez, Y. & Vera, D. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Olive Oil Production in Turkey, A Territory with An Intensive Production Project. Agriculture, 13(6), 1192.
  • Salas-Salvadó, J., Becerra-Tomás, N., García-Gavilán, J. F., Bullo, M. & Barrubes, L. (2018). Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: What Do We Know? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 61(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.006 Salisu, A.A. & Oloko, T.F. (2015). Modeling Oil Price–US Stock Nexus, A VARMA–BEKK–AGARCH Approach. Energy Economics, 50(C), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.03.031
  • Storniolo, C. E., Casillas, R., Bulló, M., Castañer, O., Ros, E., Sáez, G. T., ... & Moreno, J. J. (2017). A Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts Improves Endothelial Markers Involved in Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Women. European Journal of Nutrition, 56(1), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1060-5
  • Umar, Z., Gubareva, M. & Teplova, T. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Commodity Markets Volatility: Analyzing Time-Frequency Relations between Commodity Prices and Coronavirus Panic Levels. Resources Policy, 73, 102164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102164
  • Urak, F. (2023). Unraveling Turkish Agricultural Market Challenges: Consequences of COVID-19, Russia–Ukraine Conflict, and Energy Market Dynamics. Agribusiness, 41(2), 307-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21888
  • Urak, F., Bilgic, A., Dağdemir, V. & Özer, H. (2022). Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Bağlamında Dana Karkas, Kuzu Karkas ve Yemlik Buğday Piyasalarının Koşullu Varyanslarındaki Oynaklığın VAR (2)-Asimetrik BEKK-GARCH (1, 1) Modeli ile Tahmin Edilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1), 31-41. DOI: 10.54614/AUAF.2022.956575
  • Urak, F., Bilgic, A., Florkowski, W. J. & Bozma, G. (2024). Confluence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Effects on Agricultural Commodity Prices and Food Security. Borsa Istanbul Review, 24(3), 506-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2024.02.008
  • Vlontzos, G. & Duquenne, M. N. (2014). Assess the Impact of Subjective Norms of Consumers' Behaviour in the Greek Olive Oil Market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.09.003
  • Xiong, B., Sumner, D. & Matthews, W. (2014). A New Market for an Old Food: The US Demand for Olive Oil. Agricultural Economics, 45(S1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12133
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Natural Resources Economy, Financial Economy, Agricultural Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Faruk Urak 0000-0002-2592-0589

Nihat Küçük 0000-0002-1483-0422

Gürkan Bozma 0000-0003-4047-9012

Abdulbaki Bilgiç 0000-0001-5946-0915

Mehmet Selim Yıldız 0000-0001-5065-4959

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date September 25, 2024
Acceptance Date May 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Urak, F., Küçük, N., Bozma, G., Bilgiç, A., et al. (2025). Impacts of COVID-19 and Exchange Rates on Olive Oil Markets and Food Security. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1552946
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