Abstract
Fish are unique organisms fitted with a certain degree of immune system that are similarly to mammals, made up of innate and adaptive immunity. Both innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms in fish are crucial as the first line of defense as well as secreting antibodies and memory cells following an infection. Innate immunity comprised of non-specific cellular and the nonspecific humoral components while adaptive immunity consists of specialized systemic cells and mechanisms that are categorized into two main groups: the humoral and cellular components. Prior to Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) infection caused by small (25-30 nm), non-enveloped and icosahedral shaped virus belongs to genus Betanodavirus, both innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms have their own parts to play. As Nervous Necrosis
Virus (NNV) invades fish body, pathogen will be break down through phagocytosis followed by presentation of small protein fragments on MHC class II molecules. This will eventually activate adaptive immunity pathway to stimulates the proliferation and maturation of the B cells. As B cells matured, antibodies will be produced to suppress the pathogen through series of process known as opsonization and neutralization before phagocytosis takes place. Following secondary exposure with the same antigen, B cells will rapidly proliferate, releasing significant number of antibodies to clear the antigen.
Keywords
Immunity Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Betanodavirus Antibody Antigen
Ethical Statement
All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines set by the Institution's Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (ID: IACUC 2023-003). The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the International Islamic University Malaysia. All sampling was performed under anaesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.
Supporting Institution
National Fish Health Research Centre, Department of Fisheries Malaysia
Project Number
SPG23-078-0078 and SPG24-116-0116
Thanks
I would like to express my appreciation to National Fish Health Research Institute, for providing the fund for this project and Kulliyah of Science, IIUM for their support throughout this project. I also would like to extend my utmost appreciation and gratitude to my project supervisors; my colleague and laboratory staff of Kulliyah of Science, IIUM for their supervision, support and all necessary materials for this project
References
- AFS., Annual Fisheries Statistic. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia. 2021
- Ransangan, J., et al., Betanodavirus infection in marine fish aquaculture in Malaysia. Res. J. Anim. Vet. Fish. Sci, 2013. 1(7), 10-15.
- Hazreen-Nita, M., et al., A review of betanodavirus vaccination as preventive strategy to viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in grouper. Aquaculture International, 2019. 27(5), 1565-1577.
- Håstein, T., Principles of prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases. Comprehensive reports on technical items presented to the International Committee or to Regional Commissions, 2000, 1-27.
- Rodgers, C. J., C. V. Mohan and E. J. Peeler, The spread of pathogens through trade in aquatic animals and their products. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz, 2011. 30(1), 241-256.
- Haenen, O. L. M., et al., The emergence of koi herpesvirus and its significance to European aquaculture. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 2004. 24(6), 293-307.
- Juniarsih A, Mahasri G and Kismiyati K, 2017 J. Aquac. Fish Heal. 6 74–80
- Mugimba, K. K., et al., Challenges and solutions to viral diseases of finfish in marine aquaculture. Pathogens, 2021. 10(6), 673
- Rodger, H. D., Fish disease causing economic impact in global aquaculture. In Fish vaccines (pp. 1-34). Springer, Basel. 2016.
- Biller-Takahashi, J. D., and E. C. Urbinati, Fish Immunology. The modification and manipulation of the innate immune system: Brazilian studies. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2014. 86, 1484-1506.
Abstract
Fish are unique organisms fitted with a certain degree of immune system that are similarly to mammals, made up of innate and adaptive immunity. Both innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms in fish are crucial as the first line of defense as well as secreting antibodies and memory cells following an infection. Innate immunity comprised of non-specific cellular and the nonspecific humoral components while adaptive immunity consists of specialized systemic cells and mechanisms that are categorized into two main groups: the humoral and cellular components. Prior to Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) infection caused by small (25-30 nm), non-enveloped and icosahedral shaped virus belongs to genus Betanodavirus, both innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms have their own parts to play. As Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) invades fish body, pathogen will be break down through phagocytosis followed by presentation of small protein fragments on MHC class II molecules. This will eventually activate adaptive immunity pathway to stimulates the proliferation and maturation of the B cells. As B cells matured, antibodies will be produced to suppress the pathogen through series of process known as opsonization and neutralization before phagocytosis takes place. Following secondary exposure with the same antigen, B cells will rapidly proliferate, releasing significant number of antibodies to clear the antigen.
Keywords
Immunity Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Betanodavirus Antibody Antigen
Ethical Statement
All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines set by the Institution's Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (ID: IACUC 2023-003). The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the International Islamic University Malaysia. All sampling was performed under anaesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.
Supporting Institution
National Fish Health Research Centre, Department of Fisheries Malaysia
Project Number
SPG23-078-0078 and SPG24-116-0116
Thanks
I would like to express my appreciation to National Fish Health Research Institute, for providing the fund for this project and Kulliyah of Science, IIUM for their support throughout this project. I also would like to extend my utmost appreciation and gratitude to my project supervisors; my colleague and laboratory staff of Kulliyah of Science, IIUM for their supervision, support and all necessary materials for this project
References
- AFS., Annual Fisheries Statistic. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia. 2021
- Ransangan, J., et al., Betanodavirus infection in marine fish aquaculture in Malaysia. Res. J. Anim. Vet. Fish. Sci, 2013. 1(7), 10-15.
- Hazreen-Nita, M., et al., A review of betanodavirus vaccination as preventive strategy to viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in grouper. Aquaculture International, 2019. 27(5), 1565-1577.
- Håstein, T., Principles of prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases. Comprehensive reports on technical items presented to the International Committee or to Regional Commissions, 2000, 1-27.
- Rodgers, C. J., C. V. Mohan and E. J. Peeler, The spread of pathogens through trade in aquatic animals and their products. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz, 2011. 30(1), 241-256.
- Haenen, O. L. M., et al., The emergence of koi herpesvirus and its significance to European aquaculture. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 2004. 24(6), 293-307.
- Juniarsih A, Mahasri G and Kismiyati K, 2017 J. Aquac. Fish Heal. 6 74–80
- Mugimba, K. K., et al., Challenges and solutions to viral diseases of finfish in marine aquaculture. Pathogens, 2021. 10(6), 673
- Rodger, H. D., Fish disease causing economic impact in global aquaculture. In Fish vaccines (pp. 1-34). Springer, Basel. 2016.
- Biller-Takahashi, J. D., and E. C. Urbinati, Fish Immunology. The modification and manipulation of the innate immune system: Brazilian studies. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2014. 86, 1484-1506.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Virology |
| Journal Section | Review Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | SPG23-078-0078 and SPG24-116-0116 |
| Early Pub Date | April 15, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 15, 2025 |
| Submission Date | September 3, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | October 11, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
