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Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 19, 20.06.2025

Sunday Akpan , Edet Udoh , Udoro Udo

Abstract

Araştırmada, Nijerya'daki başlıca sebzelerin (Havuç ve Şalgam; (Daucus carota ve Brassica rapa); Acı ve biberler, kuru (Capsicum spp., Pimenta spp.), Acı ve biberler taze (Capsicum spp., Pimenta spp.), yeşil; Ananas (Ananas comosus) ve Domates (Solanum lycopersicum)) çıktı, hasat alanı ve verimiyle ilgili eğilimler, büyüme oranları ve istikrarsızlık endeksleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, üretimlerinin ayrıştırılması da analiz edilmiştir. Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü'nden (FAO) 1961-2023 dönemini kapsayan ikincil veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışma, belirtilen zaman dilimi boyunca sebzelerin çıktı, hasat alanı ve veriminde dalgalanan eğilimleri ortaya koymuştur. 1961-2023 yılları arasında domates verimi için üstel büyüme oranı, bileşik büyüme oranları, Cuddy-Della Valle istikrarsızlık endeksi (CDI) ve Coppock İstikrarsızlık Endeksi (COI) sırasıyla -%1,59, -%1,63, 15,48 ve 52,64 olarak belirlendi. Aynı dönemdeki ananas verimi için tahminler sırasıyla; %0,51, %0,43, 3,13 ve 40,58 olarak bulundu. Havuç ve şalgam için tahminler sırasıyla; %0,36, %0,28, 2,48 ve 39,59 olarak bulundu. Sebze verimlerinin istikrarsızlık endeksleri nispeten düşük olup, Nijerya'daki alt sektörde düşük faaliyetleri göstermektedir. Sebze çıktılarının toplam etkisinin ayrıştırma analizi, arazi alanı etkisinin havuç ve şalgam için %56,10, acı biber ve kuru biber için %75,08, acı biber ve yeşil biber için %116,15, ananas için %65,45, domates için %290,56 ve diğer sebzeler için %46,93 olduğunu gösterdi. Bulgular, Nijerya'daki sebze çıktısının ana itici gücünün teknolojiyi iyileştirmek değil arazi alanı büyümesi olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, çiftçiler arasında teknoloji benimsemesini teşvik etmek ve potansiyel olarak hem çıktıları hem de verimi artırmak için alt sektörde çeşitli programların uygulanması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Büyüme hızı istikrarsızlık endeksi sebze ayrışma sebze,

Project Number

nil

References

  • Adebayo W.G. (2023). Cassava production in Africa: A panel analysis of the drivers and trends. Heliyon, (9),e19939. https://doi.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19939.
  • Akinola, A., Kehinde, A., Tijani, A., Ayanwale, A., Adesiyan, O., Tanimonure, V., Ogunleye, A., Ojo, T. (2023). Impact of membership in agricultural cooperatives on yield of smallholder tomato farmers in Nigeria. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 20, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100313.
  • Akpan, S. B., and Okon, U. E. (2019a). Vegetable Consumption Paradox: Has Domestic Consumption Match the International Recommended Minimum Standard in Nigeria? International Journal of Advances in Agriculture Sciences, 4(3): 1 – 7.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. and Ima-abasi S. A. (2019b). Poverty coping strategies of oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 15(1): 20-30.
  • Akpan, S. B., Antia, E. J., Nkanta, V. S. (2022). Sustainable technical efficiency: evidence from vegetable (waterleaf: Talinum triangulare) production in southern Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 66(4): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2022.01537.
  • Akpan, S. B., Ini-mfon V. P., Udoro J. U. and Okon J. E. (2025a). Analysis of Cassava Production Trends, Growth Rate, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. African Mediterranean Journal, AJ - Al Awamia, (146): 131-141. https://doi.org/10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/afrimed-i146.53231.
  • Akpan, S. B., Monday, J., and Okon, U. E. (2018). Factors that influence total factor productivity of Upland vegetable farmers in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development; 1(1): 129 – 137.
  • Akpan, S. B., Patrick, I. V., and Essien, C. A. (2024a). The attainment of the united nation Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number two: assessment of some indicators in Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 24(1): 25-38.
  • Akpan, S. B., Patrick, I. V., Okon, U. E. (2024b). Analyses of sugarcane production trend, growth rate, instability index and decomposition in Nigeria. Egyptian Sugar Journal, 23(1): 23–32. https://doi.10.21608/esugj.2024.337040.1072.
  • Akpan, S. B., Udoh, E. J., Nkanta, V. S. (2023). The Pull and Push Factors of Farm Income Diversification among Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2): 207-218. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1177296.
  • Akpan, S., Udoh, E., and Edet, G. (2025b). Analysis of Trend, Growth and Instability Index in Output, Harvested Area and Yield of Oil Palm Fruit in Nigeria. KSU J. Agric. Nat., 28(1): 219-231. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1563097.
  • Coppock, J. D., 1962. International Economic Instability. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 523–525. Cuddy, P.A. Della Valle (1978). Measuring the Instability of Time Series Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 40(1): 79-85.
  • Edet, G. E., and Akpan, S. B. (2025). "Marketing Outlet Choice and its Determinants among Smallholder Leafy Vegetable Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Region of Nigeria" Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 40(1): 115-138. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1475740.
  • Faye, N. F., Fall, T., Reardon, T., Theriault, V., Ngom, Y., Barry, M., and Sy, M. R. (2023). Consumption of fruits and vegetables by types and sources across urban and rural Senegal. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(5): 958-978. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2022-0090.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. (2025). Retrieved on the 27th January, 2025 at; https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.
  • Ganry, J. (2009). Current status of fruits and vegetables production and consumption in francophone African countries - potential impact on health. Acta Hortic. 841: 249-256. https://doi.10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.841.30.
  • Gebru, K. M., Leung, M., Rammelt, C., Zoomers, A., & van Westen, G. (2019). Vegetable Business and Smallholders’ Food Security: Empirical Findings from Northern Ethiopia. Sustainability, 11(3), 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030743/.
  • Ikuemonisan, E. S., Mafimisebi, T. E., Ajibefun, I., and Adenegan, K. (2022). Cassava Production in Nigeria: Trends, Instability and Decomposition Analysis. Developing Country Studies, 12 (3), 35 – 44. https://doi.10.7176/DCS/12-3-04.
  • Kadzere, I., Ssebunya, B., Berge, P., and Weidmannm G. (2023). Organic vegetable production – basic principles and methods. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. www.fibl.org.
  • Kamga R. T., Kouamé A. R., Atangana3 T. C. R., Ndango R. (2013). Nutritional evaluation of five African indigenous vegetables. Journal of Horticultural Research, 21(1): 99-106. https://doi.10.2478/johr-2013-0014.
  • Lalenpuii, R. S., Vanlalhruaii, R., and Lalthatluanga, D. (2024). Growth trend, instability and decomposition analysis of vegetable production in Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 8(4): 256-259. https://doi.10.33545/26174693.2024.v8.i4d.946.
  • Liverpool-Tasie, L. S., Yau, R., Ibrahim, A. L., Bashir, A. Y., Olutunmogun, V., Oyediji, O. T., Martins, I. E., Onyeneke, R., Amadi, M., Emenekwe, C., Wineman, A., Belton, B., Tasie, O., Ellis, P., and Reardon, T. (2023). Transformation of vegetable Nigeria: Spatial and seasonal lengthening & .intensification. Research Supporting African MSMEs to Provide Safe and Nutritious Food (RSM2SNF). https://www.canr.msu.edu/fsg/projects/(17)%20RR%20Working%20Paper%20Vegetables%20Nigeria.pdf.
  • Mathobo, R., Mathobo, N. (2024). Trend analysis of dry bean production, yield, consumption, import and export in South Africa from 1970 to 2019. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Developmen, 3(73): 327–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2024.01802.
  • Mukaila, R, Falola, A, Akanbi, S. U. O., Obetta, A. E., Egwue, L. O., Onah T. L. (2022) Effects of vegetable production on income and livelihood of rural households in Nigeria. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2): 213-223. https://doi.10.37908/mkutbd.1067195.
  • Ochoche C. O., Abah D., Biam C., K. (2022).Trends, instability and decomposition analysis of root and tuber crops in Nigeria (1981–2020), implications for food security. Discovery, 58(319): 719-727.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Ambali, M., Mwambi, M., Olanipekun, C. I., Yegbemey, R. N., and Wopereis, M. C. S. (2022). The dynamics of Africa’s fruit and vegetable processing sectors. In 2022 Annual trends and outlook report: Agri-food processing strategies for successful food systems transformation in Africa, eds. Chakib Jenane, John M. Ulimwengu, and Getaw Tadesse. Chapter 3, (pp. 23-32). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/127262.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Howard, J., Turner, M., Groot, S. N., Dubey, B., Mwadzingeni, L., Chagomoka, T., Ngugi, M., Afari-Sefa, V., Hanson, P., Wopereis. M. C. (2021). Africa’s evolving vegetable seed sector: status, policy options and lessons from Asia, Food Secur., 13(3): 511-523. https://doi.10.1007/s12571-021-01146-y.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Simmons, E. B., Wopereis, M. C. S. (2018). Tapping the economic and nutritional power of vegetables; Global Food Security, 16: 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.09.005.
  • Sethi, D., Sood, S., Kumar, V. and Sharma, K. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Changes In Area, Production And Productivity of Vegetables: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 1-9. https://doi.10.18805/ag.R-2643.
  • Sithole, Z., Siwela, M., Ojo T. O., Hlatshwayo S. I., Kajombo R. J., Ngidi, M. S. C. (2023). Contribution of Fruits and Vegetables to the Household Food Security Situation of Rural Households in Limpopo. Nutrients, 15(11): 2539. https://doi.10.3390/nu15112539.
  • Steenhuijsen P., Dijkxhoorn, Y., Hengsdijk, H., Guo, X., Brouwer, I., Eunice, L., Tichar, T., Carrico, C., Conijn, S., Oostewechel, R., Boef, W. D. (2021). Global scoping study on fruits and vegetables: results from literature and data analysis, Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report, 092-160. https://doi.org/10.18174/552129.
  • Tadesse K. T. (2023). The Role of Vegetables in Ensuring Food Security and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Ethiopia. J., Nutr., Food Sci. 13: 20. https://doi.10.35248/2155-9600.23.13.020.
  • Vanitha, S. M., Roy, S., Singh, N., and Singh, J. (2021). Growth trend in vegetable production- A time series analysis. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 23(3): 294-298. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.52.
  • Wasim, M. P. (2001). Agricultural Growth and instability in major crop production: A Province–wise analysis in Pakistan. Asian Economic Review, 43: 294-314.
  • WHO, 2020. Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index2.html.

Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 19, 20.06.2025

Sunday Akpan , Edet Udoh , Udoro Udo

Abstract

The research examined the trends, growth rates, and instability indices related to the output, harvested area, and yield of major vegetables (Carrot and Turnip; (Daucus carota and Brassica rapa); Chillies and peppers, dry (Capsicum spp., Pimenta spp.), Chillies and peppers fresh (Capsicum spp., Pimenta spp.) green; Pineapple (Ananas comosus), and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)) in Nigeria. It also analyzed the decomposition of their production. Utilizing secondary data sourced from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) covering the period from 1961 to 2023, the study revealed fluctuating trends in output, harvested area, and yield of vegetables across the specified timeframe. The exponential growth rate, compound growth rates, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index (CDI) and the Coppock Instability Index (COI) for tomato yield from 1961 – 2023 were identified as -1.59%, -1.63%, 15.48, and 52.64 respectively. For pineapple yield within the same period, the estimates were; 0.51%, 0.43%, 3.13 and 40.58 respectively. For carrot and turnips the estimates were; 0.36%, 0.28%, 2.48, and 39.59 respectively. The instability indices of vegetable yields were relatively low, indicating low activities in the sub-sector in Nigeria. A decomposition analysis of the total effect of vegetable outputs showed that the land area effect accounted for 56.10% for carrot and turnips, 75.08% for chillies and pepper dry, 116.15% for chillies and pepper, green, 65.45% for pineapple, 290.56% for tomato, and 46.93% for other vegetables. The findings suggest that the growth of land area and not improve technology is the major driving force of vegetable output in Nigeria. Consequently, it is recommended that various programs be implemented within the sub-sector to stimulate technology adoption among farmers and potentially enhance both outputs and yields.

Keywords

growth rate instability index Vegetable Decomposition

Project Number

nil

References

  • Adebayo W.G. (2023). Cassava production in Africa: A panel analysis of the drivers and trends. Heliyon, (9),e19939. https://doi.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19939.
  • Akinola, A., Kehinde, A., Tijani, A., Ayanwale, A., Adesiyan, O., Tanimonure, V., Ogunleye, A., Ojo, T. (2023). Impact of membership in agricultural cooperatives on yield of smallholder tomato farmers in Nigeria. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 20, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100313.
  • Akpan, S. B., and Okon, U. E. (2019a). Vegetable Consumption Paradox: Has Domestic Consumption Match the International Recommended Minimum Standard in Nigeria? International Journal of Advances in Agriculture Sciences, 4(3): 1 – 7.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. and Ima-abasi S. A. (2019b). Poverty coping strategies of oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 15(1): 20-30.
  • Akpan, S. B., Antia, E. J., Nkanta, V. S. (2022). Sustainable technical efficiency: evidence from vegetable (waterleaf: Talinum triangulare) production in southern Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 66(4): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2022.01537.
  • Akpan, S. B., Ini-mfon V. P., Udoro J. U. and Okon J. E. (2025a). Analysis of Cassava Production Trends, Growth Rate, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. African Mediterranean Journal, AJ - Al Awamia, (146): 131-141. https://doi.org/10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/afrimed-i146.53231.
  • Akpan, S. B., Monday, J., and Okon, U. E. (2018). Factors that influence total factor productivity of Upland vegetable farmers in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development; 1(1): 129 – 137.
  • Akpan, S. B., Patrick, I. V., and Essien, C. A. (2024a). The attainment of the united nation Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number two: assessment of some indicators in Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 24(1): 25-38.
  • Akpan, S. B., Patrick, I. V., Okon, U. E. (2024b). Analyses of sugarcane production trend, growth rate, instability index and decomposition in Nigeria. Egyptian Sugar Journal, 23(1): 23–32. https://doi.10.21608/esugj.2024.337040.1072.
  • Akpan, S. B., Udoh, E. J., Nkanta, V. S. (2023). The Pull and Push Factors of Farm Income Diversification among Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2): 207-218. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1177296.
  • Akpan, S., Udoh, E., and Edet, G. (2025b). Analysis of Trend, Growth and Instability Index in Output, Harvested Area and Yield of Oil Palm Fruit in Nigeria. KSU J. Agric. Nat., 28(1): 219-231. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1563097.
  • Coppock, J. D., 1962. International Economic Instability. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 523–525. Cuddy, P.A. Della Valle (1978). Measuring the Instability of Time Series Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 40(1): 79-85.
  • Edet, G. E., and Akpan, S. B. (2025). "Marketing Outlet Choice and its Determinants among Smallholder Leafy Vegetable Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Region of Nigeria" Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 40(1): 115-138. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1475740.
  • Faye, N. F., Fall, T., Reardon, T., Theriault, V., Ngom, Y., Barry, M., and Sy, M. R. (2023). Consumption of fruits and vegetables by types and sources across urban and rural Senegal. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(5): 958-978. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2022-0090.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. (2025). Retrieved on the 27th January, 2025 at; https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home.
  • Ganry, J. (2009). Current status of fruits and vegetables production and consumption in francophone African countries - potential impact on health. Acta Hortic. 841: 249-256. https://doi.10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.841.30.
  • Gebru, K. M., Leung, M., Rammelt, C., Zoomers, A., & van Westen, G. (2019). Vegetable Business and Smallholders’ Food Security: Empirical Findings from Northern Ethiopia. Sustainability, 11(3), 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030743/.
  • Ikuemonisan, E. S., Mafimisebi, T. E., Ajibefun, I., and Adenegan, K. (2022). Cassava Production in Nigeria: Trends, Instability and Decomposition Analysis. Developing Country Studies, 12 (3), 35 – 44. https://doi.10.7176/DCS/12-3-04.
  • Kadzere, I., Ssebunya, B., Berge, P., and Weidmannm G. (2023). Organic vegetable production – basic principles and methods. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL. www.fibl.org.
  • Kamga R. T., Kouamé A. R., Atangana3 T. C. R., Ndango R. (2013). Nutritional evaluation of five African indigenous vegetables. Journal of Horticultural Research, 21(1): 99-106. https://doi.10.2478/johr-2013-0014.
  • Lalenpuii, R. S., Vanlalhruaii, R., and Lalthatluanga, D. (2024). Growth trend, instability and decomposition analysis of vegetable production in Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 8(4): 256-259. https://doi.10.33545/26174693.2024.v8.i4d.946.
  • Liverpool-Tasie, L. S., Yau, R., Ibrahim, A. L., Bashir, A. Y., Olutunmogun, V., Oyediji, O. T., Martins, I. E., Onyeneke, R., Amadi, M., Emenekwe, C., Wineman, A., Belton, B., Tasie, O., Ellis, P., and Reardon, T. (2023). Transformation of vegetable Nigeria: Spatial and seasonal lengthening & .intensification. Research Supporting African MSMEs to Provide Safe and Nutritious Food (RSM2SNF). https://www.canr.msu.edu/fsg/projects/(17)%20RR%20Working%20Paper%20Vegetables%20Nigeria.pdf.
  • Mathobo, R., Mathobo, N. (2024). Trend analysis of dry bean production, yield, consumption, import and export in South Africa from 1970 to 2019. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Developmen, 3(73): 327–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2024.01802.
  • Mukaila, R, Falola, A, Akanbi, S. U. O., Obetta, A. E., Egwue, L. O., Onah T. L. (2022) Effects of vegetable production on income and livelihood of rural households in Nigeria. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2): 213-223. https://doi.10.37908/mkutbd.1067195.
  • Ochoche C. O., Abah D., Biam C., K. (2022).Trends, instability and decomposition analysis of root and tuber crops in Nigeria (1981–2020), implications for food security. Discovery, 58(319): 719-727.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Ambali, M., Mwambi, M., Olanipekun, C. I., Yegbemey, R. N., and Wopereis, M. C. S. (2022). The dynamics of Africa’s fruit and vegetable processing sectors. In 2022 Annual trends and outlook report: Agri-food processing strategies for successful food systems transformation in Africa, eds. Chakib Jenane, John M. Ulimwengu, and Getaw Tadesse. Chapter 3, (pp. 23-32). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/127262.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Howard, J., Turner, M., Groot, S. N., Dubey, B., Mwadzingeni, L., Chagomoka, T., Ngugi, M., Afari-Sefa, V., Hanson, P., Wopereis. M. C. (2021). Africa’s evolving vegetable seed sector: status, policy options and lessons from Asia, Food Secur., 13(3): 511-523. https://doi.10.1007/s12571-021-01146-y.
  • Schreinemachers, P., Simmons, E. B., Wopereis, M. C. S. (2018). Tapping the economic and nutritional power of vegetables; Global Food Security, 16: 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.09.005.
  • Sethi, D., Sood, S., Kumar, V. and Sharma, K. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Changes In Area, Production And Productivity of Vegetables: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 1-9. https://doi.10.18805/ag.R-2643.
  • Sithole, Z., Siwela, M., Ojo T. O., Hlatshwayo S. I., Kajombo R. J., Ngidi, M. S. C. (2023). Contribution of Fruits and Vegetables to the Household Food Security Situation of Rural Households in Limpopo. Nutrients, 15(11): 2539. https://doi.10.3390/nu15112539.
  • Steenhuijsen P., Dijkxhoorn, Y., Hengsdijk, H., Guo, X., Brouwer, I., Eunice, L., Tichar, T., Carrico, C., Conijn, S., Oostewechel, R., Boef, W. D. (2021). Global scoping study on fruits and vegetables: results from literature and data analysis, Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report, 092-160. https://doi.org/10.18174/552129.
  • Tadesse K. T. (2023). The Role of Vegetables in Ensuring Food Security and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Ethiopia. J., Nutr., Food Sci. 13: 20. https://doi.10.35248/2155-9600.23.13.020.
  • Vanitha, S. M., Roy, S., Singh, N., and Singh, J. (2021). Growth trend in vegetable production- A time series analysis. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 23(3): 294-298. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.52.
  • Wasim, M. P. (2001). Agricultural Growth and instability in major crop production: A Province–wise analysis in Pakistan. Asian Economic Review, 43: 294-314.
  • WHO, 2020. Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index2.html.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Vegetable Growing and Treatment
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sunday Akpan 0000-0002-0458-028X

Edet Udoh 0000-0002-4550-4320

Udoro Udo 0000-0002-6915-2788

Project Number nil
Publication Date June 20, 2025
Submission Date April 15, 2025
Acceptance Date May 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akpan, S., Udoh, E., & Udo, U. (2025). Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 1-19.
AMA Akpan S, Udoh E, Udo U. Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2025;3(1):1-19.
Chicago Akpan, Sunday, Edet Udoh, and Udoro Udo. “Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria”. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 3, no. 1 (June 2025): 1-19.
EndNote Akpan S, Udoh E, Udo U (June 1, 2025) Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 3 1 1–19.
IEEE S. Akpan, E. Udoh, and U. Udo, “Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria”, Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2025.
ISNAD Akpan, Sunday et al. “Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria”. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 3/1 (June 2025), 1-19.
JAMA Akpan S, Udoh E, Udo U. Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;3:1–19.
MLA Akpan, Sunday et al. “Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria”. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1-19.
Vancouver Akpan S, Udoh E, Udo U. Analysis of Vegetable Production Trends, Growth Rates, Instability Index, and Decomposition in Nigeria. Düzce Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;3(1):1-19.
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