Research Article
Empathy in Sufi Experience and Carl Rogers’ Therapeutic Empathy Model: The Cases of Mevlânâ, Shams-i Tabrizi, and Yunus Emre
Abstract
This study comparatively examines Carl Rogers' person-centered therapeutic empathy model and the concept of "understanding others' states" (halden anlama) reflected in the works of Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Shams-i Tabrizi, and Yunus Emre through a phenomenological approach. The primary aim is to analyze the similarities and differences between the structured concept of empathy in modern psychology and the spiritually-centered empathic consciousness shaped around intuition, divine love, and moral responsibility in Sufi experience. A qualitative research design was adopted, and document analysis was employed as the data collection method. The primary sources included Mevlânâ’s Masnavi, Yunus Emre’s Divan and Risaletü’n-Nushiyye, and Shams-i Tabrizi’s Maqalat. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis, conceptual analysis, and narrative analysis; the cognitive, emotional, and intuitive dimensions of empathy were coded and compared with Rogers’ model. Findings indicate that empathy plays a central role in both Rogers’ therapeutic model and Sufi understanding in facilitating inner transformation, self-awareness, and authentic relational bonds. However, while Rogers conceptualizes empathy as a psychological healing and self-actualization tool, Sufi thought frames empathy as a necessary stage for attaining a transcendent consciousness and divine truth. Moreover, it is determined that the Sufi empathy perspective can be integrated into modern therapeutic approaches such as mindfulness-based therapies, compassion-focused psychotherapy, and existential therapy. Consequently, this study aims to establish a new interdisciplinary dialogue between psychology and Sufism through the lens of empathy, offering a unique contribution to individual and collective spiritual development processes.
Keywords
Empathy Understanding others' states Sufism Therapeutic relationship Spiritual transformation
References
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- Fîrûzâbâdî, Muhammed ibn Yakûb. (1994). Kâmûsü’l-Muhît. (Haz. A. Rıza Karabulut). Çağrı Yayınları.
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Tasavvufî Tecrübede Empati Anlayışı ve Carl Rogers’ın Terapötik Empati Modeli: Mevlânâ, Şems-i Tebrizî ve Yunus Emre Örneği
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Carl Rogers’ın birey merkezli terapötik empati modeli ile Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Şems-i Tebrizî ve Yunus Emre'nin eserlerinde temsil edilen tasavvufî "halden anlama" anlayışını fenomenolojik bir yaklaşımla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, modern psikolojide yapılandırılan empati kavramı ile tasavvufî tecrübede sezgi, ilahi aşk ve manevi sorumluluk ekseninde şekillenen empatik bilincin benzerlik ve farklılıklarını analiz etmektir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma deseni benimsenmiş, veri toplama aracı olarak doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Mevlânâ’nın Mesnevîsi, Yunus Emre’nin Divanı ve Risaletü’n-Nushiyyesi ile Şems-i Tebrizî’nin Makalâtı temel veri kaynaklarını oluşturmuştur. Veriler tematik analiz, kavramsal çözümleme ve anlatı analizi teknikleriyle değerlendirilmiş; empati süreçleri bilişsel, duygusal ve sezgisel boyutlarda kodlanarak Rogers’ın modeline göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular, hem Rogers’ın empati modelinin hem de tasavvufî empati anlayışının bireyin içsel dönüşümünde, öz-farkındalık ve sahici ilişkiler geliştirmesinde merkezi bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Ancak Rogers empatiyi psikolojik iyileşme ve öz-gerçekleştirme aracı olarak tanımlarken, tasavvufî yaklaşım, empatiyi aşkın bir varoluş bilincine ulaşmanın zorunlu aşaması olarak konumlandırmaktadır. Ayrıca tasavvufî empati anlayışının, mindfulness temelli terapiler, şefkat odaklı psikoterapi ve varoluşçu terapiler gibi modern yaklaşımlarla bütünleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, psikoloji ve tasavvuf arasında empati kavramı üzerinden disiplinler arası yeni bir düşünsel köprü kurmayı hedeflemekte ve hem bireysel hem de kolektif ruhsal gelişim süreçlerine dair özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır.
References
- Albayrak, Z. (2023). Tasavvufî öğretide merhamet ve empati. İstanbul: İrfan Yayınları.
- Albayrak, H. (2023). Tasavvufun psikolojik iyilik hâline etkisi: Disiplinlerarası bir değerlendirme. İnsan Yayınları.
- Aydemir, M. (2024). Anadolu tasavvuf düşüncesinde gönül terbiyesi. Ankara: Düşünce Kitabevi.
- Aydemir, B. (2024). Tasavvufî psikolojide empati: Halden anlama ve ilahî aşk ilişkisi. Tasavvuf ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(1), 65–78.
- Batson, C. D. (2022). Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.
- Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J. A. (2003). Four motives for community involvement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00067
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- Chittick, W. C. (2001).The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Cürcânî, es-Seyyid Şerîf. (1992). Taʿrîfât. (Çev. A. Topaloğlu). MEB Yayınları.
- Çakır, A. (2025). Manevi Dayanıklılık ve Empati: Psikoterapötik Yaklaşımlarda Tasavvufî Öğeler. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
- Çakır, M. (2025). Travma sonrası iyileşmede tasavvufî kaynakların terapötik işlevi. İslam Psikolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 98–114.
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- Decety, J. (2023). The empathic brain: Social neuroscience and the roots of compassion. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2023). Empathy as a dynamic process. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(2), 112–128.
- Decety, J. (2023).Empathy, morality, and social neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Decety, J. (2023). The neuroevolution of empathy: From mirror neurons to moral reasoning. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1154269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154269
- Dîvân-ı Yunus Emre. (2024). Haz. İsmail Güleç. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Yayınları.
- Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011).Empathy. In Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change (pp. 43–69). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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- Emre, Y. (2024). Risaletü’n-Nushiyye (Haz. A. Gölpınarlı). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. (Orijinal eser 14. yüzyıl)
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- Figley, C. R., & Kleber, R. J. (2023). The cost of caring: Secondary traumatic stress and therapists. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 75–85). Springer.
- Figley, C. R., & Kleber, R. J. (2023). The nature of traumatic stress and the role of compassion fatigue. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 67–85). New York: Routledge.
- Fîhi Mâ Fîh (2016). (Çev. A. Gölpınarlı). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Fîrûzâbâdî, Muhammed ibn Yakûb. (1994). Kâmûsü’l-Muhît. (Haz. A. Rıza Karabulut). Çağrı Yayınları.
- Gallese, V. (2020). Embodied simulation and its role in empathy and social cognition. Mind & Language, 35(2), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12200
- Gallese, V. (2020). The Empathic Brain: Neural Mechanisms of Empathy and Their Significance for Psychopathology. In T. Fuchs & T. Breyer (Eds.), Body and Time: Phenomenological and Psychopathological Approaches (pp. 253–272). Berlin: Springer.
- Gallese, V. (2020). Mirror neurons, embodied simulation, and the neural basis of social identification. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 30(3), 260–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2020.1735200
- Gilbert, P. (2022). The compassionate mind: A new approach to life’s challenges. New York: Routledge.
- Gilbert, P. (2022). Compassion focused therapy: Clinical practice and applications. Routledge.
- Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., & Linehan, M. M. (2022). Process-Based CBT: The Science and Core Clinical Competencies of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.
- Heidegger, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit. Niemeyer.(İngilizce çeviri için: Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row.).
- Heine, S. J. (2023). Cultural psychology (5th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Horvath, A. O., & Luborsky, L. (1993).The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.561
- Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156.
- Karamustafa, A. T. (2022).God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period, 1200-1550. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları.
- Karamustafa, A. T. (2022). Halden anlama ve rahmetin dili: Tasavvufî düşüncede empati. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 41–55.
- Karamustafa, A. (2022). Tasavvuf düşüncesinde sezgi ve içsel farkındalık. Sufi Studies Journal, 12(2), 39–56.
- Karamustafa, A. T. (2022). Tasavvuf ve Tefekkür: Zikir Temelli Bilgelik. Ankara: DİB Yayınları. Keshavarz, F. (2004). Reading Mystical Lyric: The Case of Jalal al-Din Rumi. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
- Kılıç, Y. (2023).Mevlânâ’da İnsan ve Ahlak: Ruhsal Dönüşümün Etik Temelleri. Konya: Sufi Kitap.
- Kılıç, M. (2023). Tasavvufî düşüncede halden anlama ve empati kavramları. İslam Düşüncesi Dergisi, 6(1), 45–60.
- Kılıç, M. (2023). Tasavvuf ve Psikoloji Arasında Empati Köprüsü. Konya: Palet Yayınları.
- Kılıç, Y. (2023). Yunus Emre’de etik bilinç ve empatik anlayış. Konya: İnsan Yayınları.
- Konrath, S. (2014). The empathy paradox: Increasing disconnection in the age of connection. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 1–23). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority (A. Lingis, Trans.). Duquesne University Press.
- Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
- Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2020). Culture and the self: A renewed look at independence and interdependence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.006
- Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage Publications.
- Nasr, S. H. (2021). The garden of truth: The vision and promise of Sufism, Islam’s mystical tradition. HarperOne.
- Nasr, S. H. (2021). Knowledge and the sacred. Albany: SUNY Press.
- Nicholson, R. A. (2024). Mevlânâ: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Öğretisi. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Cultural Studies (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | April 28, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 21, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |
Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi