Research Article
Energy-Efficient Error Control Approach for Optimal Pathfinding Using the Floyd Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a vital component of the Internet of Things (IoT), are distributed and self-organizing systems comprising tiny, low-cost devices with limited processing power, memory, communication capabilities, and energy resources. A persistent challenge in WSNs is the unreliability of wireless communication channels, which often results in data packet loss. To tackle this issue, error control strategies are essential for improving data transmission efficiency. This paper introduces a novel approach that integrates the Floyd algorithm—a classical shortest-pathfinding method—with principles inspired by artificial intelligence (AI) to design an error control scheme specifically for WSNs in IoT applications. The proposed method effectively mitigates environmental interferences while optimizing energy consumption, enhancing both communication reliability and network efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the method’s capability to select optimal paths from source nodes to sink nodes, significantly improving error control, reducing node energy consumption, extending network lifetime, and enhancing overall reliability.
Keywords
Wireless sensor network Error control Pathfinding Floyd algorithm Network lifetime Artificial intelligence
References
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Kablosuz Sensör Ağlarında Floyd Algoritmasını Kullanarak Optimal Yol Bulma İçin Enerji Verimli Hata Kontrol Yaklaşımı
Abstract
Nesnelerin İnterneti'nin (IoT) hayati bir bileşeni olan kablosuz sensör ağları (WSN'ler), sınırlı işlem gücü, bellek, iletişim yetenekleri ve enerji kaynaklarına sahip küçük, düşük maliyetli cihazlardan oluşan dağıtılmış ve kendi kendini organize eden sistemlerdir. WSN'lerde sürekli bir zorluk, genellikle veri paketi kaybına neden olan kablosuz iletişim kanallarının güvenilmezliğidir. Bu sorunu ele almak için, veri iletim verimliliğini artırmak için hata kontrol stratejileri esastır. Bu makale, IoT uygulamalarındaki WSN'ler için özel olarak bir hata kontrol şeması tasarlamak üzere Floyd algoritmasını (klasik en kısa yol bulma yöntemi) yapay zekadan (AI) ilham alan ilkelerle birleştiren yeni bir yaklaşımı tanıtmaktadır. Önerilen yöntem, enerji tüketimini optimize ederken çevresel girişimleri etkili bir şekilde azaltır ve hem iletişim güvenilirliğini hem de ağ verimliliğini artırır. Simülasyon sonuçları, yöntemin kaynak düğümlerden alıcı düğümlere optimum yolları seçme, hata kontrolünü önemli ölçüde iyileştirme, düğüm enerji tüketimini azaltma, ağ ömrünü uzatma ve genel güvenilirliği artırma yeteneğini göstermektedir.
References
- S. M. Chowdhury and A. Hossain, "Different energy-saving schemes in wireless sensor networks: A survey," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 2043–2062, 2020. doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07461-5
- O. Kanoun, S. Bradai, S. Khriji, G. Bouattour, D. El Houssaini, M. Ben Ammar, S. Naifar, A. Bouhamed, F. Derbel, and C. Viehweger, "Energy-Aware System Design for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes: A Comprehensive Review," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 548, 2021. doi:10.3390/s21020548
- C. Nakas, D. Kandris, and G. Visvardis, "Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey," Algorithms, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 72, 2020. doi:10.3390/a13030072
- R. Maheswar, M. Kathirvelu, and K. Mohanasundaram, "Energy Efficiency in Wireless Networks," Energies, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 417, 2024. doi:10.3390/en17020417
- D. Dhabliya, D. Anandhasilambarasan, V. Ojha, D. R. Primmia, H. Kalra, and B. S. Sahana, "An analysis of the performance of adaptive error control coding strategies," in Proceedings of the 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 2024, pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICCCNT61001.2024.10724942
- D. Dhabliya, D. Anandhasilambarasan, V. Ojha, D. R. Primmia, H. Kalra, and B. S. Sahana, "An analysis of the performance of adaptive error control coding strategies," in 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), June 2024, pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICCCNT61001.2024.10724942
- G. A. Jassim and G. A. Hussain, "A study of forward error-correction techniques in digital communication systems," in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 3232, no. 1, Oct. 2024. doi:10.1063/5.0236483
- T. Soleymani, J. S. Baras, and D. Gündüz, "Networked control with hybrid automatic repeat request protocols," arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.07381, 2024. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2405.07381
- P. Kaur, K. Kaur, D. K. Verma, K. Singh, K. Kaushik, and V. Singh, "Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review and future perspectives," in 2024 7th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), vol. 7, Sept. 2024, pp. 263–270. doi:10.1109/IC3I61595.2024.10828894
- A. R. Ramos, F. J. Velez, and G. Gardašević, "Performance evaluation of source routing minimum cost forwarding protocol over 6TiSCH applied to the OpenMote-B platform," in 3rd EAI International Conference on IoT in Urban Space, 2020, pp. 123–134. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28925-6_11
- R. Jain, "Ant colony inspired energy efficient OLSR (AC-OLSR) routing protocol in MANETS," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 3307–3320, 2022. doi:10.1007/s11277-022-09514-3
- M. Chandana and S. Thakur, "Ant-Net: An adaptive routing algorithm," in 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), July 2016, pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853616
- A. Kaur, G. Singh, A. Singh, R. Gupta, and G. Singh, "Ant-based algorithm for routing in mobile ad hoc networks," in International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication, Feb. 2023, pp. 357–366. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4071-4_28
- L. Zhou, J. Zhang, and H. Liu, "Ant colony algorithm for Steiner tree problem in CGRA mapping," in 2017 4th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE), July 2017, pp. 198–202. doi:10.1109/ICISCE.2017.51
- Y. Sun, W. Dong, and Y. Chen, "An improved routing algorithm based on ant colony optimization in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1317–1320, 2017. doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2672959
- H. Zhang, "Cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks," in MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 336, p. 04016, 2021. doi:10.1051/matecconf/202133604016
- K. Arai, "Routing protocol based on Floyd-Warshall algorithm allowing maximization of throughput," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 11, no. 6, 2020. doi:10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110655
- Y. Shang, W. Ruml, Y. Zhang, and M. P. Fromherz, "Localization from mere connectivity," in Proc. of the 4th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing, Jun. 2003, pp. 201–212. doi:10.1145/778415.778439
- K. A. Hawick and H. A. James, "Small-world effects in wireless agent sensor networks," International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 155-164, 2010. doi:10.1504/IJWMC.2010.034213
- A. Chen, S. Kumar, and T. H. Lai, "Designing localized algorithms for barrier coverage," in Proc. of the 13th Annual ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Sept. 2007, pp. 63-74. doi:10.1145/1287853.1287862
- U. Bischoff, M. Strohbach, M. Hazas, and G. Kortuem, "Constraint-based distance estimation in ad-hoc wireless sensor networks," in Wireless Sensor Networks: Third European Workshop, EWSN 2006, Zurich, Switzerland, Feb. 13-15, 2006. Proceedings 3, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 54-68. doi:10.1007/11669463_7
- C. W. Commander, C. A. Oliveira, P. M. Pardalos, and M. G. Resende, "A one-pass heuristic for cooperative communication in mobile ad hoc networks," in Cooperative Systems: Control and Optimization, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 285-296, 2007. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48271-0_17
- I. G. A. Poornima, S. Dontu, M. Maheswaran, and R. Vallabhaneni, "Energy‐Effective Optimal Routing–Driven Hybrid Optimizations–Enabled IoT‐Based Wearable Wireless Body Area Network," Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 38, no. 6, p. e70037, 2025, doi: 10.1002/dac.70037.
- M. Saxena, S. Dutta, and B. K. Singh, "Optimal routing using whale optimization and lion optimization algorithm in WSN," Wireless Netw., vol. 30, pp. 1601–1618, 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11276-023-03607-y.
- A. R. Maximus and S. Balaji, "Energy‐Efficient Fuzzy Logic With Barnacle Mating Optimization‐Based Clustering and Hybrid Optimized Cross‐Layer Routing in Wireless Sensor Network," Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 38, no. 5, p. e6132, 2025. doi: 10.1002/dac.6132.
- V. Verma and V. K. Jha, "Secure and Energy-Aware Data Transmission for IoT-WSNs with the Help of Cluster-Based Secure Optimal Routing," Wireless Pers. Commun., vol. 134, pp. 1665–1686, 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11277-024-10983-x.
- N. S. Dinakaran, L. Muthusamy, and D. S. V. Sundaresan, “Implementation of energy‐aware optimal routing for improving traffic capacity in ad hoc wireless network using hybrid heuristic algorithm,” Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 38, no. 4, p. e6126, 2025. doi: 10.1002/dac.6126.
- T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022. Available: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/introduction-algorithms
There are 28 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Artificial Intelligence (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | May 30, 2025 |
| Publication Date | May 31, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 15, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 14, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 1 Issue: 1 |
