Abstract
Many ancient and contemporary societies have relied heavily on herbal treatments for medical care. Plant’s secondary metabolites have extensively different bioactivity properties. Several species in the genus Ballota L. have been shown to have medicinal benefits for various illnesses. B. nigra L. from both clinical and experimental investigations provides strong proof that this plant can prevent serious illnesses. External usage of B. nigra species is used to treat burns and wounds. Certain subspecies of B. nigra are utilized for its aerial parts internally, where they are used to reduce cough, alleviate inflammation, and treat gastrointestinal issues. In this study, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts, and infusion samples of the aerial parts of B. nigra subsp. anatolica were prepared, and their antimicrobial activity by using microbroth dilution method against six pathogens, total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocaltaeu method, and antioxidant effects by the DPPH method was investigated. As a finding, the highest concentration of total phenol (66.8 mg GAE/g ext) was found in the methanol extract. The ethyl acetate and infusion extracts had corresponding total phenol concentrations of 43.2 mg and 49.6 mg GAE/g ext. The methanol extract of the plant exhibited higher antioxidant activity than other extracts, with an IC50 value of 0.516 mg/mL. The infusion samples exhibited no antibacterial action, and the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts' MIC values ranging from 97 to 3125 μg/mL. It is possible to conclude that yeast species are more susceptible to plant extracts than bacteria species with low MIC values.
Thanks
The authors would like to thank Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy. There is no project support.
References
- Agiel, N., Köse, Y.B., Gülcan, Z., Saltan, N., Kürkçüoğlu, M., & İşcan, G. (2024). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the endemic Mentha longifolia subsp. cyprica growing in Cyprus. Phytochemistry Letters, 60, 243-248.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2002). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved standard (2nd ed., M27-A2). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Reference methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved standard (9th ed., M07-A9). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Davis, P.H., & Doroszenko, A. (1982). Ballota. In P.H. Davis (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 7, pp. 124–125). Edinburgh University Press.
- Demirezer, L.Ö., Ersöz, T., Saraçoğlu, İ., Şener, B., Köroğlu, A., & Yalçın, F.N. (2019). A’dan Z’ye tıbbi bitkiler: Tamamlayıcı tıbbın onayladığı bitkiler ve güvenli kullanım rehberi [Medicinal plants from A to Z: Plants approved by complementary medicine and a guide to safe use]. Hayykitap.
- Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., De Cellier, J., & Duke, P.A.K. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
- Dulger, B., & Dulger, G. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Ballota acetabulosa on microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infections. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(3), 257–262.
- Dulger, G., Aki, C., & Dulger, B. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of endemic Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica in Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(8), 6497–6502.
- Ertaş, A., Boga, M., & Yeşil, Y. (2014). Phytochemical profile and ABTS cation radical scavenging, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and anticholinesterase activities of endemic Ballota nigra L. subsp. anatolica P. H. Davis from Turkey. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(6), 555–559. https://doi.org/10.12980/JCLM.2.2014C1127
- Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M.T. (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler) [List of plants of Turkey (vascular plants)]. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
- Hemanth Ragav, N.V., Selvaraj, J., Archana Santhanam, D.V.V., & Gayathri, R. (2021). An update on therapeutic role of Ballota nigra (Black Harehound): A review. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(4), 648–661.
- Kazemizadeh, Z., Amini, T., Nazari, F., & Habibi, Z. (2009). Volatile constituents of Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica from Iran. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 45(5), 737–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-009-9415-x
- Makowczyńska, J., Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., & Wysokińska, H. (2015). Antioxidant activity of tissue culture-raised Ballota nigra L. plants grown ex vitro. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 72(4), 769–775. PMID: 26647634
- Morteza-Semnani, K., & Ghanbarimasir, Z. (2019). A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Ballota. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 233, 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.001
- Mulas, M. (2006). Traditional uses of Labiatae in the Mediterranean area. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in production, biotechnology and utilisation (pp. 25–32).
- Pieroni, A. (2000). Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3), 235–273.
- Rosselli, S., Fontana, G., & Bruno, M. (2019). A review of the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and biological activities of the genus Ballota and Otostegia. Planta Medica, 85(11–12), 869–910. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0953-6165
- Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 152–178). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
- Tipirdamaz, R., & Guvenc, A. (2004). Seed fatty acids composition of Ballota cristata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40(3), 291 292. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000039146.01339.53
- Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Fujita, T., Tanaka, T., et al. (1995). Traditional medicine in Turkey. V. Folk medicine in the inner Taurus Mountains. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46(3), 133–152.
- Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Goto, K., & Ikeshiro, Y. (1993). Traditional medicine in Turkey. IV. Folk medicine in the Mediterranean subdivision. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90048-A
Abstract
Many ancient and contemporary societies have relied heavily on herbal treatments for medical care. Plant’s secondary metabolites have extensively different bioactivity properties. Several species in the genus Ballota L. have been shown to have medicinal benefits for various illnesses. B. nigra L. from both clinical and experimental investigations provides strong proof that this plant can prevent serious illnesses. External usage of B. nigra species is used to treat burns and wounds. Certain subspecies of B. nigra are utilized for its aerial parts internally, where they are used to reduce cough, alleviate inflammation, and treat gastrointestinal issues. In this study, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts, and infusion samples of the aerial parts of B. nigra subsp. anatolica were prepared, and their antimicrobial activity by using microbroth dilution method against six pathogens, total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocaltaeu method, and antioxidant effects by the DPPH method was investigated. As a finding, the highest concentration of total phenol (66.8 mg GAE/g ext) was found in the methanol extract. The ethyl acetate and infusion extracts had corresponding total phenol concentrations of 43.2 mg and 49.6 mg GAE/g ext. The methanol extract of the plant exhibited higher antioxidant activity than other extracts, with an IC50 value of 0.516 mg/mL. The infusion samples exhibited no antibacterial action, and the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts' MIC values ranging from 97 to 3125 μg/mL. It is possible to conclude that yeast species are more susceptible to plant extracts than bacteria species with low MIC values.
Thanks
The authors would like to thank Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy. There is no project support.
References
- Agiel, N., Köse, Y.B., Gülcan, Z., Saltan, N., Kürkçüoğlu, M., & İşcan, G. (2024). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the endemic Mentha longifolia subsp. cyprica growing in Cyprus. Phytochemistry Letters, 60, 243-248.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2002). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved standard (2nd ed., M27-A2). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Reference methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved standard (9th ed., M07-A9). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Davis, P.H., & Doroszenko, A. (1982). Ballota. In P.H. Davis (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 7, pp. 124–125). Edinburgh University Press.
- Demirezer, L.Ö., Ersöz, T., Saraçoğlu, İ., Şener, B., Köroğlu, A., & Yalçın, F.N. (2019). A’dan Z’ye tıbbi bitkiler: Tamamlayıcı tıbbın onayladığı bitkiler ve güvenli kullanım rehberi [Medicinal plants from A to Z: Plants approved by complementary medicine and a guide to safe use]. Hayykitap.
- Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., De Cellier, J., & Duke, P.A.K. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
- Dulger, B., & Dulger, G. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Ballota acetabulosa on microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infections. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(3), 257–262.
- Dulger, G., Aki, C., & Dulger, B. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of endemic Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica in Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(8), 6497–6502.
- Ertaş, A., Boga, M., & Yeşil, Y. (2014). Phytochemical profile and ABTS cation radical scavenging, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and anticholinesterase activities of endemic Ballota nigra L. subsp. anatolica P. H. Davis from Turkey. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(6), 555–559. https://doi.org/10.12980/JCLM.2.2014C1127
- Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M.T. (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler) [List of plants of Turkey (vascular plants)]. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
- Hemanth Ragav, N.V., Selvaraj, J., Archana Santhanam, D.V.V., & Gayathri, R. (2021). An update on therapeutic role of Ballota nigra (Black Harehound): A review. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(4), 648–661.
- Kazemizadeh, Z., Amini, T., Nazari, F., & Habibi, Z. (2009). Volatile constituents of Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica from Iran. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 45(5), 737–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-009-9415-x
- Makowczyńska, J., Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., & Wysokińska, H. (2015). Antioxidant activity of tissue culture-raised Ballota nigra L. plants grown ex vitro. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 72(4), 769–775. PMID: 26647634
- Morteza-Semnani, K., & Ghanbarimasir, Z. (2019). A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Ballota. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 233, 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.001
- Mulas, M. (2006). Traditional uses of Labiatae in the Mediterranean area. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in production, biotechnology and utilisation (pp. 25–32).
- Pieroni, A. (2000). Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70(3), 235–273.
- Rosselli, S., Fontana, G., & Bruno, M. (2019). A review of the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and biological activities of the genus Ballota and Otostegia. Planta Medica, 85(11–12), 869–910. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0953-6165
- Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 152–178). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
- Tipirdamaz, R., & Guvenc, A. (2004). Seed fatty acids composition of Ballota cristata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40(3), 291 292. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CONC.0000039146.01339.53
- Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Fujita, T., Tanaka, T., et al. (1995). Traditional medicine in Turkey. V. Folk medicine in the inner Taurus Mountains. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46(3), 133–152.
- Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Goto, K., & Ikeshiro, Y. (1993). Traditional medicine in Turkey. IV. Folk medicine in the Mediterranean subdivision. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90048-A
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Pharmaceutical Botany |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 11, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | December 26, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 22, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 |
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite
e-ISSN: 2148-6905