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INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 45 - 52, 30.04.2025

Golbarg Nikaein , Mohammad Hossein Sadeghi , Maryam Jamshidi , Binnur Sağbaş

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438

Abstract

Today, lattice bone scaffolds are highly regarded due to their controllable mechanical properties and biological performance. However, lattice structures often exhibit anisotropy because of the non-uniform distribution of the constitutive material in the tessellated unit cells, leading to variations in mechanical response based on loading direction. Loads applied to a lattice bone scaffold may not align with the main axes of the arranged unit cells. Therefore, optimizing the unit cell orientation angle seems necessary for achieving superior mechanical performance. This study investigates the mechanical properties of Gyroid-based lattice structures with varying unit cell orientations. Numerical analyses were conducted on five Gyroid-based lattice models with different cell orientations, and their compressive Young’s moduli were determined. These findings were validated through mechanical compression experiments on corresponding 3D printed samples. The results indicate that the compressive Young’s modulus in the least stiff direction is 18.99% lower than that along the stiffest direction. This is an advantage for the development of Gyroid-based bone regeneration scaffolds, particularly in scenarios where loading directions are not known in advance.

Keywords

Gyroid Lattice Structure Unit Cell Orientation Lattice Bone Scaffolds

References

  • 1. Moussa, A.E.A., “Topology Optimization of Cellular Materials: Application to Bone Replacement Implants”, McGill University (Canada), 2020.
  • 2. Zaharin, H.A., Abdul Rani, A.M., Azam, F.I., Ginta, T.L., Sallih, N., Ahmad, A., Yunus, N.A., Zulkifli, T.Z.A., "Effect of unit cell type and pore size on porosity and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V scaffolds", Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12, Pages 2402, 2018.
  • 3. Dabrowski, B., Swieszkowski, W., Godlinski, D., Kurzydlowski, K.J., “Highly porous titanium scaffolds for orthopaedic applications”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 95, Issue 1, Pages 53-61, 2010.
  • 4. Yavari, S.A., Wauthle, R., van der Stok, J., Riemslag, A.C., Janssen, M., Mulier, M., Kruth, J.P., Schrooten, J., Weinans, H., Zadpoor, A.A., “Fatigue behavior of porous biomaterials manufactured using selective laser melting”, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 33, Issue 8, Pages 4849-4858, 2013.
  • 5. Lehder, E., Ashcroft, I., Wildman, R., Ruiz-Cantu, L., Maskery, I., "A multiscale optimisation method for bone growth scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces", Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, Vol. 20, Pages 2085-2096, 2021.
  • 6. Abueidda, D.W., Elhebeary, M., Shiang, C.-S.A., Pang, S., Al-Rub, R.K.A., Jasiuk, I.M., "Mechanical properties of 3D printed polymeric Gyroid cellular structures: Experimental and finite element study", Materials & Design, Vol. 165, Pages 107597, 2019.
  • 7. Li, D., Liao, W., Dai, N., Xie, Y.M., "Comparison of mechanical properties and energy absorption of sheet-based and strut-based gyroid cellular structures with graded densities", Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 13, Pages 2183, 2019.
  • 8. Wang, Y., Ren, X., Chen, Z., Jiang, Y., Cao, X., Fang, S., Zhao, T., Li, Y., Fang, D., "Numerical and experimental studies on compressive behavior of Gyroid lattice cylindrical shells", Materials & Design, Vol. 186, Pages 108340, 2020.
  • 9. Yang, E., Leary, M., Lozanovski, B., Downing, D., Mazur, M., Sarker, A., Khorasani, A., Jones, A., Maconachie, T., Bateman, S., "Effect of geometry on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V Gyroid structures fabricated via SLM: A numerical study", Materials & Design, Vol. 184, Pages 108165, 2019.
  • 10. Maconachie, T., Tino, R., Lozanovski, B., Watson, M., Jones, A., Pandelidi, C., Alghamdi, A., Almalki, A., Downing, D., Brandt, M., "The compressive behaviour of ABS gyroid lattice structures manufactured by fused deposition modelling", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 107, Pages 4449-4467, 2020.
  • 11. Teng, F., Sun, Y., Guo, S., Gao, B., Yu, G., "Topological and Mechanical Properties of Different Lattice Structures Based on Additive Manufacturing", Micromachines, Vol. 13, Issue 7, Pages 1017, 2022.
  • 12. Kladovasilakis, N., Tsongas, K., Kostavelis, I., Tzovaras, D., Tzetzis, D., "Effective mechanical properties of additive manufactured triply periodic minimal surfaces: Experimental and finite element study", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 121, Issue 11-12, Pages 7169-7189, 2022.
  • 13. AlMahri, S., Santiago, R., Lee, D.-W., Ramos, H., Alabdouli, H., Alteneiji, M., Guan, Z., Cantwell, W., Alves, M., "Evaluation of the dynamic response of triply periodic minimal surfaces subjected to high strain-rate compression", Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 46, Pages 102220, 2021.
  • 14. Xu, W., Yu, A., Jiang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Singh, H.-p., Liu, B., Hou, C., Zhang, Y., Tian, S., "Gyroid-based functionally graded porous titanium scaffolds for dental application: Design, simulation and characterizations", Materials & Design, Vol. 224, Pages 111300, 2022.
  • 15. Kelly, C.N., Lin, A.S., Leguineche, K.E., Shekhar, S., Walsh, W.R., Guldberg, R.E., Gall, K., "Functional repair of critically sized femoral defects treated with bioinspired titanium gyroid-sheet scaffolds", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 116, Pages 104380, 2021.
  • 16. Eltlhawy, B., Fouda, N., Eldesouky, I., "Numerical evaluation of a porous tibial-knee implant using gyroid structure", Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 1, Pages 75, 2022.
  • 17. Barber, H., Kelly, C.N., Nelson, K., Gall, K., "Compressive anisotropy of sheet and strut based porous Ti–6Al–4V scaffolds", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 115, Pages 104243, 2021.
  • 18. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Bujazha, B.D., "Additive manufacturing of biomorphic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 113, Pages 2909-2923, 2021.
  • 19. Khaleghi, S., Dehnavi, F.N., Baghani, M., Safdari, M., Wang, K., Baniassadi, M., "On the directional elastic modulus of the TPMS structures and a novel hybridization method to control anisotropy", Materials & Design, Vol. 210, Pages 110074, 2021.
  • 20. Cutolo, A., Engelen, B., Desmet, W., Van Hooreweder, B., "Mechanical properties of diamond lattice Ti–6Al–4V structures produced by laser powder bed fusion: On the effect of the load direction", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 104, Pages 103656, 2020.
  • 21. Chen, Z., Xie, Y.M., Wu, X., Wang, Z., Li, Q., Zhou, S., "On hybrid cellular materials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces with extreme mechanical properties", Materials & design, Vol. 183, Pages 108109, 2019.
  • 22. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Guillen, D.G., Fabbricatore, A., "Metal functionally graded gyroids: additive manufacturing, mechanical properties, and simulation", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 123, Pages 2501–2518, 2022.
  • 23. Di Caprio, F., Franchitti, S., Borrelli, R., Bellini, C., Di Cocco, V., Sorrentino, L., "Ti-6Al-4V octet-truss lattice structures under bending load conditions: numerical and experimental results", Metals, Vol. 12, Pages 410, 2022.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 45 - 52, 30.04.2025

Golbarg Nikaein , Mohammad Hossein Sadeghi , Maryam Jamshidi , Binnur Sağbaş

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438

Abstract

Today, lattice bone scaffolds are highly regarded due to their controllable mechanical properties and biological performance. However, lattice structures often exhibit anisotropy because of the non-uniform distribution of the constitutive material in the tessellated unit cells, leading to variations in mechanical response based on loading direction. Loads applied to a lattice bone scaffold may not align with the main axes of the arranged unit cells. Therefore, optimizing the unit cell orientation angle seems necessary for achieving superior mechanical performance. This study investigates the mechanical properties of Gyroid-based lattice structures with varying unit cell orientations. Numerical analyses were conducted on five Gyroid-based lattice models with different cell orientations, and their compressive Young’s moduli were determined. These findings were validated through mechanical compression experiments on corresponding 3D printed samples. The results indicate that the compressive Young’s modulus in the least stiff direction is 18.99% lower than that along the stiffest direction. This is an advantage for the development of Gyroid-based bone regeneration scaffolds, particularly in scenarios where loading directions are not known in advance.

Keywords

Gyroid Lattice Structure Unit Cell Orientation Lattice Bone Scaffolds.

References

  • 1. Moussa, A.E.A., “Topology Optimization of Cellular Materials: Application to Bone Replacement Implants”, McGill University (Canada), 2020.
  • 2. Zaharin, H.A., Abdul Rani, A.M., Azam, F.I., Ginta, T.L., Sallih, N., Ahmad, A., Yunus, N.A., Zulkifli, T.Z.A., "Effect of unit cell type and pore size on porosity and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V scaffolds", Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12, Pages 2402, 2018.
  • 3. Dabrowski, B., Swieszkowski, W., Godlinski, D., Kurzydlowski, K.J., “Highly porous titanium scaffolds for orthopaedic applications”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 95, Issue 1, Pages 53-61, 2010.
  • 4. Yavari, S.A., Wauthle, R., van der Stok, J., Riemslag, A.C., Janssen, M., Mulier, M., Kruth, J.P., Schrooten, J., Weinans, H., Zadpoor, A.A., “Fatigue behavior of porous biomaterials manufactured using selective laser melting”, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 33, Issue 8, Pages 4849-4858, 2013.
  • 5. Lehder, E., Ashcroft, I., Wildman, R., Ruiz-Cantu, L., Maskery, I., "A multiscale optimisation method for bone growth scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces", Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, Vol. 20, Pages 2085-2096, 2021.
  • 6. Abueidda, D.W., Elhebeary, M., Shiang, C.-S.A., Pang, S., Al-Rub, R.K.A., Jasiuk, I.M., "Mechanical properties of 3D printed polymeric Gyroid cellular structures: Experimental and finite element study", Materials & Design, Vol. 165, Pages 107597, 2019.
  • 7. Li, D., Liao, W., Dai, N., Xie, Y.M., "Comparison of mechanical properties and energy absorption of sheet-based and strut-based gyroid cellular structures with graded densities", Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 13, Pages 2183, 2019.
  • 8. Wang, Y., Ren, X., Chen, Z., Jiang, Y., Cao, X., Fang, S., Zhao, T., Li, Y., Fang, D., "Numerical and experimental studies on compressive behavior of Gyroid lattice cylindrical shells", Materials & Design, Vol. 186, Pages 108340, 2020.
  • 9. Yang, E., Leary, M., Lozanovski, B., Downing, D., Mazur, M., Sarker, A., Khorasani, A., Jones, A., Maconachie, T., Bateman, S., "Effect of geometry on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V Gyroid structures fabricated via SLM: A numerical study", Materials & Design, Vol. 184, Pages 108165, 2019.
  • 10. Maconachie, T., Tino, R., Lozanovski, B., Watson, M., Jones, A., Pandelidi, C., Alghamdi, A., Almalki, A., Downing, D., Brandt, M., "The compressive behaviour of ABS gyroid lattice structures manufactured by fused deposition modelling", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 107, Pages 4449-4467, 2020.
  • 11. Teng, F., Sun, Y., Guo, S., Gao, B., Yu, G., "Topological and Mechanical Properties of Different Lattice Structures Based on Additive Manufacturing", Micromachines, Vol. 13, Issue 7, Pages 1017, 2022.
  • 12. Kladovasilakis, N., Tsongas, K., Kostavelis, I., Tzovaras, D., Tzetzis, D., "Effective mechanical properties of additive manufactured triply periodic minimal surfaces: Experimental and finite element study", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 121, Issue 11-12, Pages 7169-7189, 2022.
  • 13. AlMahri, S., Santiago, R., Lee, D.-W., Ramos, H., Alabdouli, H., Alteneiji, M., Guan, Z., Cantwell, W., Alves, M., "Evaluation of the dynamic response of triply periodic minimal surfaces subjected to high strain-rate compression", Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 46, Pages 102220, 2021.
  • 14. Xu, W., Yu, A., Jiang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Singh, H.-p., Liu, B., Hou, C., Zhang, Y., Tian, S., "Gyroid-based functionally graded porous titanium scaffolds for dental application: Design, simulation and characterizations", Materials & Design, Vol. 224, Pages 111300, 2022.
  • 15. Kelly, C.N., Lin, A.S., Leguineche, K.E., Shekhar, S., Walsh, W.R., Guldberg, R.E., Gall, K., "Functional repair of critically sized femoral defects treated with bioinspired titanium gyroid-sheet scaffolds", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 116, Pages 104380, 2021.
  • 16. Eltlhawy, B., Fouda, N., Eldesouky, I., "Numerical evaluation of a porous tibial-knee implant using gyroid structure", Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 1, Pages 75, 2022.
  • 17. Barber, H., Kelly, C.N., Nelson, K., Gall, K., "Compressive anisotropy of sheet and strut based porous Ti–6Al–4V scaffolds", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 115, Pages 104243, 2021.
  • 18. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Bujazha, B.D., "Additive manufacturing of biomorphic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 113, Pages 2909-2923, 2021.
  • 19. Khaleghi, S., Dehnavi, F.N., Baghani, M., Safdari, M., Wang, K., Baniassadi, M., "On the directional elastic modulus of the TPMS structures and a novel hybridization method to control anisotropy", Materials & Design, Vol. 210, Pages 110074, 2021.
  • 20. Cutolo, A., Engelen, B., Desmet, W., Van Hooreweder, B., "Mechanical properties of diamond lattice Ti–6Al–4V structures produced by laser powder bed fusion: On the effect of the load direction", Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 104, Pages 103656, 2020.
  • 21. Chen, Z., Xie, Y.M., Wu, X., Wang, Z., Li, Q., Zhou, S., "On hybrid cellular materials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces with extreme mechanical properties", Materials & design, Vol. 183, Pages 108109, 2019.
  • 22. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Guillen, D.G., Fabbricatore, A., "Metal functionally graded gyroids: additive manufacturing, mechanical properties, and simulation", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 123, Pages 2501–2518, 2022.
  • 23. Di Caprio, F., Franchitti, S., Borrelli, R., Bellini, C., Di Cocco, V., Sorrentino, L., "Ti-6Al-4V octet-truss lattice structures under bending load conditions: numerical and experimental results", Metals, Vol. 12, Pages 410, 2022.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Bioengineering (Other), Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Golbarg Nikaein 0009-0005-6500-7136

Mohammad Hossein Sadeghi 0009-0008-4018-9596

Maryam Jamshidi 0009-0001-2563-8057

Binnur Sağbaş 0000-0002-4491-0490

Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date September 12, 2024
Acceptance Date March 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Nikaein, G., Sadeghi, M. H., Jamshidi, M., Sağbaş, B. (2025). INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438
AMA Nikaein G, Sadeghi MH, Jamshidi M, Sağbaş B. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES. IJ3DPTDI. April 2025;9(1):45-52. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438
Chicago Nikaein, Golbarg, Mohammad Hossein Sadeghi, Maryam Jamshidi, and Binnur Sağbaş. “INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, no. 1 (April 2025): 45-52. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438.
EndNote Nikaein G, Sadeghi MH, Jamshidi M, Sağbaş B (April 1, 2025) INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 1 45–52.
IEEE G. Nikaein, M. H. Sadeghi, M. Jamshidi, and B. Sağbaş, “INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES”, IJ3DPTDI, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 45–52, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438.
ISNAD Nikaein, Golbarg et al. “INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/1 (April 2025), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438.
JAMA Nikaein G, Sadeghi MH, Jamshidi M, Sağbaş B. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9:45–52.
MLA Nikaein, Golbarg et al. “INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 1, 2025, pp. 45-52, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1542438.
Vancouver Nikaein G, Sadeghi MH, Jamshidi M, Sağbaş B. INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF UNIT CELL ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GYROID-BASED LATTICE STRUCTURES. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9(1):45-52.
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