Abstract
Although the concept of colonialism is defined as the occupation, processing and exploitation of a foreign land and the settlement of immigrants, different types of colonialism have emerged in practice. Classical colonialism refers to the form of colonialism in which any land is colonized, the exploited resources are moved to the colonial center (metropole), and there are no intentions and activities of settling and acquiring a homeland in the colony. Settler colonialism differs from classical colonialism in terms of settling in the targeted lands, making them their homeland and taking ownership. Practices of acquiring homeland, displacement, dispossession, renaming, exile and genocide/ethnic cleansing are used to construct settler colonialism. The most important example of settler colonialism today is Israel. This research seeks answers to the questions of what classical colonialism and settler colonialism are and what the differences are between them, what practices led to settler colonialism, and why Israel is a settler colonial formation. One of the current debates in the literature is whether Israel is a settler colonialist state. This study argues that classical and settler colonialism differ from each other in terms of practices of homeland acquisition, displacement, dispossession, renaming, exile, genocide/ethnic cleansing, that Israel is a settler colonialist formation with all its characteristics, that Israel's existence is unthinkable without settler colonialist practices. It is also argued that today Israel represents even more advanced stages of settler colonialism as a formation that transcends settler colonial practices, adds new concepts and methods to it and expands it.
References
- Abdulfattah, K. (1983). The geographical distribution of the Palestinians on both sides of the 1949 armistice line. In A. Schölch (Ed.), Palestinians over the green line (ss. 102-116). London: Ithaca Press.
- Agnew, J. (2024). The language of intractability and the Gaza war: conflating Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism is historically problematic and misses how much contemporary Israel has become a role model for ethno-nationalists worldwide. Human Geography, 17(2), 203- 209. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786231220046
- Asmar, A. (2025, February 8). Gaza death toll nears 48,200 as more bodies found in rubble. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/gaza-death-toll-nears-48-200-as-more-bodies-found-in-rubble/3475770#:~:text=Palestinian%20medics%20and%20rescue%20teams,Health%20Ministry%20said%20on%20Saturday.
- Ayyub, R., El-Haroun, Z. ve Farrell, S. (2021, May 10). East Jerusalem’s Sheikh Jarrah becomes emblem of Palestinian struggle. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middleeast/east-jerusalems-sheikh-jarrah-becomes-emblem-palestinian-struggle-2021-05-10/
- B’Tselem. (2021). Settler violence = state violence. https://www.btselem.org/settler_violence (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2025)
- Columbus, C. (1893). Journal of the first voyage of Columbus. In C. R. Markham (Ed. &Trans.), Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492- 93), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real (ss. 15-193). London: Hakluyt Society. https://web.as.uky.edu/history/faculty/myrup/his206/Columbus%20-%20Journal%20of%20the%20First%20Voyage.pdf
- Davis, R. A. (2016). Yerinden edilenlerin coğrafyaları: Filistin köy tarihleri. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Egyptian Government Ministry of Finance-Statistical Department. (1921). Census of Egypt, taken in 1917, volume II. Kahire: Government Press. Tablo VII, s. 512-13. https:// archive.org/details/census-of-egypt-1917-vol2/vol2-merged/page/n345/mode/2up (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024)
- Elder, C. (2005). Immigration history. In M. Lyons & P. Russell (Eds.), Australia’s history, themes & debates (ss. 100-115). Sydney: UNSW Press.
- Englert, S. (2022). Settler colonialism an introduction. London: Pluto Press.
- Erinç, S. (1991). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (Fizikî ve beşerî coğrafya). TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi içinde. (Cilt. 3, ss. 43-47). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/amerika-birlesik-devletleri#1
- Ferro, M. (1997). Colonization: a global history. London & New York: Routledge.
- Gerner, D. J. (1991). One land two people: the conflict over Palestine. Boulder: Westview.
- Gray, C., and Rück, D. (2019). Reclaiming indigenous place names. Yellowhead Institute. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2019/10/08/reclaiming-indigenous-place-names/
- Holmes, O. (2021, May 11). What has caused Jerusalem’s worst violence in years? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/11/what-has-causedjerusalem-worst-violence-in-years-israel-palestine
- Holt, P. M. (1961). A modern history of the Sudan. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Jewish Virtual Library. (t.y.). Zionist congress: first Zionist congress & Basel program. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/first-zionist-congress-and-basel-program-1897 (ErişimTarihi: 04.01.2025).
- Karataş, İ. (2020) As Israel a Western project in Palestıne? Journal of Islamic jerusalem Studies 20(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767
- Karpat, K. H. (2003). Osmanlı nüfusu (1830-1914): demografik ve sosyal özellikleri. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
- Levine, P. (2013). The British empire: sunrise to sunset (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
- Loomba, A. (2000). Kolonyalizm postkolonyalizm. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
- Masalha, N. (2007). The Bible & Zionism. London & New York: Zed Books.
- Nevins, A. & Commager, H. S. (2015). ABD tarihi (H. İnalcık, Çev.). İstanbul: Doğu Batı.
- Osterhammel, J. & Jansen, J. C. (2023). Sömürgecilik. (N. Epçeli, Çev.). İstanbul: Runik Kitap.
- Özel, T. İ. (2021). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi. İstanbul: Vadi.
- Pappé, I. (2011). The forgotten Palestinians. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
- Pappe, I. (2017). Ten myths about Israel. New York: Verso Books.
- Pappe, I. (2022). Filistin’de etnik temizlik. (Y. D. Tan, Çev.). İstanbul: İntifada Yayınları.
- Reuters (2025, January 1). Gaza population down by 6% since start of war – Palestinian statistics bureau. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-population-down-by-6-since-start-war-palestinian-statistics-bureau-2025-01-01/
- Rodinson, M. (1973). Israel: a colonial-settler state? New York: Monad Press.
- Sayegh, F. (2012). Zionist colonialism in Palestine (1965). Settler Colonial Studies 2(1), 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648833
- Sayegh, F. A. (1965). Zionist colonialism in Palestine. Beirut: Research Center * Palestine Liberation Organization.
- Shihade, M. (2012). Settler colonialism and conflict: The Israeli state and its Palestinian subjects. Settler Colonial Studies (2)1, 108-123.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum. (t.y.). Manifest destiny and Indian removal. https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Manifest-Destiny-and-Indian-Removal.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2025).
- Spencer, R. F., Jenning J. D., Johnson, E., King, A. R., Stern, T., Stewart, K .M & Wallace, W. J. (1977). The native Americans (2nd Edition). New York: Harper & Row.
- Taylor, A. R. (2000). İsrail’in doğuşu. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
- United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (t.y.). Settler related violence. https://www.ochaopt.org/page/settler-related-violence (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2025)
- Van Imhoff, E. & Beets, G. (2004). A demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, 1930–2001. Journal of Population Research 21(1), 47-72. https://www.nidi.nl/shared/content/output/2004/jpr-21-01-vanimhoff.pdf
- Veracini, L. (2011). Introducing settler colonial studies. Settler Colonial Studies (1), 1-12. https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/6a1626e2-4acd-44d2-a46f-2c54159405d3/1/PDF%20%28Settler%20Colonial%20Studies%201_1%20-%20Veracini%29.pdf
- Williamson, B. (2023). Historical geographies of place naming: colonial practices and beyond. Geography Compass 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12687
- Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research 8(4), 387-409.
Abstract
Kolonyalizm kavramı yabancı bir toprağın işgal edilmesi, o toprağın işlenmesi-sömürülmesi ve söz konusu topraklara göçmenlerin yerleşmesi olarak tanımlansa da uygulamada farklı kolonyalizm tipleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlardan klasik kolonyalizm herhangi bir toprağın sömürgeleştirildiği, sömürülen kaynakların ve zenginliklerin sömürge merkezine (metropol) taşındığı, sömürgede ticari ve idari amaçlar dışında bir yerleşme ve yurt edinme amaç ve faaliyetlerinin olmadığı sömürgecilik biçimini ifade etmektedir. Yerleşimci kolonyalizm ise klasik kolonyalizmden hedef alınan topraklarda yerleşmek, orayı yurt edinmek ve sahiplenmek gibi açılardan ayrılmaktadır. Bu amaçla yerleşimci kolonyalizmi inşa etmek için yurt edinme, yerinden etme, mülksüzleştirme, yeniden adlandırma, sürgün ve soykırım-etnik temizlik gibi uygulamalara başvurulmaktadır. Günümüzde yerleşimci kolonyal oluşum örneklerinden en önemlisi İsrail’dir. Bu araştırma; klasik kolonyalizm ve yerleşimci kolonyalizmin ne olduğu ve aralarındaki farkların neler olduğu, yerleşimci kolonyalizmin hangi uygulamalarla ortaya çıktığı, İsrail’in neden yerleşimci kolonyal bir oluşum olduğu sorularına cevap aramaktadır. Literatürdeki güncel tartışmalardan biri İsrail’in yerleşimci kolonyalist bir devlet olup olmadığıdır. Bu çalışma, klasik kolonyalizm ile yerleşimci kolonyalizmin yurt edinme, yerinden etme, mülksüzleştirme, yeniden adlandırma, sürgün ve soykırım-etnik temizlik gibi uygulamalar bakımından birbirinden ayrıldığını, İsrail’in bütün özellikleriyle bir yerleşimci kolonyalist oluşum olduğunu ve yerleşimci kolonyalist uygulamalar olmaksızın İsrail’in varlığının düşünülemeyeceğini savunmaktadır. Ayrıca bugün artık İsrail’in yerleşimci kolonyalizm uygulamalarını aşan, ona yeni kavramlar, yöntemler ekleyen ve onu genişleten bir oluşum olarak yerleşimci kolonyalizmin daha da ileri aşamalarını temsil ettiği ileri sürülmektedir.
References
- Abdulfattah, K. (1983). The geographical distribution of the Palestinians on both sides of the 1949 armistice line. In A. Schölch (Ed.), Palestinians over the green line (ss. 102-116). London: Ithaca Press.
- Agnew, J. (2024). The language of intractability and the Gaza war: conflating Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism is historically problematic and misses how much contemporary Israel has become a role model for ethno-nationalists worldwide. Human Geography, 17(2), 203- 209. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786231220046
- Asmar, A. (2025, February 8). Gaza death toll nears 48,200 as more bodies found in rubble. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/gaza-death-toll-nears-48-200-as-more-bodies-found-in-rubble/3475770#:~:text=Palestinian%20medics%20and%20rescue%20teams,Health%20Ministry%20said%20on%20Saturday.
- Ayyub, R., El-Haroun, Z. ve Farrell, S. (2021, May 10). East Jerusalem’s Sheikh Jarrah becomes emblem of Palestinian struggle. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middleeast/east-jerusalems-sheikh-jarrah-becomes-emblem-palestinian-struggle-2021-05-10/
- B’Tselem. (2021). Settler violence = state violence. https://www.btselem.org/settler_violence (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2025)
- Columbus, C. (1893). Journal of the first voyage of Columbus. In C. R. Markham (Ed. &Trans.), Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492- 93), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real (ss. 15-193). London: Hakluyt Society. https://web.as.uky.edu/history/faculty/myrup/his206/Columbus%20-%20Journal%20of%20the%20First%20Voyage.pdf
- Davis, R. A. (2016). Yerinden edilenlerin coğrafyaları: Filistin köy tarihleri. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Egyptian Government Ministry of Finance-Statistical Department. (1921). Census of Egypt, taken in 1917, volume II. Kahire: Government Press. Tablo VII, s. 512-13. https:// archive.org/details/census-of-egypt-1917-vol2/vol2-merged/page/n345/mode/2up (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2024)
- Elder, C. (2005). Immigration history. In M. Lyons & P. Russell (Eds.), Australia’s history, themes & debates (ss. 100-115). Sydney: UNSW Press.
- Englert, S. (2022). Settler colonialism an introduction. London: Pluto Press.
- Erinç, S. (1991). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (Fizikî ve beşerî coğrafya). TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi içinde. (Cilt. 3, ss. 43-47). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/amerika-birlesik-devletleri#1
- Ferro, M. (1997). Colonization: a global history. London & New York: Routledge.
- Gerner, D. J. (1991). One land two people: the conflict over Palestine. Boulder: Westview.
- Gray, C., and Rück, D. (2019). Reclaiming indigenous place names. Yellowhead Institute. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2019/10/08/reclaiming-indigenous-place-names/
- Holmes, O. (2021, May 11). What has caused Jerusalem’s worst violence in years? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/11/what-has-causedjerusalem-worst-violence-in-years-israel-palestine
- Holt, P. M. (1961). A modern history of the Sudan. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Jewish Virtual Library. (t.y.). Zionist congress: first Zionist congress & Basel program. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/first-zionist-congress-and-basel-program-1897 (ErişimTarihi: 04.01.2025).
- Karataş, İ. (2020) As Israel a Western project in Palestıne? Journal of Islamic jerusalem Studies 20(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767
- Karpat, K. H. (2003). Osmanlı nüfusu (1830-1914): demografik ve sosyal özellikleri. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
- Levine, P. (2013). The British empire: sunrise to sunset (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
- Loomba, A. (2000). Kolonyalizm postkolonyalizm. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
- Masalha, N. (2007). The Bible & Zionism. London & New York: Zed Books.
- Nevins, A. & Commager, H. S. (2015). ABD tarihi (H. İnalcık, Çev.). İstanbul: Doğu Batı.
- Osterhammel, J. & Jansen, J. C. (2023). Sömürgecilik. (N. Epçeli, Çev.). İstanbul: Runik Kitap.
- Özel, T. İ. (2021). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi. İstanbul: Vadi.
- Pappé, I. (2011). The forgotten Palestinians. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
- Pappe, I. (2017). Ten myths about Israel. New York: Verso Books.
- Pappe, I. (2022). Filistin’de etnik temizlik. (Y. D. Tan, Çev.). İstanbul: İntifada Yayınları.
- Reuters (2025, January 1). Gaza population down by 6% since start of war – Palestinian statistics bureau. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-population-down-by-6-since-start-war-palestinian-statistics-bureau-2025-01-01/
- Rodinson, M. (1973). Israel: a colonial-settler state? New York: Monad Press.
- Sayegh, F. (2012). Zionist colonialism in Palestine (1965). Settler Colonial Studies 2(1), 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648833
- Sayegh, F. A. (1965). Zionist colonialism in Palestine. Beirut: Research Center * Palestine Liberation Organization.
- Shihade, M. (2012). Settler colonialism and conflict: The Israeli state and its Palestinian subjects. Settler Colonial Studies (2)1, 108-123.
- Smithsonian American Art Museum. (t.y.). Manifest destiny and Indian removal. https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Manifest-Destiny-and-Indian-Removal.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2025).
- Spencer, R. F., Jenning J. D., Johnson, E., King, A. R., Stern, T., Stewart, K .M & Wallace, W. J. (1977). The native Americans (2nd Edition). New York: Harper & Row.
- Taylor, A. R. (2000). İsrail’in doğuşu. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
- United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (t.y.). Settler related violence. https://www.ochaopt.org/page/settler-related-violence (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2025)
- Van Imhoff, E. & Beets, G. (2004). A demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, 1930–2001. Journal of Population Research 21(1), 47-72. https://www.nidi.nl/shared/content/output/2004/jpr-21-01-vanimhoff.pdf
- Veracini, L. (2011). Introducing settler colonial studies. Settler Colonial Studies (1), 1-12. https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/6a1626e2-4acd-44d2-a46f-2c54159405d3/1/PDF%20%28Settler%20Colonial%20Studies%201_1%20-%20Veracini%29.pdf
- Williamson, B. (2023). Historical geographies of place naming: colonial practices and beyond. Geography Compass 17(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12687
- Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research 8(4), 387-409.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | International Relations (Other) |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | April 14, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 22, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
