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Depolama Sonrası Fındık Yağlarındaki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAHs) Düzeylerindeki Değişimlerin Belirlenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 277 - 283

Elif Apaydın , Bengü Temizel

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1637438

Abstract

Giresun İli Piraziz İlçesindeki bir bahçeden 2022 (S1) ve 2023 (S2) yıllarında toplanan fındıkların yağı çıkarılmış ve 16 polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) düzeylerini ölçmek için analiz edilmiştir. Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların (Σ16PAH) en yüksek toplam konsantrasyonu S1 örneğinde 8,483 ± 0,032 ng/kg ve S2 örneğinde 6,075 ± 0,024 ng/kg olarak bulunmuştur. En bol bulunan PAH analiti olan naftalinin değeri diğer analitlerden daha yüksektir. Toplam PAH miktarı, S1 örneğinin %92,35'inin ve S2 örneğinin %87,82'sinin naftalin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bilinen bir kanserojen olan benzo[a]piren (BaP) her iki örnekte de tespit edilmemiştir. Yağların ortalama değerleri arasındaki farkları araştırmak için varyans analizi tekniği kullanıldı. Sonuçlar ortalama değerler arasında önemli farklar olduğunu gösterdi.

Keywords

GC‒MS Fındık yağları Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH SPE numune hazırlama.

References

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  • Alasalvar, C., Amaral, J.S., & Shahidi, F. (2006). Functional lipid characteristics of Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10177- 10183. DOI: 10.1021/jf061702w
  • Alasalvar, C., & Shahidi, F. (2009). Natural antioxidants in tree nuts. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111(11), 1056-1062. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900098
  • Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Seabra, R.M., & Oliveira, B.P.P. (2006). Effects of roasting on hazelnut lipids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(4), 1315-1321. DOI: 10.1021/jf052287v
  • Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Alves, M., Seabra, R., & Oliveira, B. (2006a). Tocopherol and tocotrienol content of hazelnut cultivars grown in Portugal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1329-1336. DOI: 10.1021/jf052329f
  • Balcıoğlu, E.B., & Ceylan, Z. (2019). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Meat Tissue of Shrimp, Anchovy and Whiting for Sale in Various Regions in Istanbul Province. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 282-290. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.464001
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  • Bianco, F., Race, M., Papirio, S., & Esposito, G. (2023). A critical review of the remediation of PAH- polluted marine sediments: current knowledge and future perspectives. Resources. Environment and Sustainability, 11, 100101. DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100101
  • Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 1093-1102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.064
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  • Galeotti, F., Crimaldi, L., Maccari, F., Zaccaria, V., Fachini, A., & Volpi, N. (2017). Selective treatment to reduce contamination of propolis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) still preserving its active polyphenol component and antioxidant activity. Natural product research, 31(17), 1971-1980. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1269093
  • Ghirardello, D., Zeppa, G., Rolle, L., Gerbi, V., Contessa, C., Valentini, N., Botta, R., & Griseri, G. (2014). Effect of different storage conditions on hazelnut quality. Acta Horticulturae, 1052(1), 315-318.
  • Guillén, M.D., & Uriarte, P.S. (2009). Contribution to further understanding of the evolution of sunflower oil submitted to frying temperature in a domestic fryer: Study by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(17), 7790 – 7799. DOI: 10.1021/jf900510k
  • Gülten, Ş., Göğüş, F., & Fadıloğlu, S. (2007). Determination of benzo (a) pyrene in vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Qual., 30, 300-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745- 4557.2007.00122.x
  • Ji, J., Liu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022). Variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils during seed roasting pretreatment. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(5), 2447-2460. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1834414
  • Ji, J., Jiang, M., Zhang, Y., Hou, J., & Sun, S. (2023). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in edible oils: A review. Food Reviews International, 39(9), 6977-7003. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2131816
  • Jing, Q., Chen, L., Zhao, Q., Zhou, P., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2021). Effervescence-assisted dual microextraction of PAHs in edible oils using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413, 1983-1997. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03167-0
  • Jobson, A., Cook, F.D., & Westlake, D.W.S. (1972). Microbial utilization of crude oil. Appl. Microbiol., 23, 1082-1089.
  • Kesen, S., Sönmezdağ, A.S., Kelebek, H., & Selli, S. (2016). Fatty acids composition of crude and refined hazelnut oils. Çukurova J. Agric. Food Sci., 31(1), 79-84.
  • Kim, D.Y., Kim.B., & Shin, H.S. (2021). Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sesame oil using cellulosic aerogel. Foods, 10(3), 644. DOI: 10.3390/foods10030644
  • Köksal, A.I., Artik, N., Simsek, A., & Günes, N. (2006). Nutrient composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L) varieties cultivated in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 99, 509-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.013
  • Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., & Chow, J.C. (2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949-5960. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00374-0
  • Mağden, Y. (2023). Farklı zar atma yöntemlerinin fındıkların depolama süresince kalite parametleri üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu, Türkiye, 71s.
  • Molle, D.R.D., Abballe, C., Gomes, F.M.L., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Tfouni, S.A.V. (2017). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Canola. Sunflower and Corn Oils and Estimated Daily Intake. Food Control, 81, 96-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.045
  • Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J.L. (2004). Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from tarragona county, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 132, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003
  • Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Camargos, R.R., & Ferraz, V.P. (2008). Coffee oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 99(8), 3244-3250. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.074
  • Ortiz, R., Vega, S., Gutierrez, R., Gibson, R., Schettino, B., & Ramirez, M.D. (2012). Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils from rural terrains in Mexico City. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 428-432. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0434-5.
  • Perry, J.J. (1984). Microbial metabolism of cyclic alkanes. In: Atas. R.M. (ed.). Petroleum microbiology. Macmillan Publishing co. New York. pp: 61-98.
  • Purcaro, G., Moret, S., & Conte, L.S. (2013). Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta, 105, 292-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041
  • Sakshi, Y.G., & Haritash, A.K. (2020). A comprehensive review of metabolic and genomic aspects of PAH- degradation. Archives of Microbiology, 202(8), 2033-2058. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01929-5v
  • Savage, G. P., McNeil, D. L., & Dutta, P. C. (1997). Lipid composition and oxidative stability of oils in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 74(6), 755-759. DOI: 10.1007/s11746- 997-0214-x
  • Şahin, S., & Özata, A.B. (2022). Substitution of cocoa powder with hazelnut skin powder in cocoa hazelnut spreads. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(12), e17276. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17276
  • Tasdemir, Y., & Esen, F. (2007a). Urban air PAHs: concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site In Turkey. Atmospheric Research, 84, 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.04.003
  • Teixeira, V.H., Casal, S., & Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2007). PAHs content in sunflower. Soybean and virgin olive oils: Evaluation in commercial samples and during refining process. Food Chemistry, 104(1), 106-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
  • Tfouni, S.A.V., Padovani, G.R., Reis, M., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Camargo, M.C.R. (2014). Incidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends. Food Control, 46, 539-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
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Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 277 - 283

Elif Apaydın , Bengü Temizel

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1637438

Abstract

The oil of hazelnuts collected in 2022 (S1) and 2023 (S2) from a garden in the Piraziz district of Giresun Province was extracted and analyzed to measure the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The highest total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ16PAHs) was 8.483 ± 0.032 ng/kg in sample S1 and 6.075 ± 0.024 ng/kg in sample S2. The value of naphthalene, the most abundant PAH analyte, is higher than that of the other analytes. The total amount of PAHs indicates that 92.35% of sample S1 and 87.82% of sample S2 are naphthalene. Notably, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a known carcinogen, was not detected in either sample. The analysis of variance technique was employed to investigate the differences between the mean values of the oils. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between the mean values.

Keywords

GC‒MS Hazelnut oils Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) SPE sample preparation.

References

  • Akinpelu, A.A., Ali, M.E., Johan, M.R., Saidur, R., Qurban, M.A., & Saleh., T.A. (2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extraction and removal from wastewater by carbon nanotubes: A review of the current technologies. challenges and prospects. Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 122, 68- 82. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2018.11.006
  • Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Liyanapathirana, C.M., & Ohshima, T. (2003). Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) 1. Compositional characteristics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 3790-3796. DOI: /10.1021/jf0212385
  • Alasalvar, C., Amaral, J.S., & Shahidi, F. (2006). Functional lipid characteristics of Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10177- 10183. DOI: 10.1021/jf061702w
  • Alasalvar, C., & Shahidi, F. (2009). Natural antioxidants in tree nuts. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111(11), 1056-1062. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900098
  • Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Seabra, R.M., & Oliveira, B.P.P. (2006). Effects of roasting on hazelnut lipids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(4), 1315-1321. DOI: 10.1021/jf052287v
  • Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Alves, M., Seabra, R., & Oliveira, B. (2006a). Tocopherol and tocotrienol content of hazelnut cultivars grown in Portugal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1329-1336. DOI: 10.1021/jf052329f
  • Balcıoğlu, E.B., & Ceylan, Z. (2019). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Meat Tissue of Shrimp, Anchovy and Whiting for Sale in Various Regions in Istanbul Province. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 282-290. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.464001
  • Bansal, V., & Kim, K.H. (2015). Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environ. Int., 84, 26-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016
  • Bianco, F., Race, M., Papirio, S., & Esposito, G. (2023). A critical review of the remediation of PAH- polluted marine sediments: current knowledge and future perspectives. Resources. Environment and Sustainability, 11, 100101. DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100101
  • Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 1093-1102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.064
  • Camargo, M.C.R., Antoniolli, P.R., & Vicente, E. (2012). Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different stages of soybean oils processing. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 937-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.031
  • Chen, Y.J., Feng, Y.L., Xiong, S.C., Liu, D.Y., Wang, G., Sheng, G.Y., & Fu, J.M. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 235-247. DOI: 10.1007/s10661- 010-1330-x
  • Cialiè, Rosso, M., Stilo, F., Bicchi, C., Charron, M., Rosso, G., Menta, R., & Cordero, C. (2021).Combined untargeted and targeted fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to track compositional changes on hazelnut primary metabolome during roasting. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 525. DOI: 10.3390/app11020525
  • Crews, F.T., Buckley, T., Dodd, P.R., Ende, G., Foley, N., Harper, C., & Sullivan, E.V. (2005). Alcoholic neurobiology: changes in dependence and recovery. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(8), 1504-1513. DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000175013.50644.61
  • Çetin, N., Yaman, M., Karaman, K., & Demir, B. (2020). Determination of some physicomechanical and biochemical parameters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44(5), 439-450. DOI: 10.3906/tar-1905-115
  • Ergönül, P.G., & Sánchez, S. (2013). Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different types of olive and olive pomace oils produced in Turkey and Spain. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 115(9), 1078- 1084. DOI: 10. 1002/ejlt.201200398
  • European Food Safety Authority. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. The EFSA Journal, 6(8), 1-114. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.724
  • FAO. (2017). Food and Agriculture Organization. (www.fao.org).
  • Galeotti, F., Crimaldi, L., Maccari, F., Zaccaria, V., Fachini, A., & Volpi, N. (2017). Selective treatment to reduce contamination of propolis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) still preserving its active polyphenol component and antioxidant activity. Natural product research, 31(17), 1971-1980. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1269093
  • Ghirardello, D., Zeppa, G., Rolle, L., Gerbi, V., Contessa, C., Valentini, N., Botta, R., & Griseri, G. (2014). Effect of different storage conditions on hazelnut quality. Acta Horticulturae, 1052(1), 315-318.
  • Guillén, M.D., & Uriarte, P.S. (2009). Contribution to further understanding of the evolution of sunflower oil submitted to frying temperature in a domestic fryer: Study by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(17), 7790 – 7799. DOI: 10.1021/jf900510k
  • Gülten, Ş., Göğüş, F., & Fadıloğlu, S. (2007). Determination of benzo (a) pyrene in vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Qual., 30, 300-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745- 4557.2007.00122.x
  • Ji, J., Liu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022). Variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils during seed roasting pretreatment. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(5), 2447-2460. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1834414
  • Ji, J., Jiang, M., Zhang, Y., Hou, J., & Sun, S. (2023). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in edible oils: A review. Food Reviews International, 39(9), 6977-7003. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2131816
  • Jing, Q., Chen, L., Zhao, Q., Zhou, P., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2021). Effervescence-assisted dual microextraction of PAHs in edible oils using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413, 1983-1997. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03167-0
  • Jobson, A., Cook, F.D., & Westlake, D.W.S. (1972). Microbial utilization of crude oil. Appl. Microbiol., 23, 1082-1089.
  • Kesen, S., Sönmezdağ, A.S., Kelebek, H., & Selli, S. (2016). Fatty acids composition of crude and refined hazelnut oils. Çukurova J. Agric. Food Sci., 31(1), 79-84.
  • Kim, D.Y., Kim.B., & Shin, H.S. (2021). Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sesame oil using cellulosic aerogel. Foods, 10(3), 644. DOI: 10.3390/foods10030644
  • Köksal, A.I., Artik, N., Simsek, A., & Günes, N. (2006). Nutrient composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L) varieties cultivated in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 99, 509-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.013
  • Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., & Chow, J.C. (2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949-5960. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00374-0
  • Mağden, Y. (2023). Farklı zar atma yöntemlerinin fındıkların depolama süresince kalite parametleri üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu, Türkiye, 71s.
  • Molle, D.R.D., Abballe, C., Gomes, F.M.L., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Tfouni, S.A.V. (2017). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Canola. Sunflower and Corn Oils and Estimated Daily Intake. Food Control, 81, 96-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.045
  • Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J.L. (2004). Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from tarragona county, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 132, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003
  • Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Camargos, R.R., & Ferraz, V.P. (2008). Coffee oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 99(8), 3244-3250. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.074
  • Ortiz, R., Vega, S., Gutierrez, R., Gibson, R., Schettino, B., & Ramirez, M.D. (2012). Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils from rural terrains in Mexico City. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 428-432. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0434-5.
  • Perry, J.J. (1984). Microbial metabolism of cyclic alkanes. In: Atas. R.M. (ed.). Petroleum microbiology. Macmillan Publishing co. New York. pp: 61-98.
  • Purcaro, G., Moret, S., & Conte, L.S. (2013). Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta, 105, 292-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041
  • Sakshi, Y.G., & Haritash, A.K. (2020). A comprehensive review of metabolic and genomic aspects of PAH- degradation. Archives of Microbiology, 202(8), 2033-2058. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01929-5v
  • Savage, G. P., McNeil, D. L., & Dutta, P. C. (1997). Lipid composition and oxidative stability of oils in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 74(6), 755-759. DOI: 10.1007/s11746- 997-0214-x
  • Şahin, S., & Özata, A.B. (2022). Substitution of cocoa powder with hazelnut skin powder in cocoa hazelnut spreads. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(12), e17276. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17276
  • Tasdemir, Y., & Esen, F. (2007a). Urban air PAHs: concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site In Turkey. Atmospheric Research, 84, 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.04.003
  • Teixeira, V.H., Casal, S., & Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2007). PAHs content in sunflower. Soybean and virgin olive oils: Evaluation in commercial samples and during refining process. Food Chemistry, 104(1), 106-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
  • Tfouni, S.A.V., Padovani, G.R., Reis, M., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Camargo, M.C.R. (2014). Incidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends. Food Control, 46, 539-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Assessment and Monitoring, Pollution and Contamination (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elif Apaydın 0000-0001-6102-7571

Bengü Temizel 0000-0002-5217-3013

Early Pub Date May 15, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date February 11, 2025
Acceptance Date April 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Apaydın, E., & Temizel, B. (2025). Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(3), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1637438
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