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Optimization of Plant Tissue Selection and Sampling Time for Reliable RT-PCR Detection of Pelamoviroid latenspruni, and the Influence of Climatic Conditions on Detection Efficiency

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 63 - 80, 30.05.2025

Mert Baran , H. Diğdem Oksal

https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1686709

Abstract

Viroids are the smallest pathogens with no protein-coding properties, made up of a circular single-stranded RNA molecule, 246-401 nt length causing diseases in plants. PLMVd is the type member of the Pelamoviroid genus of the Avsunviroidae family. The aim of this thesis study was to find out the optimal sampling time and tissue in plants infected with PLMVd., The study was conducted on two persimmon plants number TH7 and TH9 with NCBI accession numbers MZ289071 and MZ289070, respectively, which had previously been shown to be infected with PLMVd. Between March 2021 and February 2022, sampling was performed monthly, and all available plant tissues were extracted and tested for TRNA using RT-PCR. The study concluded that the most reliable testing organs and times when there is a seasonal limitation are the flower bud, bark, and leaf tissue in April, flower, leaf, bark, and fruit tissue in May, and the bark, leaf, and fruit tissue in September. It has been concluded that bark, leaf, and fruit tissue samples provide consistent results regardless of season. The independent sample t test was used to estimate the likelihood that the PLMVd concentration in climatic data would yield positive or negative findings, as well as its significance. According to the study results, sampling is recommended between 14.40-20.90 °C, humidity rate 41.40-49.30%, mean soil temperature 7.35-11.875 °C, sunshine duration 223.10-345.00 hours, and sunshine intensity 223.56-313.33 cal÷cm². It was determined that sampling should be conducted in accordance with the viroid's biology, the host's phenological phase, and regional meteorological circumstances.

Keywords

PLMVd persimmon suitable sampling time suitable tissue climatic conditions

Ethical Statement

NA

Supporting Institution

NA

Thanks

This research is M.Sc. study of Mert BARAN. The authors express their gratitude to Assoc. Prof.Dr. Osman UYSAL (Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics) for helping the statistical analysis in this study.

References

  • Al Rwahnih, M., Myrta, A., Abou-Ghanem, N., Di Terlizzi, B., & Savino, V. (2008). Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Jordan. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 31 (1), 95–98.
  • Albanese, G., Giunchedi, L., La Rosa, L., & Poggi Pollini, C. (1992). Peach latent mosaic viroid in Italy. Acta Horticulturae, 309, 331–338.
  • Barba, M., Ragozzino, E., & Faggioli, F. (2007). Pollen transmission of Peach latent mosaic viroid. Journal of Plant Pathology, 89 (2), 287–289.
  • Boubourakas, I. N., Faggioli, F., Fucuta, S., Barba, M., & Kyriakopoulou, P. E. (2009). The presence of Peach latent mosaic (PLMVd) in Greece. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 48 (2), 321.
  • Cho, I. S., Park, M. J., Kwon, S. J., Choi, G. S., Hammond, J., & Lim, H. S. (2016). First report of Persimmon cryptic virus and Persimmon virus A in Korea. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98 (3), 694.
  • Choueiri, E., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Khazzaka, K., Sabanadzovic, S., Di Terlizzi, B., Jreijiri, F., & Savino, V. (2001). Identification of Peach latent mosaic viroid in Lebanon. Journal of Plant Pathology, 83 (2), 225–227.
  • Çiftçi, O., Yılmaz, F., & Çaplık, D. (2022). Elâzığ ve Mardin illerinde peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd)'nin durumu. Ulusal Meyvecilik Sempozyumu, Eğirdir, Isparta.
  • De La Torre-Almaráz, R., Pallás, V., & Sánchez-Navarro, J. A. (2015). First report of Peach latent mosaic viroid in peach trees from Mexico. Plant Disease, 99 (6), 899.
  • Desvignes, J. C. (1986). Peach latent mosaic and its relation to peach mosaic and peach yellow mosaic virus diseases. Acta Horticulturae, 193, 51–58.
  • Di Serio, F., Malfitano, M., Flores, R., & Randles, J. W. (1999). Detection of peach latent mosaic viroid in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 28 (1), 80–81.
  • Ding, X., Liu, X., & Chen, Z. (2013). The main diseases on Chinese persimmon tree. Acta Horticulturae, 996, 299–306.
  • El-Dougdoug, K. A., Rehab, D. A., Rezk, A. A., & Sofy, A. R. (2012). Incidence of fruit trees viroid diseases by tissue print hybridization in Egypt. International Journal of Virology, 8, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2012.114.120
  • EPPO. (2005). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Tomato ringspot nepovirus. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 35, 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00831.x
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  • EPPO. (2020). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, Ca. P. pyri and Ca. P. prunorum. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 50, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12612
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  • Fiore, N., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Infante, R., Myrta, A., & Pallás, V. (2003). Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid in stone fruits from Chile. Options Méditerranéennes Série B, CIHEAM Bari (IT), 143–145.
  • Flores, R., Delgado, S., Gas, M. E., Carbonell, A., Molina, D., Gago, S., & De la Peña, M. (2004). Viroids: The minimal non-coding RNAs with autonomous replication. FEBS Letters, 567 (1), 42–48.
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  • Flores, R., Hernandez, C., Avinent, L., Llacer, G., Arregui, J. M., Hermoso, A., Juarez, J., Navarro, L., & Desvignes, J. C. (1992). Studies of the detection, transmission, and distribution of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) in peach trees. Acta Horticulturae, 309, 325-330.
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ŞEFTALİ LATENT MOZAİK VİROİDİ (Peach Latent Mosaic Pelamoviroid-PLMVd)’NİN GÜVENİLİR TEŞHİSİ İÇİN UYGUN ZAMAN ve UYGUN BİTKİ DOKUSUNUN RT-PCR YÖNTEMİ ile BELİRLENMESİ ve İKLİM KOŞULLARININ VİROİD TEŞHİSİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 63 - 80, 30.05.2025

Mert Baran , H. Diğdem Oksal

https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1686709

Abstract

Viroids are the smallest pathogens with no protein-coding properties, made up of a circular single-stranded RNA molecule, 246-401 nt length causing diseases in plants. PLMVd is the type member of the Pelamoviroid genus of the Avsunviroidae family. The aim of this thesis study was to find out the optimal sampling time and tissue in plants infected with PLMVd., The study was conducted on two persimmon plants number TH7 and TH9 with NCBI accession numbers MZ289071 and MZ289070, respectively, which had previously been shown to be infected with PLMVd. Between March 2021 and February 2022, sampling was performed monthly, and all available plant tissues were extracted and tested for TRNA using RT-PCR. The study concluded that the most reliable testing organs and times when there is a seasonal limitation are the flower bud, bark, and leaf tissue in April, flower, leaf, bark, and fruit tissue in May, and the bark, leaf, and fruit tissue in September. It has been concluded that bark, leaf, and fruit tissue samples provide consistent results regardless of season. The independent sample t test was used to estimate the likelihood that the PLMVd concentration in climatic data would yield positive or negative findings, as well as its significance. According to the study results, sampling is recommended between 14.40-20.90 °C, humidity rate 41.40-49.30%, mean soil temperature 7.35-11.875 °C, sunshine duration 223.10-345.00 hours, and sunshine intensity 223.56-313.33 cal÷cm². It was determined that sampling should be conducted in accordance with the viroid's biology, the host's phenological phase, and regional meteorological circumstances.

Keywords

PLMVd Trabzon hurması uygun örnekleme zamanı uygun doku iklim koşulları

References

  • Al Rwahnih, M., Myrta, A., Abou-Ghanem, N., Di Terlizzi, B., & Savino, V. (2008). Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Jordan. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 31 (1), 95–98.
  • Albanese, G., Giunchedi, L., La Rosa, L., & Poggi Pollini, C. (1992). Peach latent mosaic viroid in Italy. Acta Horticulturae, 309, 331–338.
  • Barba, M., Ragozzino, E., & Faggioli, F. (2007). Pollen transmission of Peach latent mosaic viroid. Journal of Plant Pathology, 89 (2), 287–289.
  • Boubourakas, I. N., Faggioli, F., Fucuta, S., Barba, M., & Kyriakopoulou, P. E. (2009). The presence of Peach latent mosaic (PLMVd) in Greece. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 48 (2), 321.
  • Cho, I. S., Park, M. J., Kwon, S. J., Choi, G. S., Hammond, J., & Lim, H. S. (2016). First report of Persimmon cryptic virus and Persimmon virus A in Korea. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98 (3), 694.
  • Choueiri, E., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Khazzaka, K., Sabanadzovic, S., Di Terlizzi, B., Jreijiri, F., & Savino, V. (2001). Identification of Peach latent mosaic viroid in Lebanon. Journal of Plant Pathology, 83 (2), 225–227.
  • Çiftçi, O., Yılmaz, F., & Çaplık, D. (2022). Elâzığ ve Mardin illerinde peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd)'nin durumu. Ulusal Meyvecilik Sempozyumu, Eğirdir, Isparta.
  • De La Torre-Almaráz, R., Pallás, V., & Sánchez-Navarro, J. A. (2015). First report of Peach latent mosaic viroid in peach trees from Mexico. Plant Disease, 99 (6), 899.
  • Desvignes, J. C. (1986). Peach latent mosaic and its relation to peach mosaic and peach yellow mosaic virus diseases. Acta Horticulturae, 193, 51–58.
  • Di Serio, F., Malfitano, M., Flores, R., & Randles, J. W. (1999). Detection of peach latent mosaic viroid in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 28 (1), 80–81.
  • Ding, X., Liu, X., & Chen, Z. (2013). The main diseases on Chinese persimmon tree. Acta Horticulturae, 996, 299–306.
  • El-Dougdoug, K. A., Rehab, D. A., Rezk, A. A., & Sofy, A. R. (2012). Incidence of fruit trees viroid diseases by tissue print hybridization in Egypt. International Journal of Virology, 8, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2012.114.120
  • EPPO. (2005). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Tomato ringspot nepovirus. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 35, 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00831.x
  • EPPO. (2006). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, American plum line pattern virus (APLPV). OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 36, 157–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.00928.x
  • EPPO. (2013). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 43, 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12062
  • EPPO. (2020). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, Ca. P. pyri and Ca. P. prunorum. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 50, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12612
  • EPPO. (2022). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Begomovirüsler. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 52, 643–664. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12887
  • EPPO. (2023). Data sheets on quarantine organisms, Plum pox virus. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 53, 518–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12948
  • Faggioli, F., Loreti, S., & Barba, M. (1997). Occurrence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) on plum in Italy. Plant Disease, 81, 423.
  • Fiore, N., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Infante, R., Myrta, A., & Pallás, V. (2003). Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid in stone fruits from Chile. Options Méditerranéennes Série B, CIHEAM Bari (IT), 143–145.
  • Flores, R., Delgado, S., Gas, M. E., Carbonell, A., Molina, D., Gago, S., & De la Peña, M. (2004). Viroids: The minimal non-coding RNAs with autonomous replication. FEBS Letters, 567 (1), 42–48.
  • Flores, R., Di Serio, F., Hernandez, C., Barba, M., & Hadidi, A. (2011). Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid and its Diseases in Peach Trees. In Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. Springer, pp. 219-224.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Horticultural Production (Other)
Journal Section Research articles
Authors

Mert Baran 0000-0001-5291-2026

H. Diğdem Oksal 0000-0003-1189-7864

Early Pub Date May 25, 2025
Publication Date May 30, 2025
Submission Date April 29, 2025
Acceptance Date May 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Baran, M., & Oksal, H. D. (2025). Optimization of Plant Tissue Selection and Sampling Time for Reliable RT-PCR Detection of Pelamoviroid latenspruni, and the Influence of Climatic Conditions on Detection Efficiency. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 9(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1686709
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