Research Article
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İncel Kültürü: Toksik Maskülenitenin Dijital Yüzü

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 107 - 123, 15.04.2025

Şeyma Olcay Kaplan , Gülistan Avşar

https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1614175

Abstract

Çalışma, incel hareketinin yarattığı psikolojik ve sosyolojik sorunları ve toksik maskülenite etkisindeki erkeklik normlarının etkisini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. İnternette kendine özgü bir topluluk olarak gelişen “incel” (involuntary celibates – istemsiz bekârlar) hareketi, kökenleri ve evrimsel süreci itibarıyla dikkat çekici bir toplumsal fenomen haline gelmiştir. Sosyal izolasyon ve dışlanmışlık gibi duygusal dinamiklerden beslenen bu hareket, çevrimiçi platformlar aracılığıyla yayılmış ve giderek kendine ait bir kimlik ve söylem oluşturmuştur. Toksik maskülenite kavramının incel topluluğu üzerindeki derin etkileri, erkeklik rollerinin bu grup içinde nasıl yeniden şekillendiği üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Psikolojik ve sosyolojik açılardan değerlendirilen bu profiller, kadın erkek eşitlik dinamiklerine ve dışlanma duygusunun incel bireyler üzerindeki etkilerine işaret etmektedir. Kadın düşmanlığı ve cinsiyet temelli şiddet eğilimleri, incel hareketinin merkezinde yer almakta ve topluluk içinde belirgin bir öfke ve düşmanlık kültürünü beslemektedir. Hareketin çevrimiçi mecralardaki varlığı ve bu platformlar üzerindeki şiddet eğilimli söylemleri, cinsiyet ilişkilerinde derin bir gerilimi yansıtmaktadır. İncel topluluğunun sosyal medya ve forumlar üzerindeki temsil biçimi, radikalleşme süreçlerini hızlandırmakta ve bu topluluğun toplum üzerindeki yıkıcı etkisini artırmaktadır.

Keywords

incel, toksik maskülenite şiddet dijitalleşme

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma, kamusal, özel, ticari nitelikte ya da kar amacı gütmeyen herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmadan hazırlanmıştır.

References

  • Adıgüzel, İ. (2023). Psikoloji Perspektifinden İncel Tutum ve Davranışlarını Anlamak: Literatüre Bir Bakış (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Andersen, J. C. (2022). The symbolic boundary work of incels: Subcultural negotiation of meaning and identity online. Deviant Behavior, 44(25), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2022.2142864
  • Baele, S. J., Brace, L., ve Coan, T. G. (2019). From “Incel” to “Saint”: Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), 1667–1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256
  • Baele, S., Brace, L., ve Ging, D. (2024). A Diachronic Gross-Platforms Analysis of Violent Extremist Language in the Incel Online Ecosystem. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(3), 382-405. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2018, 25 Nisan). Kanada polisi soruşturuyor: Toronto saldırısı zanlısı 'kadın düşmanı' mıydı? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43889117 adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2024, 7 Ekim). İncel kültürü nedir, dünya çapında kadınlara yönelik şiddet vakalarıyla bağlantısı ne? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c2dp7kk7475o adresinden 22.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Bengtsson Meuller, E. (2024). The misogynist incel in the news: Analysing representations of gender-based violence in Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 26(4), 1121-1143. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231224275
  • Bratich, J., ve Banet-Weiser, S. (2019). From pick-up artists to incels: Con(fidence) games, networked misogyny, and the failure of neoliberalism. International Journal of Communication, 13, 5003–5027. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13216
  • Brooks, R.C., Batterham, D.R., ve Blake, K.R. (2022). Incel Activity on Social Media Linked to Local Mating Ecology. Psychol Sci, 33(2), 249-258. doi: 10.1177/09567976211036065
  • Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press. Connell, R. W., ve Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
  • Dodd, V., Grierson, J., Morris, S., Weaver, M., ve Topping, A. (2021, 13 Haziran). Plymouth shooting: Police reinstated gunman’s firearms licence last month. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/aug/13/plymouth-shooting-police-reinstated-gunmans-firearms-licence-last-month adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Donnelly, D., Burgess, E., Anderson, S., Davis, R., ve Dillard, J. (2001). The social organization of sexuality. University of Chicago Press.
  • Uren, Ç. (2024, 6 Ekim). Online taciz ve şantaj grupları neden Discord ve Telegram’da örgütleniyor? Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2024/10/06/online-taciz-ve-santaj-gruplari-neden-discord-ve-telegramda-orgutleniyor adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J., ve Alani, H. (2019). Exploring misogyny across the manosphere in Reddit. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 87–96). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326045
  • Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
  • Hendrix, S. (2019, 7 Temmuz). Yoga studio shooting: How an attack in Tallahassee became part of the incel movement’s violent legacy. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/local/yoga-shooting-incel-attack-fueled-by-male-supremacy/ adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Hoffman, B., Ware, J., ve Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the threat of incel violence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459
  • İyigüngör, T. (2024). Yeni Medya ve Şiddet Odaklı Eylemler: Incel Hareketi ve Çevrim İçi Denetim Stratejileri. İletişim Ve Diplomasi (13), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1573777
  • Kalish, R., ve Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.451
  • Kelly, M., Rothermel, A., ve Sugiura, L. (2024). Victim, Ciolent, Vulnerable: A Feminist Response to the Incel Radicalisation Scale. Perspectives on Terrorism, 18(1), 91-119.
  • Kimmel, M. (2013). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era. Nation Books.
  • Kolano, M. (2022). The pleasure of misogyny – Incels, castration, and sexual difference. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 42(7), 544-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2022.2121142
  • Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713-724.
  • Leonard, T. (2015). The American way of death. British Journalism Review, 26(4), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956474815620725
  • Lockyer, D., Halpin, M., ve Maguire, F. (2024). The emergence of the incel community as a misogyny-motivated terrorist threat. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2296515
  • Lounela, E., ve Murphy, S. (2024). Incel violence and victimhood: Negotiating inceldom in online discussions of the Plymouth shooting. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(3), 344-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2157267
  • Mengerink, J. (2023). “It’s 2023, all that’s left of the internet are trolls and bait.”: Examining how the incel community anonymously builds trust online through a content analysis. Erişim Adresi: https://essay.utwente.nl/97682/
  • Menzie, L. (2022). Stacys, Beckys, and Chads: The construction of femininity and hegemonic masculinity within incel rhetoric. Psychology & Sexuality, 13(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1806915
  • Menzies R. (2007). Virtual backlash: Representations of men’s “rights” and feminist “wrongs” in cyberspace. In Chunn D., Boyd S., Lessard H. (Eds.), Reaction and resistance: Feminism, law and social change (pp. 54–98). UBC Press.
  • Millar, J. (2022). Platforming Hate: An Analysis of Incel Ideology on Reddit’s r/Braincels. Erişim Adresi: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/171254/2/02whole.pdf
  • Moskalenko, S., Kates, N., Fernández-Garayzábal González, J., ve Bloom, M. (2022). Predictors of radical intentions among incels: A survey of 54 self-identified incels. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i3.57
  • Öztürk, F. E. (2021). İnternet Alt Kültürü Bağlamında Hegemonik Erkeklik Söyleminin Dijital Dönüşümü: #erkekyerini bilsin Hashtag Örneği. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 11(22), 101-123. https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/sayilar/2021_bahar/06_fatma_esra_ozturk.pdf
  • Preston, J., Halpin, M., ve Maguire, J. (2021). Involuntary celibates (incels): Theorizing the marginalization of intimate desire. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 10-25.
  • Rodger, E. (2014). My twisted world: The story of Elliot Rodger. Santa Barbara: Self-published manuscript Erişim adresi: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1173808-elliot-rodger-manifesto/
  • Salojärvi, E., Rantanen, M., Nieminen, E., Juote, A., ve Hanhela, H. (2020). The 'incel' phenomenon in the digital era—How echo chambers have fueled the incel movement. In S. M. Amadae (Ed.), Computational transformation of the public sphere: Theories and cases (pp. 195–210). Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki.
  • Scaptura, M. N., ve Boyle, K. M. (2020). Masculinity Threat, “Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States. Feminist Criminology, 15(3), 278-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119896415
  • Sculos, B. W. (2017). Who’s afraid of “toxic masculinity”? Class, Race and Corporate Power, 5(3), 1-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/CRCP.5.3.006517
  • Schippers, M. (2007). Recovering the feminine other: Masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony. Theory and Society, 36(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-007-9022-4
  • Schmitz, R. M., ve Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activist websites. Social Sciences, 5(2), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018
  • Taylor, J. (2018, 23 Ağustos). Toronto van attack: Suspect may have 'Incel' links. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45284455 adresinden 18.02.2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Temelli, E. (2022). “Incel” Örneği Üzerinden Çevrim içi Mizojinist Gruplar ve Şiddet Eylemleri. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences (IJSHS), 6(1), 11-30.
  • Whitehead, S. M. (2021). Toxic masculinity: Curing the virus: Making men smarter, healthier, safer. Andrews UK Limited.
  • Vogel, D. L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R., Hammer, J. H., ve Hubbard, A. (2011). "Boys don’t cry": Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023688
  • Zimmerman, S. (2024). The ideology of Incels: Misogyny and victimhood as justification for political violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2129014

Incel Culture: The Digital Face of Toxic Masculinity

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 107 - 123, 15.04.2025

Şeyma Olcay Kaplan , Gülistan Avşar

https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1614175

Abstract

The study aims to highlight the psychological and sociological issues generated by the incel movement and the influence of masculinity norms shaped by toxic masculinity. The “incel” (involuntary celibates) movement, which has evolved into a unique online community, has become a noteworthy social phenomenon in terms of its origins and evolutionary process. Driven by emotional dynamics such as social isolation and exclusion, this movement has spread through online platforms and gradually formed its own identity and discourse. The profound effects of toxic masculinity on the incel community are examined in terms of how male roles are reshaped within this group. Analyzed from psychological and sociological perspectives, these profiles highlight the dynamics of male-female equality and the impact of feelings of exclusion on incel individuals. Misogyny and gender-based violence tendencies lie at the heart of the incel movement, fueling a culture of resentment and hostility within the community. The movement’s presence on online platforms and its violence-prone rhetoric reflect deep tensions in gender relations. The representation of the incel community on social media and forums accelerates the radicalization processes, further amplifying the destructive impact of this community on society.

Keywords

incel toxic masculinity violence dijitalization

Ethical Statement

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Supporting Institution

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

  • Adıgüzel, İ. (2023). Psikoloji Perspektifinden İncel Tutum ve Davranışlarını Anlamak: Literatüre Bir Bakış (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Andersen, J. C. (2022). The symbolic boundary work of incels: Subcultural negotiation of meaning and identity online. Deviant Behavior, 44(25), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2022.2142864
  • Baele, S. J., Brace, L., ve Coan, T. G. (2019). From “Incel” to “Saint”: Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), 1667–1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256
  • Baele, S., Brace, L., ve Ging, D. (2024). A Diachronic Gross-Platforms Analysis of Violent Extremist Language in the Incel Online Ecosystem. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(3), 382-405. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2022.2161373
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2018, 25 Nisan). Kanada polisi soruşturuyor: Toronto saldırısı zanlısı 'kadın düşmanı' mıydı? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43889117 adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2024, 7 Ekim). İncel kültürü nedir, dünya çapında kadınlara yönelik şiddet vakalarıyla bağlantısı ne? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c2dp7kk7475o adresinden 22.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Bengtsson Meuller, E. (2024). The misogynist incel in the news: Analysing representations of gender-based violence in Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 26(4), 1121-1143. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231224275
  • Bratich, J., ve Banet-Weiser, S. (2019). From pick-up artists to incels: Con(fidence) games, networked misogyny, and the failure of neoliberalism. International Journal of Communication, 13, 5003–5027. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13216
  • Brooks, R.C., Batterham, D.R., ve Blake, K.R. (2022). Incel Activity on Social Media Linked to Local Mating Ecology. Psychol Sci, 33(2), 249-258. doi: 10.1177/09567976211036065
  • Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press. Connell, R. W., ve Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
  • Dodd, V., Grierson, J., Morris, S., Weaver, M., ve Topping, A. (2021, 13 Haziran). Plymouth shooting: Police reinstated gunman’s firearms licence last month. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/aug/13/plymouth-shooting-police-reinstated-gunmans-firearms-licence-last-month adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Donnelly, D., Burgess, E., Anderson, S., Davis, R., ve Dillard, J. (2001). The social organization of sexuality. University of Chicago Press.
  • Uren, Ç. (2024, 6 Ekim). Online taciz ve şantaj grupları neden Discord ve Telegram’da örgütleniyor? Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2024/10/06/online-taciz-ve-santaj-gruplari-neden-discord-ve-telegramda-orgutleniyor adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J., ve Alani, H. (2019). Exploring misogyny across the manosphere in Reddit. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 87–96). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326045
  • Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
  • Hendrix, S. (2019, 7 Temmuz). Yoga studio shooting: How an attack in Tallahassee became part of the incel movement’s violent legacy. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/local/yoga-shooting-incel-attack-fueled-by-male-supremacy/ adresinden 24.11.2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Hoffman, B., Ware, J., ve Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the threat of incel violence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459
  • İyigüngör, T. (2024). Yeni Medya ve Şiddet Odaklı Eylemler: Incel Hareketi ve Çevrim İçi Denetim Stratejileri. İletişim Ve Diplomasi (13), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1573777
  • Kalish, R., ve Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.451
  • Kelly, M., Rothermel, A., ve Sugiura, L. (2024). Victim, Ciolent, Vulnerable: A Feminist Response to the Incel Radicalisation Scale. Perspectives on Terrorism, 18(1), 91-119.
  • Kimmel, M. (2013). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era. Nation Books.
  • Kolano, M. (2022). The pleasure of misogyny – Incels, castration, and sexual difference. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 42(7), 544-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2022.2121142
  • Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713-724.
  • Leonard, T. (2015). The American way of death. British Journalism Review, 26(4), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956474815620725
  • Lockyer, D., Halpin, M., ve Maguire, F. (2024). The emergence of the incel community as a misogyny-motivated terrorist threat. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2296515
  • Lounela, E., ve Murphy, S. (2024). Incel violence and victimhood: Negotiating inceldom in online discussions of the Plymouth shooting. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(3), 344-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2157267
  • Mengerink, J. (2023). “It’s 2023, all that’s left of the internet are trolls and bait.”: Examining how the incel community anonymously builds trust online through a content analysis. Erişim Adresi: https://essay.utwente.nl/97682/
  • Menzie, L. (2022). Stacys, Beckys, and Chads: The construction of femininity and hegemonic masculinity within incel rhetoric. Psychology & Sexuality, 13(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1806915
  • Menzies R. (2007). Virtual backlash: Representations of men’s “rights” and feminist “wrongs” in cyberspace. In Chunn D., Boyd S., Lessard H. (Eds.), Reaction and resistance: Feminism, law and social change (pp. 54–98). UBC Press.
  • Millar, J. (2022). Platforming Hate: An Analysis of Incel Ideology on Reddit’s r/Braincels. Erişim Adresi: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/171254/2/02whole.pdf
  • Moskalenko, S., Kates, N., Fernández-Garayzábal González, J., ve Bloom, M. (2022). Predictors of radical intentions among incels: A survey of 54 self-identified incels. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i3.57
  • Öztürk, F. E. (2021). İnternet Alt Kültürü Bağlamında Hegemonik Erkeklik Söyleminin Dijital Dönüşümü: #erkekyerini bilsin Hashtag Örneği. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 11(22), 101-123. https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/sayilar/2021_bahar/06_fatma_esra_ozturk.pdf
  • Preston, J., Halpin, M., ve Maguire, J. (2021). Involuntary celibates (incels): Theorizing the marginalization of intimate desire. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 10-25.
  • Rodger, E. (2014). My twisted world: The story of Elliot Rodger. Santa Barbara: Self-published manuscript Erişim adresi: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1173808-elliot-rodger-manifesto/
  • Salojärvi, E., Rantanen, M., Nieminen, E., Juote, A., ve Hanhela, H. (2020). The 'incel' phenomenon in the digital era—How echo chambers have fueled the incel movement. In S. M. Amadae (Ed.), Computational transformation of the public sphere: Theories and cases (pp. 195–210). Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki.
  • Scaptura, M. N., ve Boyle, K. M. (2020). Masculinity Threat, “Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States. Feminist Criminology, 15(3), 278-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119896415
  • Sculos, B. W. (2017). Who’s afraid of “toxic masculinity”? Class, Race and Corporate Power, 5(3), 1-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/CRCP.5.3.006517
  • Schippers, M. (2007). Recovering the feminine other: Masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony. Theory and Society, 36(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-007-9022-4
  • Schmitz, R. M., ve Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activist websites. Social Sciences, 5(2), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018
  • Taylor, J. (2018, 23 Ağustos). Toronto van attack: Suspect may have 'Incel' links. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45284455 adresinden 18.02.2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Temelli, E. (2022). “Incel” Örneği Üzerinden Çevrim içi Mizojinist Gruplar ve Şiddet Eylemleri. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences (IJSHS), 6(1), 11-30.
  • Whitehead, S. M. (2021). Toxic masculinity: Curing the virus: Making men smarter, healthier, safer. Andrews UK Limited.
  • Vogel, D. L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R., Hammer, J. H., ve Hubbard, A. (2011). "Boys don’t cry": Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023688
  • Zimmerman, S. (2024). The ideology of Incels: Misogyny and victimhood as justification for political violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2129014
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Digital Literature, Women's Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şeyma Olcay Kaplan 0000-0003-3024-6602

Gülistan Avşar 0000-0003-2639-5621

Publication Date April 15, 2025
Submission Date January 6, 2025
Acceptance Date April 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

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APA Kaplan, Ş. O., & Avşar, G. (2025). İncel Kültürü: Toksik Maskülenitenin Dijital Yüzü. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1614175
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