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Effect of Sport-Specific Emotional Dual Task Applied to Cyclists on Athletic Performance

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 86 - 101, 30.06.2025

Mehmet Zeki Sari , Ahmet Can Akpınar , Soydan Ay , Yaşar Gül Özkaya

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1724588

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sport-specific emotional cognitive task applied to elite cyclists on cycling performance. A total of 24 elite female and male athletes who had been actively cycling for at least 3 years participated in the study. The athletes were divided into 2 groups as Control Group (CG) and Dual Task Group (DG). The mean age of the control group was determined as 20.40 + 1.18, and the dual task group as 21.87 + 1.41. CG applied a functional strength test without a cognitive task and DG applied a functional strength test with a cognitive task using an ergocycle in the laboratory. The cognitive task was applied as Sport Specific Emotional Stroop Test. During the test, the average heart rate was measured from all athletes, the perceived exertion level and error score were recorded. The functional strength test results were recorded as mean power (watts). The results of each variable were evaluated considering gender differences. The obtained data were presented as mean + SD. T-test was used for measurements and comparisons between groups. The study findings showed that the application of cognitive test did not cause a statistical difference in the mean keart rate values in elite cyclists, but increased the mean power value (p<0.01) and increased the RPE score in male athletes (p<0.05), and decreased the error score (p<0.05). The results of this study revealed that the acutely applied cognitive task in elite cyclists increased the mean functional power and decreased the error score in male athletes.

Keywords

functional strength Sport Specific Emotional Stroop Test number of errors cycling

References

  • Bell EC, Willson MC, Wilman AH, Dave S ve Silverstone PH. (2006). Males and females differ in brain activation during cognitive tasks. Neuroimage, 30(2), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.049
  • Boksem MAS, Tops M (2008). Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1): 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001
  • Brick NE, MacIntyre TE ve Campbell MJ (2016). Thinking and action: a cognitive perspective on self-regulation during endurance performance. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00159
  • Buhrow C, Digmann J ve Waldron JJ (2017). The Relationship between Sports Specialization and Mental Toughness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.70252/GGAC1977
  • Büyüköztürk Ş, Akgün Ö.E, Demirel F, Karadeniz Ş ve Çakmak EK (2024). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi, 35. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Dallaway N, Lucas SJ ve Ring C (2021). Concurrent brain endurance training improves endurance exercise performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(4), 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.008
  • Derakshan N ve Eysenck MW (2009). Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance: New developments from attentional control theory. European Psychologist, 14, 168–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.2.168
  • Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1–8Flynn D, Van Schaik P ve Van Wersch A (2004). A comparison of multi-item likert and visual analogue scales for the assessment of transactionally defined coping function1. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.1.49
  • Gerber M, Kalak N, Lemola S, Clough PJ, Pühse U, Elliot C ve Brand S (2012). Adolescents' exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental health and physical activity, 5(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
  • Gröpel P (2015). Self-focused attention and motor skill failure: The moderating role of action orientation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000059
  • Gündoğdu A, Özdemir Ö, Pamuk Ö, Hindistan E ve Özkaya G. (2014). The effect of simultaneously performed cognitive task and physical exercise on pressure pain threshold and tolerance in athletes. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 2(Special Issue 2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS187
  • Holgado D, Zabala M ve Sanabria D (2019). No evidence of the effect of cognitive load on self-paced cycling performance. PloS one, 14(5), e0217825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219340
  • Humińska-Lisowska K (2024). Dopamine in sports: a narrative review on the genetic and epigenetic factors shaping personality and athletic performance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), 11602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111602
  • Klika RJ, Alderdice MS, Kvale JJ ve Kearney JT (2007). Efficacy of cycling training based on a power field test. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 265-269.
  • Kodesh E ve Kizony R (2014). Measuring cardiopulmonary parameters during dual-task while walking. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 25(2), 155-160 https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0123/html?casa_token=3N8F0Ph50_gAAAAA:o0wC1_YdZZxwnmXDiwyz7kgi9PDoElGJ2-MpzbWphXtm_ngbGLP8AtoB8u_EZWRxvjJHL4TaXsdZ
  • Koku FE, Ergün M (2016). Fiziksel Aktivite ve Bilişsel Fonksiyon. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Med-Special Topics, 2(2), 8-13. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-fiziksel-aktivite-ve-bilissel-fonksiyon-76097.html
  • Labban JD ve Etnier JL (2011). Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 82(4), 712-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599808
  • Latinjak AT, Zourbanos N, López-Ros V ve Hatzigeorgiadis A (2014). Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes’ self-talk. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 548–558. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.007.
  • Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE ve Teichmann B (2016). Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC geriatrics, 16, 1-14. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12877-016-0315-1
  • Lautenbach F, Laborde SJP, Putman P, Angelidis A ve Raab M (2016). Attentional distraction by negative sports words in athletes under low-and high-pressure conditions: Evidence from the sport emotional Stroop task. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(4), 296. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/spy0000073
  • MacMahon C, Parrington L, Pickering T, Aitken, B ve Schuecker L (2023). Understanding the effects of cognitive tasks on physical performance: A constraints framework to guide further research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 584-618. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854
  • Mann DTY, Williams AM, Ward P ve Janelle CM (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
  • Moreira PED, Dieguez GTDO, Bredt SDGT ve Praça GM (2021). The acute and chronic effects of dual-task on the motor and cognitive performances in athletes: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041732
  • Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR ve Backhouse SH (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences, 47(1), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
  • Pacholek M (2023). The influence of verbal encouragement on heart rate, maximum oxygen uptake, and distance covered in young male adults during beep test. J Mens Health, 19(2), 29-35. http://doi.org/10.22514/jomh.2023.001
  • Pamuk Ö, Özçelik MA, Toktaş N, Gündoğdu A, Hindistan İE ve Özkaya YG (2019). Cognitive task during fatiguing exercise increases the sensory-motor performance in professional dancers. Gazzetta Medica Italiana-Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 178(5), 268-76. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0393-3660.18.03801-9
  • Parfitt G ve Hardy L (1993). The effects of competitive anxiety on memory span and rebound shooting tasks in basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 517–524. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1080/02640419308730022
  • Puetz TW, O'Connor PJ ve Dishman RK (2006). Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6), 866. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.866
  • Smits BL, Pepping GJ ve Hettinga FJ (2014). Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: the roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Medicine, 44, 763-775.
  • Staiano W, Bosio A, Piazza G, Romagnoli M ve Invernizzi PL (2019). Kayaking performance is altered in mentally fatigued young elite athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(7):1253-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09051-5
  • Staiano W, Romagnoli M, Bonet LRS ve Ferri-Caruana A (2024). Adaptive cognitive tasks for mental fatigue: An innovative paradigm for cognitive loading in human performance. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 27(12), 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.199
  • Staiano, W., Marcora, S., Romagnoli, M., Kirk, U., & Ring, C. (2023). Brain Endurance Training improves endurance and cognitive performance in road cyclists. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 26(7), 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.008
  • Van Cutsem J, Marcora S, De Pauw K, Bailey S, Meeusen R ve Roelands B (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(8):1569-1588. doi:10.1007/ s40279-016-0672-0. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S40279-016-0672-0
  • Walton CC, Keegan RJ, Martin M ve Hallock H (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
  • Watts A, Andrews SJ ve Anstey KJ (2018). Sex differences in the impact of BDNF genotype on the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance. Gerontology, 64(4), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486369
  • Wierda M ve Brookhuis KA (1991). Analysis of cycling skill: a cognitive approach. Applied cognitive psychology, 5(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350050205
  • Yongtawee A, Woo MJ, Yongtawee A ve Woo MJ (2017). The influence of gender, sports type and training experience on cognitive functions in adolescent athletes. Exercise Science, 26(2), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2017.26.2.159

Bisiklet Sporcularına Uygulanan Spora Özgü Emosyonel İkili Görevin Sportif Performans Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 86 - 101, 30.06.2025

Mehmet Zeki Sari , Ahmet Can Akpınar , Soydan Ay , Yaşar Gül Özkaya

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1724588

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit bisiklet sporcularında uygulanan spora özgü emosyonel bilişsel görevin bisiklet performansı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya en az 3 yıldır aktif olarak bisiklet antrenmanı yapan toplam 24 elit kadın ve erkek sporcu katıldı. Sporcular, Kontrol Grubu (KG) ve İkili Görev Grubu (İG) olmak üzere 2 gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubunun yaş ortalaması 20,40 + 1,18, ikili görev grubunun ise 21,87+1,41 olarak saptandı. KG bilişsel görev içermeyen, İG ise bilişsel görevle birlikte olmak üzere laboratuvarda ergobisiklet kullanarak fonksiyonel güç testi uyguladılar. Bilişsel görev, Spora Özgü Emosyonel Stroop Testi olarak uygulandı. Test sırasında tüm sporculardan ortalama nabız ölçüldü, algılanan zorluk düzeyi ve hata puanı kaydedildi. Fonksiyonel güç testi sonuçları ortalama güç (watt) olarak kaydedildi. Elde edilen her bir değişkenin sonucu, cinsiyet farklılıkları dikkate alınarak değerlendirildi. Elde edilen veri ortalama + SD olarak sunuldu. Ölçümler ve gruplar arası karşılaştırmada t testi kullanıldı. Çalışma bulguları, bilişsel test uygulamasının elit bisiklet sporcularında ortalama nabız değerlerinde istatistiksel farka yol açmadığını, ancak ortalama güç değerini arttırdığını (p<0.01) ve erkek sporcularda AZD puanını arttırdığını (p<0.05), hata puanını ise azalttığını (p<0.05) gösterdi. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, elit bisiklet sporcularında akut olarak uygulanan bilişsel görevin, ortalama fonksiyonel gücü arttırdığını, erkek sporcularda hata puanını düşürdüğünü ortaya koydu.

Keywords

fonksiyonel güç Spor Spesifik Duygusal Stroop Testi hata sayısı döngü biliş

References

  • Bell EC, Willson MC, Wilman AH, Dave S ve Silverstone PH. (2006). Males and females differ in brain activation during cognitive tasks. Neuroimage, 30(2), 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.049
  • Boksem MAS, Tops M (2008). Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1): 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001
  • Brick NE, MacIntyre TE ve Campbell MJ (2016). Thinking and action: a cognitive perspective on self-regulation during endurance performance. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00159
  • Buhrow C, Digmann J ve Waldron JJ (2017). The Relationship between Sports Specialization and Mental Toughness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.70252/GGAC1977
  • Büyüköztürk Ş, Akgün Ö.E, Demirel F, Karadeniz Ş ve Çakmak EK (2024). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi, 35. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Dallaway N, Lucas SJ ve Ring C (2021). Concurrent brain endurance training improves endurance exercise performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(4), 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.008
  • Derakshan N ve Eysenck MW (2009). Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance: New developments from attentional control theory. European Psychologist, 14, 168–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.2.168
  • Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1–8Flynn D, Van Schaik P ve Van Wersch A (2004). A comparison of multi-item likert and visual analogue scales for the assessment of transactionally defined coping function1. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.1.49
  • Gerber M, Kalak N, Lemola S, Clough PJ, Pühse U, Elliot C ve Brand S (2012). Adolescents' exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental health and physical activity, 5(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
  • Gröpel P (2015). Self-focused attention and motor skill failure: The moderating role of action orientation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000059
  • Gündoğdu A, Özdemir Ö, Pamuk Ö, Hindistan E ve Özkaya G. (2014). The effect of simultaneously performed cognitive task and physical exercise on pressure pain threshold and tolerance in athletes. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 2(Special Issue 2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS187
  • Holgado D, Zabala M ve Sanabria D (2019). No evidence of the effect of cognitive load on self-paced cycling performance. PloS one, 14(5), e0217825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219340
  • Humińska-Lisowska K (2024). Dopamine in sports: a narrative review on the genetic and epigenetic factors shaping personality and athletic performance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), 11602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111602
  • Klika RJ, Alderdice MS, Kvale JJ ve Kearney JT (2007). Efficacy of cycling training based on a power field test. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 265-269.
  • Kodesh E ve Kizony R (2014). Measuring cardiopulmonary parameters during dual-task while walking. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 25(2), 155-160 https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0123/html?casa_token=3N8F0Ph50_gAAAAA:o0wC1_YdZZxwnmXDiwyz7kgi9PDoElGJ2-MpzbWphXtm_ngbGLP8AtoB8u_EZWRxvjJHL4TaXsdZ
  • Koku FE, Ergün M (2016). Fiziksel Aktivite ve Bilişsel Fonksiyon. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Med-Special Topics, 2(2), 8-13. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-fiziksel-aktivite-ve-bilissel-fonksiyon-76097.html
  • Labban JD ve Etnier JL (2011). Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 82(4), 712-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599808
  • Latinjak AT, Zourbanos N, López-Ros V ve Hatzigeorgiadis A (2014). Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes’ self-talk. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 548–558. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.007.
  • Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE ve Teichmann B (2016). Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC geriatrics, 16, 1-14. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12877-016-0315-1
  • Lautenbach F, Laborde SJP, Putman P, Angelidis A ve Raab M (2016). Attentional distraction by negative sports words in athletes under low-and high-pressure conditions: Evidence from the sport emotional Stroop task. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(4), 296. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/spy0000073
  • MacMahon C, Parrington L, Pickering T, Aitken, B ve Schuecker L (2023). Understanding the effects of cognitive tasks on physical performance: A constraints framework to guide further research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 584-618. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854
  • Mann DTY, Williams AM, Ward P ve Janelle CM (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
  • Moreira PED, Dieguez GTDO, Bredt SDGT ve Praça GM (2021). The acute and chronic effects of dual-task on the motor and cognitive performances in athletes: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041732
  • Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR ve Backhouse SH (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences, 47(1), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
  • Pacholek M (2023). The influence of verbal encouragement on heart rate, maximum oxygen uptake, and distance covered in young male adults during beep test. J Mens Health, 19(2), 29-35. http://doi.org/10.22514/jomh.2023.001
  • Pamuk Ö, Özçelik MA, Toktaş N, Gündoğdu A, Hindistan İE ve Özkaya YG (2019). Cognitive task during fatiguing exercise increases the sensory-motor performance in professional dancers. Gazzetta Medica Italiana-Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 178(5), 268-76. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0393-3660.18.03801-9
  • Parfitt G ve Hardy L (1993). The effects of competitive anxiety on memory span and rebound shooting tasks in basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 517–524. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1080/02640419308730022
  • Puetz TW, O'Connor PJ ve Dishman RK (2006). Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6), 866. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.866
  • Smits BL, Pepping GJ ve Hettinga FJ (2014). Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: the roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Medicine, 44, 763-775.
  • Staiano W, Bosio A, Piazza G, Romagnoli M ve Invernizzi PL (2019). Kayaking performance is altered in mentally fatigued young elite athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(7):1253-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09051-5
  • Staiano W, Romagnoli M, Bonet LRS ve Ferri-Caruana A (2024). Adaptive cognitive tasks for mental fatigue: An innovative paradigm for cognitive loading in human performance. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 27(12), 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.199
  • Staiano, W., Marcora, S., Romagnoli, M., Kirk, U., & Ring, C. (2023). Brain Endurance Training improves endurance and cognitive performance in road cyclists. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 26(7), 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.008
  • Van Cutsem J, Marcora S, De Pauw K, Bailey S, Meeusen R ve Roelands B (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(8):1569-1588. doi:10.1007/ s40279-016-0672-0. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S40279-016-0672-0
  • Walton CC, Keegan RJ, Martin M ve Hallock H (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
  • Watts A, Andrews SJ ve Anstey KJ (2018). Sex differences in the impact of BDNF genotype on the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance. Gerontology, 64(4), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486369
  • Wierda M ve Brookhuis KA (1991). Analysis of cycling skill: a cognitive approach. Applied cognitive psychology, 5(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350050205
  • Yongtawee A, Woo MJ, Yongtawee A ve Woo MJ (2017). The influence of gender, sports type and training experience on cognitive functions in adolescent athletes. Exercise Science, 26(2), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2017.26.2.159
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sport and Exercise Psychology, Exercise and Sports Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Zeki Sari 0000-0003-0606-4307

Ahmet Can Akpınar 0000-0003-2442-955X

Soydan Ay 0009-0000-0605-6011

Yaşar Gül Özkaya 0000-0002-4887-8379

Early Pub Date June 29, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date June 21, 2025
Acceptance Date June 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sari, M. Z., Akpınar, A. C., Ay, S., Özkaya, Y. G. (2025). Bisiklet Sporcularına Uygulanan Spora Özgü Emosyonel İkili Görevin Sportif Performans Üzerine Etkisi. Uluslararası Türk Spor Ve Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1724588
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