Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Normative Biases in Peace Studies: A Critical Examination of the Liberal/Illiberal Peace Concepts

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 252 - 267, 30.06.2025

Cavit Emre Aytekin

Abstract

This study examines the liberal/illiberal dichotomy in peace studies, highlighting how normative biases embedded within this framework marginalizes alternative approaches to peacebuilding. The liberal peace model has shaped both academic discourse and policy paradigms in peace processes. However, its intellectual and practical hegemony often reduces non-liberal or hybrid frameworks to "illiberal" approaches, portraying them as deficient or unstable. This normative bias simplifies the diversity of conflict resolution efforts and neglects context-specific strategies. The study addresses the question: How does the liberal/illiberal dichotomy limit our understanding of international peace processes, and what conceptual alternatives can foster a more inclusive framework? Using critical analysis and conceptual inquiry, the study proposes a multi-normative approach, informed by distinctions between process- and content-related norms, to better account for the complexity of peace efforts. The discussion underscore the need to move beyond binary framings and embrace inclusive frameworks that reflect the diversity of peacebuilding strategies in varying geopolitical and cultural contexts.

Keywords

Normative Bias Illiberal Peace Liberal Peace Authoritarian Conflict Management

References

  • Abdenur, A. E. (2019). UN Peacekeeping in a Multipolar World Order: Norms, Role Expectations, and Leadership. In: C. de Coning & M. Peter (Eds.), United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order (pp. 45-65). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acharya, A. (2013). The R2P and Norm Diffusion: Towards a Framework of Norm Circulation. Global Responsibility to Protect, 5(4), 466-479. doi:10.1163/1875984X-00504006
  • Acharya, A. (2017). After liberal hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order. Ethics & International Affairs, 31(3), 271-285. doi:10.1017/S089267941700020X
  • Akinola, A. O. & Uzodike, U. O. (2018). Ubuntu and the Quest for Conflict Resolution in Africa. Journal of Black Studies, 49(2), 91-113. doi:10.1177/0021934717736186
  • Ambrosio, T. (2008). Catching the ‘Shanghai spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 60(8), 1321-1344. doi:10.1080/09668130802292143
  • Bayerlein, M., Kamin, K. & Krahmann, E. (2024). From Negative to Positive Peace: How Norms Relate to Different Peace Dimensions. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1-21. doi:10.1080/17502977.2024.2335609
  • Ben-Josef Hirsch, M. & Dixon, J. M. (2021). Conceptualizing and Assessing Norm Strength in International Relations. European Journal of International Relations, 27(2), 521-547. doi:10.1177/1354066120949628
  • Checkel, J. T. (1999). Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 43(1), 83-114. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00112
  • Chetail, V. & Jütersonke, O. (2014). Introduction. In: V. Chetail & O. Jütersonke (Eds.), Peacebuilding Critical Concepts in Military, Strategic, and Security Studies (pp. 1-12). New York: Routledge.
  • Cheung, H. (2019). The Rise of Illiberal Peacebuilding and Authoritarian Modes of Conflict Management. The Cornell International Affairs Review, 13(1), 4-41. doi:10.37513/ciar.v13i1.547
  • Cortell, A. P. & Davis Jr, J. W. (2000). Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A research Agenda. International Studies Review, 2(1), 65-87. doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00184
  • De Coning, C. (2018). Adaptive Peacebuilding. International Affairs, 94(2), 301-317. doi:10.1093/ia/iix251
  • Deitelhoff, N. & Zimmermann, L. (2020). Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Robustness of International Norms. International Studies Review, 22(1), 51-76. doi:10.1093/isr/viy080
  • Diehl, P. F. (2024). Charting the Norms–Peace Relationship: Looking Back to Look Ahead. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1-18. doi:10.1080/17502977.2024.2407192
  • Diprose, R. & Azca, M. N. (2020). Conflict Management in Indonesia’s Post-Authoritarian Democracy: Resource Contestation, Power Dynamics and Brokerage. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 191-221. doi:10.1080/14678802.2019.1705074
  • Duffield, M. (2007). Development, Security and Unending War. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Eminoğlu, A. & Köse, B. (2022). Liberal Barış İnşası ve Geleneksel Çatışma Çözme Yaklaşımlarının Hibrit Barış Modeli Oluşturma Potansiyeli: Ubuntu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 15(30), 203-223. doi:10.19060/gav.1131169
  • Epstein, C. (2012a). Stop Telling us How to Behave: Socialization or Infantilization? International Studies Perspectives, 13(2), 135-145. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00458.x
  • Epstein, C. (2012b). Symposium: Interrogating the Use of Norms in International Relations: An Introduction. International Studies Perspectives, 13(2), 121-122. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00463.x
  • Federer, J. P. (2019). We Do Negotiate With Terrorists: Navigating Liberal and Illiberal Norms in Peace Mediation. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(1), 19-39.
  • Federer, J. P. (2023). NGOs Mediating Peace: Promoting Inclusion in Myanmar’s Nationwide Ceasefire Negotiations. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 52(4), 887-917. doi:10.1162/002081898550789
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (2001). Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics. Annual Review Of Political Science, 4(1), 391-416. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.391
  • Gill-Tiney, P. (2022). A Liberal Peace?: The Growth of Liberal Norms and the Decline of Interstate Violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 66(3), 413-442. doi:10.1177/00220027211035554
  • Hellmüller, S., Federer, J. P. & Zeller, M. (2015). The Role of Norms in International Peace Mediation. Bern: Swisspeace and NOREF. Erişim Adresi: https://noref.no/insights/publications/themes/peacebuilding-and-mediation/on-inclusivity-the-role-of-norms-in-international-peace-mediation, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2024
  • Höglund, K. & Orjuela, C. (2012). Hybrid Peace Governance and Illiberal Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 18(1), 89-104. doi:10.1163/19426720-01801008
  • Huda, Q.-u. (2010). Crescent and Dove: Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. & Kupchan, C. A. (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44(3), 283-315. doi:10.1017/S002081830003530X
  • Jarstad, A. K. & Sisk, T. D. (2008). Introduction. In: A. K. Jarstad & T. D. Sisk (Eds.), From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
  • Joshi, M., Lee, S. Y. & Mac Ginty, R. (2014). Just How Liberal is the Liberal Peace? International Peacekeeping, 21(3), 364-389. doi:10.1080/13533312.2014.932065
  • Jütersonke, O., Kobayashi, K., Krause, K. & Yuan, X. (2021). Norm Contestation and Normative Transformation in Global Peacebuilding Order (s): The cases of China, Japan, and Russia. International Studies Quarterly, 65(4), 944-959. doi:10.1093/isq/sqab060
  • Keen, M. (2021). Assessing Authoritarian Conflict Management in the Middle East and Central Asia. Conflict, Security & Development, 21(3), 245-272. doi:10.1080/14678802.2021.1940011
  • Kostic, R. & Eriksson, M. (2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace From the Ashes of War? In. New York: Routledge.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185-205. doi:10.1017/S0020818300018920
  • Laruelle, M. (2022). Illiberalism: A Conceptual Introduction. East European Politics, 38(2), 303-327. doi:10.1080/21599165.2022.2037079
  • Lewis, D. (2012). Who’s Socialising Whom? Regional Organisations and Contested Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 64(7), 1219-1237. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.701391
  • Lewis, D. (2024). Illiberal Peace? Illiberalism in Peacebuilding, Mediation, and Conflict Resolution. In: M. Laruelle (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Illiberalism (pp. 733–746). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lewis, D., Heathershaw, J. & Megoran, N. (2018). Illiberal Peace? Authoritarian Modes of Conflict Management. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(4), 486-506. doi:10.1177/001083671876590
  • Linsenmaier, T., Schmidt, D. R. & Spandler, K. (2021). On the Meaning (s) of Norms: Ambiguity and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic World. Review of International Studies, 47(4), 508-527. doi:10.1017/S0260210521000371
  • Mac Ginty, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. Security Dialogue, 41(4), 391-412. doi: 10.1177/0967010610374312
  • McKeown, R. (2009). Norm Regress: US Revisionism and the Slow Death of the Torture Norm. International relations, 23(1), 5-25. doi:10.1177/0047117808100607
  • Mitchell, C. (2024). ‘Illiberal’ Peace and the Nature of ‘Illiberality’: Concepts and Cases. International Negotiation, 29(1), 11-43. doi:10.1163/15718069-20231352
  • Nadarajah, S. & Rampton, D. (2015). The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace. Review of International Studies, 41(1), 49-72. doi:10.1017/S0260210514000060
  • Newman, E., Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2009). Introduction. In: E. Newman, R. Paris & O. P. Richmond (Eds.), New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding (pp. 3-25). New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Ohanyan, A. (2024). ‘Illiberal Peace’: Oxymoron, Political Necessity, or Old Wine in a New Bottle. International Negotiation, 29(1), 44-85. doi:10.1163/15718069-bja10081
  • Owen, C., Juraev, S., Lewis, D., Megoran, N. & Heathershaw, J. (2018). Interrogating Illiberal Peace in Eurasia: Critical Perspectives on Peace and Conflict. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Özerdem, A. & Lee, S. (2015). International Peacebuilding: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Panke, D. & Petersohn, U. (2012). Why International Norms Disappear Sometimes. European Journal of International Relations, 18(4), 719-742. doi:10.1177/1354066111407690
  • Park, S. (2005). Norm Diffusion within International Organizations: A Case Study of the World Bank. Journal of International Relations and Development, 8, 111-141. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800051
  • Pereira, M. M. (2019). The Liberal Peace and its Contesting Universal Values: a Theoretical Approach to the Development of Hybrid Forms of Political Order in Post Conflict Societies. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 427-453. doi:10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n2.10.p427
  • Pugh, M., Cooper, N., Turner, M. (2008). Conclusion: The Political Economy of Peacebuilding — Whose Peace? Where Next?. In: Pugh, M., Cooper, N. & Turner, M. (Eds.), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding (pp. 390-397). London: Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Peter, M. & Rice, H. (2022). Non-Western Approaches to Peacemaking and Peacebuilding: State-of-the-art and an Agenda for Research. Retrieved from University of Edinburgh, Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform: Erişim Adresi: https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/State-of-the-Art-Report-Digital-1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2024
  • Prytz, L. (2017). Whose Peace?” A Content of Ideas Analysis of the Underlying Norms of Democratic Involvement in Peacemaking–as Improvers of Circumstances for Legitimate Peace Processes, or as Complicating Idealist Norms.” (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.
  • Pscherer, D. (2021). Analysis of Normative Orders in International Mediation: Lessons learned from the Colombian Peace Process. Encuentro Latinoamericano, 6(1), 7-27.
  • Raymond, G. A. (2000). International Norms: Normative Orders and Peace. In: J. A. Vasquez (Ed.), What do we know about war (pp. 281-297). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006a). Human Security and the Liberal Peace: Tensions and Contradictions. Whitehead Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 75-87. Richmond, O. P. (2006b). The Problem of Peace: Understanding the ‘Liberal Peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3), 291-314. doi:10.1080/14678800600933480
  • Richmond, O. P. (2012). A post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge.
  • Richmond, O. P., Björkdahl, A. & Kappler, S. (2011). The Emerging EU Peacebuilding Framework: Confirming or Transcending Liberal Peacebuilding? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24(3), 449-469. doi:10.1080/09557571.2011.586331
  • Sandholtz, W. (2008). Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules Against Wartime Plunder. European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 101-131. doi:10.1177/1354066107087766
  • Smith, C. Q., Waldorf, L., Venugopal, R. & McCarthy, G. (2020). Illiberal Peace-Building in Asia: A Comparative Overview. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 1-14. doi:10.1080/14678802.2019.1705066
  • Subedi, D. (2022). The Emergence of Populist Nationalism and ‘Illiberal’ Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Asian Studies Review, 46(2), 272-292. doi:10.1080/10357823.2021.1983519
  • Tom, P. (2018). A ‘Post-Liberal Peace’via Ubuntu? Peacebuilding, 6(1), 65-79. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1040605
  • Tourinho, M., Stuenkel, O. & Brockmeier, S. (2016). “Responsibility while Protecting”: Reforming R2P Implementation. Global Society, 30(1), 134-150. doi:10.1080/13600826.2015.1094452
  • Wallis, J. (2018). Is There Still a Place for Liberal Peacebuilding? In: J. Wallis, L. Kent, M. Forsyth, S. Dinnen & S. Bose (Eds.), Hybridity on the Ground in Peacebuilding and Development (pp. 83-89). Acton: ANU Press.
  • Walton, O. (2012). Between War and the Liberal Peace: The Politics of NGO Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. International Peacekeeping, 19(1), 19-34. doi:10.1080/13533312.2012.642143
  • Wiener, A. (2004). Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 10(2), 189-234. doi:10.1177/1354066104042934
  • Wiener, A. (2009). Enacting Meaning-in-Use: Qualitative Research on Norms and International Relations. Review of International Studies, 35(1), 175-193. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008377
  • Winston, C. (2018). Norm Structure, Diffusion, and Evolution: A Conceptual Approach. European Journal of International Relations, 24(3), 638-661. doi:10.1177/1354066117720794
  • Wolff, J. (2015). Beyond the Liberal Peace: Latin American Inspirations for Post-Liberal Peacebuilding. Peacebuilding, 3(3), 279-296. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1040606
  • Wong, K. C. (2021). The Rise of China’s Developmental Peace: Can an Economic Approach to Peacebuilding Create Sustainable Peace? Global Society, 35(4), 522-540. doi:10.1080/13600826.2021.1942802
  • Yan, X. (2011). International Leadership and Norm Evolution. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 4(3), 233-264. doi:10.1093/cjip/por013

Barış Çalışmalarında Normatif Önyargılar: Liberal/İlliberal Barış Konseptlerinin Eleştirel Bir İncelemesi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 252 - 267, 30.06.2025

Cavit Emre Aytekin

Abstract

Bu çalışma, barış çalışmalarındaki liberal/illiberal ikilemini inceleyerek, bu çerçeveye yerleşmiş normatif önyargıların barışın inşasına yönelik alternatif yaklaşımları ne şekilde marjinalleştirdiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Liberal barış modeli, barış süreçlerinde hem akademik söylemi hem de politika paradigmalarını şekillendirmiştir. Ancak bu modelin entelektüel ve pratik hegemonyası, liberal olmayan ya da melez çerçeveleri genellikle “liberal olmayan” yaklaşımlara indirgeyerek eksik ya da istikrarsız olarak tasvir etmektedir. Bu normatif önyargı, çatışma çözümü çabalarının çok çeşitliliğini basitleştirmekte ve bağlama özgü stratejileri ihmal etmektedir. Bu çalışma şu soruyu ele almaktadır: Liberal/illiberal ikilemi uluslararası barış süreçlerine ilişkin anlayışımızı nasıl sınırlandırmaktadır ve hangi kavramsal alternatifler daha kapsayıcı bir çerçeveyi teşvik edebilir? Eleştirel analiz ve kavramsal sorgulamayı kullanan çalışma, barış anlayışlarının çeşitliliğini daha iyi açıklamak için süreç ve içerikle ilgili normlar arasındaki farklılıklarla şekillenen çoklu normatif bir yaklaşım önermektedir. Tartışma, ikili çerçevelerin ötesine geçme ve farklı jeopolitik ve kültürel bağlamlarda barış inşası stratejilerinin çeşitliliğini yansıtan kapsayıcı çerçeveleri benimseme ihtiyacının altını çizmektedir.

Keywords

Normatif Önyargı İlliberal Barış Liberal Barış Otoriter Çatışma Yönetimi

References

  • Abdenur, A. E. (2019). UN Peacekeeping in a Multipolar World Order: Norms, Role Expectations, and Leadership. In: C. de Coning & M. Peter (Eds.), United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order (pp. 45-65). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acharya, A. (2013). The R2P and Norm Diffusion: Towards a Framework of Norm Circulation. Global Responsibility to Protect, 5(4), 466-479. doi:10.1163/1875984X-00504006
  • Acharya, A. (2017). After liberal hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order. Ethics & International Affairs, 31(3), 271-285. doi:10.1017/S089267941700020X
  • Akinola, A. O. & Uzodike, U. O. (2018). Ubuntu and the Quest for Conflict Resolution in Africa. Journal of Black Studies, 49(2), 91-113. doi:10.1177/0021934717736186
  • Ambrosio, T. (2008). Catching the ‘Shanghai spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 60(8), 1321-1344. doi:10.1080/09668130802292143
  • Bayerlein, M., Kamin, K. & Krahmann, E. (2024). From Negative to Positive Peace: How Norms Relate to Different Peace Dimensions. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1-21. doi:10.1080/17502977.2024.2335609
  • Ben-Josef Hirsch, M. & Dixon, J. M. (2021). Conceptualizing and Assessing Norm Strength in International Relations. European Journal of International Relations, 27(2), 521-547. doi:10.1177/1354066120949628
  • Checkel, J. T. (1999). Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 43(1), 83-114. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00112
  • Chetail, V. & Jütersonke, O. (2014). Introduction. In: V. Chetail & O. Jütersonke (Eds.), Peacebuilding Critical Concepts in Military, Strategic, and Security Studies (pp. 1-12). New York: Routledge.
  • Cheung, H. (2019). The Rise of Illiberal Peacebuilding and Authoritarian Modes of Conflict Management. The Cornell International Affairs Review, 13(1), 4-41. doi:10.37513/ciar.v13i1.547
  • Cortell, A. P. & Davis Jr, J. W. (2000). Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A research Agenda. International Studies Review, 2(1), 65-87. doi:10.1111/1521-9488.00184
  • De Coning, C. (2018). Adaptive Peacebuilding. International Affairs, 94(2), 301-317. doi:10.1093/ia/iix251
  • Deitelhoff, N. & Zimmermann, L. (2020). Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Robustness of International Norms. International Studies Review, 22(1), 51-76. doi:10.1093/isr/viy080
  • Diehl, P. F. (2024). Charting the Norms–Peace Relationship: Looking Back to Look Ahead. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1-18. doi:10.1080/17502977.2024.2407192
  • Diprose, R. & Azca, M. N. (2020). Conflict Management in Indonesia’s Post-Authoritarian Democracy: Resource Contestation, Power Dynamics and Brokerage. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 191-221. doi:10.1080/14678802.2019.1705074
  • Duffield, M. (2007). Development, Security and Unending War. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Eminoğlu, A. & Köse, B. (2022). Liberal Barış İnşası ve Geleneksel Çatışma Çözme Yaklaşımlarının Hibrit Barış Modeli Oluşturma Potansiyeli: Ubuntu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 15(30), 203-223. doi:10.19060/gav.1131169
  • Epstein, C. (2012a). Stop Telling us How to Behave: Socialization or Infantilization? International Studies Perspectives, 13(2), 135-145. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00458.x
  • Epstein, C. (2012b). Symposium: Interrogating the Use of Norms in International Relations: An Introduction. International Studies Perspectives, 13(2), 121-122. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00463.x
  • Federer, J. P. (2019). We Do Negotiate With Terrorists: Navigating Liberal and Illiberal Norms in Peace Mediation. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(1), 19-39.
  • Federer, J. P. (2023). NGOs Mediating Peace: Promoting Inclusion in Myanmar’s Nationwide Ceasefire Negotiations. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 52(4), 887-917. doi:10.1162/002081898550789
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (2001). Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics. Annual Review Of Political Science, 4(1), 391-416. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.391
  • Gill-Tiney, P. (2022). A Liberal Peace?: The Growth of Liberal Norms and the Decline of Interstate Violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 66(3), 413-442. doi:10.1177/00220027211035554
  • Hellmüller, S., Federer, J. P. & Zeller, M. (2015). The Role of Norms in International Peace Mediation. Bern: Swisspeace and NOREF. Erişim Adresi: https://noref.no/insights/publications/themes/peacebuilding-and-mediation/on-inclusivity-the-role-of-norms-in-international-peace-mediation, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2024
  • Höglund, K. & Orjuela, C. (2012). Hybrid Peace Governance and Illiberal Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 18(1), 89-104. doi:10.1163/19426720-01801008
  • Huda, Q.-u. (2010). Crescent and Dove: Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. & Kupchan, C. A. (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44(3), 283-315. doi:10.1017/S002081830003530X
  • Jarstad, A. K. & Sisk, T. D. (2008). Introduction. In: A. K. Jarstad & T. D. Sisk (Eds.), From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
  • Joshi, M., Lee, S. Y. & Mac Ginty, R. (2014). Just How Liberal is the Liberal Peace? International Peacekeeping, 21(3), 364-389. doi:10.1080/13533312.2014.932065
  • Jütersonke, O., Kobayashi, K., Krause, K. & Yuan, X. (2021). Norm Contestation and Normative Transformation in Global Peacebuilding Order (s): The cases of China, Japan, and Russia. International Studies Quarterly, 65(4), 944-959. doi:10.1093/isq/sqab060
  • Keen, M. (2021). Assessing Authoritarian Conflict Management in the Middle East and Central Asia. Conflict, Security & Development, 21(3), 245-272. doi:10.1080/14678802.2021.1940011
  • Kostic, R. & Eriksson, M. (2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace From the Ashes of War? In. New York: Routledge.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185-205. doi:10.1017/S0020818300018920
  • Laruelle, M. (2022). Illiberalism: A Conceptual Introduction. East European Politics, 38(2), 303-327. doi:10.1080/21599165.2022.2037079
  • Lewis, D. (2012). Who’s Socialising Whom? Regional Organisations and Contested Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 64(7), 1219-1237. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.701391
  • Lewis, D. (2024). Illiberal Peace? Illiberalism in Peacebuilding, Mediation, and Conflict Resolution. In: M. Laruelle (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Illiberalism (pp. 733–746). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lewis, D., Heathershaw, J. & Megoran, N. (2018). Illiberal Peace? Authoritarian Modes of Conflict Management. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(4), 486-506. doi:10.1177/001083671876590
  • Linsenmaier, T., Schmidt, D. R. & Spandler, K. (2021). On the Meaning (s) of Norms: Ambiguity and Global Governance in a Post-Hegemonic World. Review of International Studies, 47(4), 508-527. doi:10.1017/S0260210521000371
  • Mac Ginty, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. Security Dialogue, 41(4), 391-412. doi: 10.1177/0967010610374312
  • McKeown, R. (2009). Norm Regress: US Revisionism and the Slow Death of the Torture Norm. International relations, 23(1), 5-25. doi:10.1177/0047117808100607
  • Mitchell, C. (2024). ‘Illiberal’ Peace and the Nature of ‘Illiberality’: Concepts and Cases. International Negotiation, 29(1), 11-43. doi:10.1163/15718069-20231352
  • Nadarajah, S. & Rampton, D. (2015). The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace. Review of International Studies, 41(1), 49-72. doi:10.1017/S0260210514000060
  • Newman, E., Paris, R. & Richmond, O. P. (2009). Introduction. In: E. Newman, R. Paris & O. P. Richmond (Eds.), New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding (pp. 3-25). New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Ohanyan, A. (2024). ‘Illiberal Peace’: Oxymoron, Political Necessity, or Old Wine in a New Bottle. International Negotiation, 29(1), 44-85. doi:10.1163/15718069-bja10081
  • Owen, C., Juraev, S., Lewis, D., Megoran, N. & Heathershaw, J. (2018). Interrogating Illiberal Peace in Eurasia: Critical Perspectives on Peace and Conflict. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Özerdem, A. & Lee, S. (2015). International Peacebuilding: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Panke, D. & Petersohn, U. (2012). Why International Norms Disappear Sometimes. European Journal of International Relations, 18(4), 719-742. doi:10.1177/1354066111407690
  • Park, S. (2005). Norm Diffusion within International Organizations: A Case Study of the World Bank. Journal of International Relations and Development, 8, 111-141. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800051
  • Pereira, M. M. (2019). The Liberal Peace and its Contesting Universal Values: a Theoretical Approach to the Development of Hybrid Forms of Political Order in Post Conflict Societies. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 427-453. doi:10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n2.10.p427
  • Pugh, M., Cooper, N., Turner, M. (2008). Conclusion: The Political Economy of Peacebuilding — Whose Peace? Where Next?. In: Pugh, M., Cooper, N. & Turner, M. (Eds.), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding (pp. 390-397). London: Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Peter, M. & Rice, H. (2022). Non-Western Approaches to Peacemaking and Peacebuilding: State-of-the-art and an Agenda for Research. Retrieved from University of Edinburgh, Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform: Erişim Adresi: https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/State-of-the-Art-Report-Digital-1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2024
  • Prytz, L. (2017). Whose Peace?” A Content of Ideas Analysis of the Underlying Norms of Democratic Involvement in Peacemaking–as Improvers of Circumstances for Legitimate Peace Processes, or as Complicating Idealist Norms.” (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.
  • Pscherer, D. (2021). Analysis of Normative Orders in International Mediation: Lessons learned from the Colombian Peace Process. Encuentro Latinoamericano, 6(1), 7-27.
  • Raymond, G. A. (2000). International Norms: Normative Orders and Peace. In: J. A. Vasquez (Ed.), What do we know about war (pp. 281-297). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006a). Human Security and the Liberal Peace: Tensions and Contradictions. Whitehead Journal of International Studies, 7(1), 75-87. Richmond, O. P. (2006b). The Problem of Peace: Understanding the ‘Liberal Peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3), 291-314. doi:10.1080/14678800600933480
  • Richmond, O. P. (2012). A post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge.
  • Richmond, O. P., Björkdahl, A. & Kappler, S. (2011). The Emerging EU Peacebuilding Framework: Confirming or Transcending Liberal Peacebuilding? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24(3), 449-469. doi:10.1080/09557571.2011.586331
  • Sandholtz, W. (2008). Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules Against Wartime Plunder. European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 101-131. doi:10.1177/1354066107087766
  • Smith, C. Q., Waldorf, L., Venugopal, R. & McCarthy, G. (2020). Illiberal Peace-Building in Asia: A Comparative Overview. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 1-14. doi:10.1080/14678802.2019.1705066
  • Subedi, D. (2022). The Emergence of Populist Nationalism and ‘Illiberal’ Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Asian Studies Review, 46(2), 272-292. doi:10.1080/10357823.2021.1983519
  • Tom, P. (2018). A ‘Post-Liberal Peace’via Ubuntu? Peacebuilding, 6(1), 65-79. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1040605
  • Tourinho, M., Stuenkel, O. & Brockmeier, S. (2016). “Responsibility while Protecting”: Reforming R2P Implementation. Global Society, 30(1), 134-150. doi:10.1080/13600826.2015.1094452
  • Wallis, J. (2018). Is There Still a Place for Liberal Peacebuilding? In: J. Wallis, L. Kent, M. Forsyth, S. Dinnen & S. Bose (Eds.), Hybridity on the Ground in Peacebuilding and Development (pp. 83-89). Acton: ANU Press.
  • Walton, O. (2012). Between War and the Liberal Peace: The Politics of NGO Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. International Peacekeeping, 19(1), 19-34. doi:10.1080/13533312.2012.642143
  • Wiener, A. (2004). Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 10(2), 189-234. doi:10.1177/1354066104042934
  • Wiener, A. (2009). Enacting Meaning-in-Use: Qualitative Research on Norms and International Relations. Review of International Studies, 35(1), 175-193. doi:10.1017/S0260210509008377
  • Winston, C. (2018). Norm Structure, Diffusion, and Evolution: A Conceptual Approach. European Journal of International Relations, 24(3), 638-661. doi:10.1177/1354066117720794
  • Wolff, J. (2015). Beyond the Liberal Peace: Latin American Inspirations for Post-Liberal Peacebuilding. Peacebuilding, 3(3), 279-296. doi:10.1080/21647259.2015.1040606
  • Wong, K. C. (2021). The Rise of China’s Developmental Peace: Can an Economic Approach to Peacebuilding Create Sustainable Peace? Global Society, 35(4), 522-540. doi:10.1080/13600826.2021.1942802
  • Yan, X. (2011). International Leadership and Norm Evolution. Chinese Journal of International Politics, 4(3), 233-264. doi:10.1093/cjip/por013
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Peace Studies, International Politics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cavit Emre Aytekin 0000-0003-4229-9381

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 25, 2024
Acceptance Date June 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aytekin, C. E. (2025). Normative Biases in Peace Studies: A Critical Examination of the Liberal/Illiberal Peace Concepts. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 252-267. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1607013
 Download Cover Image