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Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 305 - 308, 14.06.2025

Dilara Berşan Konyalıgil , Kübra Tel Adıgüzel

https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046

Abstract

Susam (Sesamum indicum L.), Pedaliaceae familyasına ait olan ve hem tropikal hem de subtropikal ülkelerde yetiştirilen bir bitkidir. Ana bileşenleri yağ ve proteinden oluşan susamın besin değeri yüksektir. Tohumları kalsiyum ve fosfor mineralleri ile A, E, B1, B2 ve B3 vitaminlerini içermektedir. Susam ayrıca fitosteroller, lesitin, doymamış yağ asitleri ve lignanlardan da zengindir. Susam yağının ana lignanları olan sesamin, sesamol ve sesamolin, antioksidanları artırarak hipertansiyona, hiperlipidemiye, lipit peroksidasyonuna ve inflamasyona karşı koruma sağlamaktadır. Susam yağının antihipertansif etkili olduğu ve tansiyon regülasyonu için gereken ilaç miktarını azalttığı yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Araştırmalarda susam yağının plazma kolesterolünü, düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein kolesterolü ve trigliserit seviyelerini düşürdüğü bulunmuştur. Susam yağı ile ilgili yapılan araştırmalar, susamın ateroskleroz riskini azaltmada ve kardiyovasküler hastalıkları geciktirmede umut vaat ettiğini göstermektedir. Uygun fiyatlı ve doğal olduğu için susam yağının farmasötik tedavi olarak uygulanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, susamın kardiyovasküler hastalıklarla ilişkisini çeşitli çalışmalar ve mevcut literatür temelinde özetlemektir.

Keywords

Kardiyovasküler kolesterol sesamin susam yağ.

References

  • Boukid F. Oat proteins as emerging ingredients for food formulation: where we stand?. Eur Food Res Technol. 2021;247(3):535–44. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03661-2.
  • Sibt e Abbas M, Butt MS, Khan MR, Sultan MT, Saddique MS, Shahid M. Nutritional and functional characterization of defatted oilseed protein isolates. Pak J Agric Sci. 2020;57(1):219–28. DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/20.6458.
  • Li M, Luo J, Nawaz MA, Stockmann R, Buckow R, Barrow C, et al. Phytochemistry, bioaccessibility, and bioactivities of sesame seeds: An overview. Food Rev Int. 2024;40(1):309-35. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2168280.
  • Khalesi S, Paukste E, Nikbakht E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. (2016). Sesame fractions and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(5):764-73. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515005012.
  • Hirose N, Inoue T, Nishihara K, Sugano M, Akimoto K, Shimizu S, et al. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis in rats by sesamin. J Lipid Res. 1991;32(4):629-38. DOI:
  • Sirato-Yasumoto S, Katsuta M, Okuyama Y, Takahashi Y, Ide T. Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(5):2647-51. DOI: 10.1021/jf001362t.
  • Ashakumary L, Rouyer I, Takahashi Y, Ide T, Fukuda N, Aoyama T, et al. Sesamin, a sesame lignan, is a potent inducer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat. Metabolism. 199;48(10):1303-13. DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90272-x.
  • Wei P, Zhao F, Wang Z, Wang Q, Chai X, Hou G, et al. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A comprehensive review of nutritional value, phytochemical composition, health benefits, development of food, and industrial applications. Nutrients, 2022;14(19):4079. DOI: 10.3390/nu14194079.
  • Cardoso CA, Oliveira GMM de, Gouveia L de AV, Moreira ASB, Rosa G. The effect of dietary intake of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) derivatives related to the lipid profile and blood pressure: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;58(1):116–25. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1137858.
  • Farajbakhsh A, Mazloomi SM, Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Akbarzadeh M, Ahmad SD, et al. Sesame oil and vitamin E co-administration may improve cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73:1403–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0438-5.
  • Abbas S, Sharif MK, Sibt-e-Abbas M, Fikre Teferra T, Sultan, MT, Anwar MJ. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of sesame seeds. J Food Qual. 2022:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6163753.
  • Huang H, Zhou G, Pu R, Cui Y, Liao D. Clinical evidence of dietary supplementation with sesame on cardiovascular risk factors: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(20):5592-602. DOI: 10408398.2021.1888689.
  • Kumar M, Singh SA. Bioactive lignans from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial effects for food applications. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(5):2934-41. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1334-6.
  • Dalibalta S, Majdalawieh AF, Manjikian H. Health benefits of sesamin on cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. Saudi Pharm J. 2020 Oct;28(10):1276-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.018.
  • Thuy TD, Phan NN, Wang CY, Yu HG, Wang SY, Huang PL, et al. Novel therapeutic effects of sesamin on diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):2949-56. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6420.
  • Alipoor B, Haghighian MK, Sadat BE, Asghari M. Effect of sesame seed on lipid profile and redox status in hyperlipidemic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(6):674–8. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.652077.
  • Lakshmanan V. Cardiprotectice effect of sesame oil: a review. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6,(11):331-41. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201711-9607.
  • Helli B, Mowla K, Mohammadshahi M, Jalali MT. Effect of sesamin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr. (4):300–07. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1005198.
  • Hoopes SL, Garcia V, Edin ML, Schwartzman ML, Zeldin DC. Vascular actions of 20-HETE. Prostag Oth Lipid M. 2015; 120:9-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.002.
  • Hsu E, Parthasarathy S. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of sesame oil on atherosclerosis: A descriptive literatüre review. Cureus. 2017 Jul;9(7):e1438. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1438.
  • Dhar P, Chattopadhya K, Bhattacharyya D, Biswas A, Roy B, Ghosh S. Ameliorative influence of sesame lignans on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in induced diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(14):5875-80. DOI: 10.1021/jf063721b.
  • Ramesh B, Saravanan R, Pugalendi KV. Influence of sesame oil on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Med Food. 2005;8(3):377-81. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.377.
  • Kang MH, Katsuzaki H, Osawa T. Inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-induced lipid peroxidation by sesaminols. Lipids. 1998;33(10):1031-6. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0302-y.
  • Steinbrecher UP, Parthasarathy S, Leake DS, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(12):3883-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3883.
  • Noguchi T, Ikeda K, Sasaki Y, Yamamoto J, Seki J, Yamagata K, et al. Effects of vitamin E and sesamin on hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2001;24(6):735–42. DOI: 10.1291/hypres.24.735.
  • Wichitsranoi J, Weerapreeyakul N, Boonsiri P, Settasatian C, Settasatian N, Komanasin N, et al. Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of dietary black sesame meal in pre-hypertensive humans. Nutr J. 2011;10:82. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-82.
  • Jayaraj P, Narasimhulu CA, Rajagopalan S, Parthasarathy S, Desikan R. Sesamol: A powerful functional food ingredient from sesame oil for cardioprotection. Food Funct. 2020;11(2):1198-210. DOI: 10.1039/C9FO01873E.
  • Cebova M, Rehakova R, Kosutova M, Pechanova O. Simvastatin does not affect nitric oxide generation increased by sesame oil in obese zucker rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Aug 30;1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2018/5413423.
  • Narasimhulu CA, Selvarajan K, Burge KY, Litvinov D, Sengupta B, Parthasarathy S. Water-soluble components of sesame oil reduce inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Med Food. 2016;19(7):629–37. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0154.
  • Khatun H, Das K, Nandi DK, Chattopadhyay A. Supplementation of seed dust of Vicia faba and sesame ameliorates high lipid diet-induced dyslipidemia in rats. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci. 2019;7(1). DOI: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.7.1.20.
  • Mokhber M, Keshavarz A, Shidfar F, Skhund AH, Pouraliakbar H, Bokaee ZN, et al. Effect of sesame lignan supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness, serum lipid profile, serum vegf, vcam-1, ıcam-1 and vwf levels in cardiovascular disease patients. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jun 22;19(1):e82984. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.82984.
  • Liu CT, Liu MY. Daily sesame oil supplementation attenuates local renin-angiotensin system via inhibiting MAPK activation and oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy. JNB. 2017;42:108–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05. 006.

Association of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with Cardiovascular Diseases

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 305 - 308, 14.06.2025

Dilara Berşan Konyalıgil , Kübra Tel Adıgüzel

https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a plant belonging to the Pedaliaceae family and is cultivated in both tropical and subtropical countries. Sesame, whose main components are oil and protein, has a high nutritional value. The seeds contain the minerals calcium and phosphorus and vitamins A, E, B1, B2 and B3. Sesame is also rich in phytosterols, lecithin, unsaturated fatty acids and lignans. Sesamin, sesamol and sesamolin, the main lignans in sesame oil, protect against hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, lipid peroxidation and inflammation by increasing antioxidant levels. Studies have shown that sesame oil has an antihypertensive effect and reduces the amount of medication needed to regulate blood pressure. Studies have shown that sesame oil reduces plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Research on sesame oil shows that sesame shows promise in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and delaying the onset of cardiovascular disease. Sesame oil is intended to be used as a pharmaceutical treatment because it is affordable and natural. The aim of this review is to summarise the association between sesame oil and cardiovascular disease on the based on various studies and available literature.

Keywords

Cardiovascular cholesterol oil sesamin sesame.

References

  • Boukid F. Oat proteins as emerging ingredients for food formulation: where we stand?. Eur Food Res Technol. 2021;247(3):535–44. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03661-2.
  • Sibt e Abbas M, Butt MS, Khan MR, Sultan MT, Saddique MS, Shahid M. Nutritional and functional characterization of defatted oilseed protein isolates. Pak J Agric Sci. 2020;57(1):219–28. DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/20.6458.
  • Li M, Luo J, Nawaz MA, Stockmann R, Buckow R, Barrow C, et al. Phytochemistry, bioaccessibility, and bioactivities of sesame seeds: An overview. Food Rev Int. 2024;40(1):309-35. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2168280.
  • Khalesi S, Paukste E, Nikbakht E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. (2016). Sesame fractions and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(5):764-73. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515005012.
  • Hirose N, Inoue T, Nishihara K, Sugano M, Akimoto K, Shimizu S, et al. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis in rats by sesamin. J Lipid Res. 1991;32(4):629-38. DOI:
  • Sirato-Yasumoto S, Katsuta M, Okuyama Y, Takahashi Y, Ide T. Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(5):2647-51. DOI: 10.1021/jf001362t.
  • Ashakumary L, Rouyer I, Takahashi Y, Ide T, Fukuda N, Aoyama T, et al. Sesamin, a sesame lignan, is a potent inducer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat. Metabolism. 199;48(10):1303-13. DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90272-x.
  • Wei P, Zhao F, Wang Z, Wang Q, Chai X, Hou G, et al. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A comprehensive review of nutritional value, phytochemical composition, health benefits, development of food, and industrial applications. Nutrients, 2022;14(19):4079. DOI: 10.3390/nu14194079.
  • Cardoso CA, Oliveira GMM de, Gouveia L de AV, Moreira ASB, Rosa G. The effect of dietary intake of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) derivatives related to the lipid profile and blood pressure: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;58(1):116–25. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1137858.
  • Farajbakhsh A, Mazloomi SM, Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Akbarzadeh M, Ahmad SD, et al. Sesame oil and vitamin E co-administration may improve cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73:1403–11. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0438-5.
  • Abbas S, Sharif MK, Sibt-e-Abbas M, Fikre Teferra T, Sultan, MT, Anwar MJ. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of sesame seeds. J Food Qual. 2022:1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6163753.
  • Huang H, Zhou G, Pu R, Cui Y, Liao D. Clinical evidence of dietary supplementation with sesame on cardiovascular risk factors: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(20):5592-602. DOI: 10408398.2021.1888689.
  • Kumar M, Singh SA. Bioactive lignans from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial effects for food applications. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(5):2934-41. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1334-6.
  • Dalibalta S, Majdalawieh AF, Manjikian H. Health benefits of sesamin on cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. Saudi Pharm J. 2020 Oct;28(10):1276-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.018.
  • Thuy TD, Phan NN, Wang CY, Yu HG, Wang SY, Huang PL, et al. Novel therapeutic effects of sesamin on diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):2949-56. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6420.
  • Alipoor B, Haghighian MK, Sadat BE, Asghari M. Effect of sesame seed on lipid profile and redox status in hyperlipidemic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(6):674–8. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.652077.
  • Lakshmanan V. Cardiprotectice effect of sesame oil: a review. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6,(11):331-41. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201711-9607.
  • Helli B, Mowla K, Mohammadshahi M, Jalali MT. Effect of sesamin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr. (4):300–07. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1005198.
  • Hoopes SL, Garcia V, Edin ML, Schwartzman ML, Zeldin DC. Vascular actions of 20-HETE. Prostag Oth Lipid M. 2015; 120:9-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.002.
  • Hsu E, Parthasarathy S. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of sesame oil on atherosclerosis: A descriptive literatüre review. Cureus. 2017 Jul;9(7):e1438. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1438.
  • Dhar P, Chattopadhya K, Bhattacharyya D, Biswas A, Roy B, Ghosh S. Ameliorative influence of sesame lignans on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in induced diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(14):5875-80. DOI: 10.1021/jf063721b.
  • Ramesh B, Saravanan R, Pugalendi KV. Influence of sesame oil on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Med Food. 2005;8(3):377-81. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.377.
  • Kang MH, Katsuzaki H, Osawa T. Inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-induced lipid peroxidation by sesaminols. Lipids. 1998;33(10):1031-6. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0302-y.
  • Steinbrecher UP, Parthasarathy S, Leake DS, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(12):3883-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3883.
  • Noguchi T, Ikeda K, Sasaki Y, Yamamoto J, Seki J, Yamagata K, et al. Effects of vitamin E and sesamin on hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2001;24(6):735–42. DOI: 10.1291/hypres.24.735.
  • Wichitsranoi J, Weerapreeyakul N, Boonsiri P, Settasatian C, Settasatian N, Komanasin N, et al. Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of dietary black sesame meal in pre-hypertensive humans. Nutr J. 2011;10:82. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-82.
  • Jayaraj P, Narasimhulu CA, Rajagopalan S, Parthasarathy S, Desikan R. Sesamol: A powerful functional food ingredient from sesame oil for cardioprotection. Food Funct. 2020;11(2):1198-210. DOI: 10.1039/C9FO01873E.
  • Cebova M, Rehakova R, Kosutova M, Pechanova O. Simvastatin does not affect nitric oxide generation increased by sesame oil in obese zucker rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Aug 30;1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2018/5413423.
  • Narasimhulu CA, Selvarajan K, Burge KY, Litvinov D, Sengupta B, Parthasarathy S. Water-soluble components of sesame oil reduce inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Med Food. 2016;19(7):629–37. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0154.
  • Khatun H, Das K, Nandi DK, Chattopadhyay A. Supplementation of seed dust of Vicia faba and sesame ameliorates high lipid diet-induced dyslipidemia in rats. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci. 2019;7(1). DOI: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.7.1.20.
  • Mokhber M, Keshavarz A, Shidfar F, Skhund AH, Pouraliakbar H, Bokaee ZN, et al. Effect of sesame lignan supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness, serum lipid profile, serum vegf, vcam-1, ıcam-1 and vwf levels in cardiovascular disease patients. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jun 22;19(1):e82984. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.82984.
  • Liu CT, Liu MY. Daily sesame oil supplementation attenuates local renin-angiotensin system via inhibiting MAPK activation and oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy. JNB. 2017;42:108–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05. 006.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutritional Science
Journal Section Review
Authors

Dilara Berşan Konyalıgil 0000-0002-8088-9350

Kübra Tel Adıgüzel 0000-0003-1010-4316

Publication Date June 14, 2025
Submission Date April 1, 2024
Acceptance Date October 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Konyalıgil, D. B., & Tel Adıgüzel, K. (2025). Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 305-308. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046
AMA Konyalıgil DB, Tel Adıgüzel K. Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi. İKÇÜSBFD. June 2025;10(2):305-308. doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046
Chicago Konyalıgil, Dilara Berşan, and Kübra Tel Adıgüzel. “Susamın (Sesamum Indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 2025): 305-8. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046.
EndNote Konyalıgil DB, Tel Adıgüzel K (June 1, 2025) Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10 2 305–308.
IEEE D. B. Konyalıgil and K. Tel Adıgüzel, “Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 305–308, 2025, doi: 10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046.
ISNAD Konyalıgil, Dilara Berşan - Tel Adıgüzel, Kübra. “Susamın (Sesamum Indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10/2 (June 2025), 305-308. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046.
JAMA Konyalıgil DB, Tel Adıgüzel K. Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi. İKÇÜSBFD. 2025;10:305–308.
MLA Konyalıgil, Dilara Berşan and Kübra Tel Adıgüzel. “Susamın (Sesamum Indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, 2025, pp. 305-8, doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1463046.
Vancouver Konyalıgil DB, Tel Adıgüzel K. Susamın (Sesamum indicum L.) Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarla İlişkisi. İKÇÜSBFD. 2025;10(2):305-8.
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