Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 11 - 24

Halil Karadaş , Songül Erol

https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1552305

Abstract

References

  • Adamovic, M., & Leibbrandt, A. (2022). Is there a glass ceiling for ethnic minorities to enter leadership positions? Evidence from a field experiment with over 12,000 job applications. The Leadership Quarterly, 34(2), 101655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101655
  • Akbar, N., Takreem, D. K., & Akbar, S. (2023). Examining the connection between glass ceiling beliefs and job performance of female employees in directorates of education, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Global Economic Review, 8, 172-185.
  • Akca, N., Çakmak, A., & Şahin, H. (2022). Glass ceiling syndrome and mobbing: A study on female healthcare workers. Academic Sensitivities, 9(20), 89-106.
  • Altınışık, S. (1995). Barriers to women teachers becoming school principals. Educational Administration in Theory and Practice, 3(3), 333-334. [Master’s Thesis, Bahçeşehir University].
  • Aypay, A. (2010). Adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale to Turkish. Inönü University Journal of Faculty of Education, 11(2), 113-132.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self-efficacy. Retrieved from http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html
  • Balcı, A. (2022). Research methods, techniques and principles in social sciences (16th b.). Pegem Academy.
  • Batool, S. A., Mansor, N. N. A., Bashir, S., & Zainab, S. S. (2021). The perception of glass ceiling and its impact on interpersonal conflicts in a masculine culture: Mediating role of self-efficacy. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(10).
  • Bush, A. P. (2020). The moderating role of gender on the relationship of glass ceiling beliefs and career satisfaction. Capella University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Data handbook for social sciences. Statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation (9th b.). Pegem Academy.
  • Can, N. (2004). Teacher development and effective teacher behaviors. Journal of Erciyes University Institute of Social Sciences, 1(16), 103-119.
  • Canlı, S., Demirtaş, H., Bozak, A., & Doruk, S. (2013). Being a female education inspector: Thoughts and issues related to the profession. Educational Administration in Theory and Practice, 4(4), 543-574.
  • Cech, E.A. & Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Perceiving Glass Ceilings? Meritocratic versus Structural Explanations of Gender Inequality among Women in Science and Technology, Social Problems, 57(3), 371–397.
  • Creswell, J. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The analysis of variance and covariance. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences.
  • Çelik, E. N. (2018). Examining the effects of the glass ceiling syndrome faced by female employees on their burnout levels: A study of public and private sectors in Istanbul. [Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Social Sciences].
  • Çelikten, M. (2004). Women in the principal’s chair: The Kayseri province example. Journal of Erciyes University Institute of Social Sciences, 1(17), 91-118.
  • Derin, N. (2020). Examples from the World and Turkey on Glass Ceiling Syndrome. Journal of Individual and Society: Social Sciences, 10(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.814149
  • Fathy, E. A., & Youssif, H. A.-E. (2020). The impact of glass ceiling beliefs on women’s subjective career success in the tourism and hospitality industry: The moderating role of social support. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 17(2), 137-162.
  • Fernandez, R. M., & Rubineau, B. (2019). Network recruitment and the glass ceiling: Evidence from two firms. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(3), 88-107.
  • Genç, D. S., Güneyli, A., & Yiğit, P. (2021). Being a female school administrator in Turkey: An analysis based on self-esteem, self-efficacy, and organizational justice perceptions. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1), 227-239.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8. b.). Cengage Learning EMEA.
  • Hymowitz, C., & Schellhardt, T. D. (1986, March 24). The glass ceiling. The Wall Street Journal. Special Report on the Corporate Woman.
  • Kara, B. (2015). Views of education managers on the “glass ceiling syndrome” that prevents women from becoming top executives. [Master’s Thesis, Ankara University].
  • Karaca, A. (2007). Career barriers for female managers: Applied research on the glass ceiling syndrome. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya].
  • Karadirek, G. (2023). The role of glass ceiling, professional self-efficacy, role models, and power distance in women’s career development: The case of public hospitals in Ordu Province. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 14(38), 496-515. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1133040
  • Karasar, N. (2024). Scientific research method: concepts, principles, techniques (39th b.). Nobel.
  • Keskin, Ü. (2022). An investigation of the feminization of the teaching profession in the context of social justice leadership and maturity theory. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 5(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.52848/ijls.1052546
  • Kılıç, T. (2017). Relationship between glass ceiling syndrome and self-efficacy in the health sector. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 84-87.
  • Lee, Y., Kwon, K., Kim, W., & Cho, D. (2016). Work engagement and career: Proposing research agendas through a review of literature. Human Resource Development Review, 15(1), 29-54.
  • Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. NJ: Pearson.
  • Ocak, A. (2021). The absence of women’s presence in Turkish educational management. Alanyazın, 2(1), 15-https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/alanyazin/issue/61604/934761
  • Titrek, O., Bayrakçı, M., & Zafer, D. (2009). Opinions of school administrators and teachers on the competence of school administrators in managing their emotions.Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 18, 55-73.
  • Ottu, I. F., & Inwang, W. C. (2013). Perceived self-efficacy, domestic violence, and women’s ability to break the industrial glass ceiling. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 33, 177-187.
  • Öztürk, H. A., Berber, Z., Aytekin, A., Tüter, M., & Yüce, B. Ç. (2024). Women management in educational institutions. Eurasian Journal of Social and Economic Research, 11(1), 316-325.
  • Smith, P. (2012). Connections between women’s glass ceiling beliefs, explanatory style, self-efficacy, career levels, and subjective success. Journal of Career Assessment.
  • Suárez-McCrink, C. L. (2011). Chapter 10: Hispanic women administrators: Self-efficacy factors that influence barriers to their success. In Women of color in higher education: Turbulent past, promising future (pp. 217-242).
  • Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell L.S (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Telli, B. (2020). Determining the perceptions of female employees about the glass ceiling in participation banks. [Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Social Sciences].
  • Tüzel, E. (2014). Examination of female managers in educational organizations: The case of Ankara Province. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara].
  • Ural, A. & Kılıç, İ. (2011). Scientific research process and data analysis with SPSS. Detail.
  • Utma, S. (2019). Gender discrimination against women and the glass ceiling syndrome. Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 11(1), 44-58.
  • Yıldız, E. (2020). Glass ceiling syndrome: A study on employees in educational institutions. Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 45-60.
  • Yüceol, N., Kakı, S., & Çekçi, I. (2022). Examination of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s participation in the workforce and work-life balance in Turkey in the context of gender equality. Marmara University Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 6(1), 45-64.

Examining the Glass Ceiling Perceptions and Self-Efficacy Perceptions of Female Administrators and Teachers

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 11 - 24

Halil Karadaş , Songül Erol

https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1552305

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between glass ceiling perceptions and self-efficacy perceptions of female administrators and teachers, to determine whether they differ according to certain variables, and to determine the relationship between the scales. 421 female administrators and teachers working in Artuklu center of Mardin province in the 2023-2024 academic year participated in the study conducted with quantitative method. The thirty-eight-item "Glass Ceiling Syndrome Scale" developed by Karacan (2007) and the ten-item "General Self-Efficacy Scale" developed by Aypay (2010) were used as collection tools in this study. After testing the reliability and validity of the scales, the data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analyzes were used in data analysis. Considering the results of the research, it was determined that the glass ceiling perceptions of female administrators and teachers were at a medium level, and that glass ceiling perceptions showed a significant difference according to the variables of education level, union membership and place of duty, but there was no significant difference according to the marital status and professional experience variables. Self-efficacy perceptions were also found to be at a medium level. No significant relationship was found between the glass ceiling perceptions of female administrators and teachers and their self-efficacy perceptions. In accordance with this result, it was concluded that the perceived glass ceiling obstacle was a significant predictor of women's self-efficacy perceptions.

Keywords

female administrator/teacher glass ceiling syndrome self-efficacy

References

  • Adamovic, M., & Leibbrandt, A. (2022). Is there a glass ceiling for ethnic minorities to enter leadership positions? Evidence from a field experiment with over 12,000 job applications. The Leadership Quarterly, 34(2), 101655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101655
  • Akbar, N., Takreem, D. K., & Akbar, S. (2023). Examining the connection between glass ceiling beliefs and job performance of female employees in directorates of education, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Global Economic Review, 8, 172-185.
  • Akca, N., Çakmak, A., & Şahin, H. (2022). Glass ceiling syndrome and mobbing: A study on female healthcare workers. Academic Sensitivities, 9(20), 89-106.
  • Altınışık, S. (1995). Barriers to women teachers becoming school principals. Educational Administration in Theory and Practice, 3(3), 333-334. [Master’s Thesis, Bahçeşehir University].
  • Aypay, A. (2010). Adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale to Turkish. Inönü University Journal of Faculty of Education, 11(2), 113-132.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self-efficacy. Retrieved from http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html
  • Balcı, A. (2022). Research methods, techniques and principles in social sciences (16th b.). Pegem Academy.
  • Batool, S. A., Mansor, N. N. A., Bashir, S., & Zainab, S. S. (2021). The perception of glass ceiling and its impact on interpersonal conflicts in a masculine culture: Mediating role of self-efficacy. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(10).
  • Bush, A. P. (2020). The moderating role of gender on the relationship of glass ceiling beliefs and career satisfaction. Capella University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Data handbook for social sciences. Statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation (9th b.). Pegem Academy.
  • Can, N. (2004). Teacher development and effective teacher behaviors. Journal of Erciyes University Institute of Social Sciences, 1(16), 103-119.
  • Canlı, S., Demirtaş, H., Bozak, A., & Doruk, S. (2013). Being a female education inspector: Thoughts and issues related to the profession. Educational Administration in Theory and Practice, 4(4), 543-574.
  • Cech, E.A. & Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Perceiving Glass Ceilings? Meritocratic versus Structural Explanations of Gender Inequality among Women in Science and Technology, Social Problems, 57(3), 371–397.
  • Creswell, J. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The analysis of variance and covariance. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences.
  • Çelik, E. N. (2018). Examining the effects of the glass ceiling syndrome faced by female employees on their burnout levels: A study of public and private sectors in Istanbul. [Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Social Sciences].
  • Çelikten, M. (2004). Women in the principal’s chair: The Kayseri province example. Journal of Erciyes University Institute of Social Sciences, 1(17), 91-118.
  • Derin, N. (2020). Examples from the World and Turkey on Glass Ceiling Syndrome. Journal of Individual and Society: Social Sciences, 10(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.814149
  • Fathy, E. A., & Youssif, H. A.-E. (2020). The impact of glass ceiling beliefs on women’s subjective career success in the tourism and hospitality industry: The moderating role of social support. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 17(2), 137-162.
  • Fernandez, R. M., & Rubineau, B. (2019). Network recruitment and the glass ceiling: Evidence from two firms. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(3), 88-107.
  • Genç, D. S., Güneyli, A., & Yiğit, P. (2021). Being a female school administrator in Turkey: An analysis based on self-esteem, self-efficacy, and organizational justice perceptions. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1), 227-239.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8. b.). Cengage Learning EMEA.
  • Hymowitz, C., & Schellhardt, T. D. (1986, March 24). The glass ceiling. The Wall Street Journal. Special Report on the Corporate Woman.
  • Kara, B. (2015). Views of education managers on the “glass ceiling syndrome” that prevents women from becoming top executives. [Master’s Thesis, Ankara University].
  • Karaca, A. (2007). Career barriers for female managers: Applied research on the glass ceiling syndrome. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya].
  • Karadirek, G. (2023). The role of glass ceiling, professional self-efficacy, role models, and power distance in women’s career development: The case of public hospitals in Ordu Province. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 14(38), 496-515. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1133040
  • Karasar, N. (2024). Scientific research method: concepts, principles, techniques (39th b.). Nobel.
  • Keskin, Ü. (2022). An investigation of the feminization of the teaching profession in the context of social justice leadership and maturity theory. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 5(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.52848/ijls.1052546
  • Kılıç, T. (2017). Relationship between glass ceiling syndrome and self-efficacy in the health sector. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 84-87.
  • Lee, Y., Kwon, K., Kim, W., & Cho, D. (2016). Work engagement and career: Proposing research agendas through a review of literature. Human Resource Development Review, 15(1), 29-54.
  • Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. NJ: Pearson.
  • Ocak, A. (2021). The absence of women’s presence in Turkish educational management. Alanyazın, 2(1), 15-https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/alanyazin/issue/61604/934761
  • Titrek, O., Bayrakçı, M., & Zafer, D. (2009). Opinions of school administrators and teachers on the competence of school administrators in managing their emotions.Journal of the Faculty of Education, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 18, 55-73.
  • Ottu, I. F., & Inwang, W. C. (2013). Perceived self-efficacy, domestic violence, and women’s ability to break the industrial glass ceiling. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 33, 177-187.
  • Öztürk, H. A., Berber, Z., Aytekin, A., Tüter, M., & Yüce, B. Ç. (2024). Women management in educational institutions. Eurasian Journal of Social and Economic Research, 11(1), 316-325.
  • Smith, P. (2012). Connections between women’s glass ceiling beliefs, explanatory style, self-efficacy, career levels, and subjective success. Journal of Career Assessment.
  • Suárez-McCrink, C. L. (2011). Chapter 10: Hispanic women administrators: Self-efficacy factors that influence barriers to their success. In Women of color in higher education: Turbulent past, promising future (pp. 217-242).
  • Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell L.S (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Telli, B. (2020). Determining the perceptions of female employees about the glass ceiling in participation banks. [Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Social Sciences].
  • Tüzel, E. (2014). Examination of female managers in educational organizations: The case of Ankara Province. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara].
  • Ural, A. & Kılıç, İ. (2011). Scientific research process and data analysis with SPSS. Detail.
  • Utma, S. (2019). Gender discrimination against women and the glass ceiling syndrome. Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 11(1), 44-58.
  • Yıldız, E. (2020). Glass ceiling syndrome: A study on employees in educational institutions. Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 45-60.
  • Yüceol, N., Kakı, S., & Çekçi, I. (2022). Examination of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s participation in the workforce and work-life balance in Turkey in the context of gender equality. Marmara University Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 6(1), 45-64.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Education Management
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Halil Karadaş 0000-0003-0855-3702

Songül Erol 0009-0008-4005-7390

Early Pub Date June 4, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date September 18, 2024
Acceptance Date March 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karadaş, H., & Erol, S. (2025). Examining the Glass Ceiling Perceptions and Self-Efficacy Perceptions of Female Administrators and Teachers. International Journal on Lifelong Education and Leadership, 11(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1552305
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