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Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 467 - 474, 28.06.2025

Hakkı Özbaş

https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1654951

Abstract

References

  • Adrangi, B., & Hamilton, E. (2023). Market concentration and performance: The case of the US airline industry. The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 18(3), 54-78.
  • Amiti, M., & Heise, S. (2024). U.S. market concentration and import competition. Review of Economic Studies, rdae045.
  • Aydın, A. (2022). Türkiye havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün yapısal analizi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi 10(2), 55-69.
  • Bakhtiari, S. (2021). Trends in market concentration of Australian Industries. Australian Economic Review, 54(1), 57-75.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2012). Ulaşım coğrafyası açısından Türkiye'de havayolu ulaşımının tarihsel gelişimi ve mevcut yapısı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 25, 340-377.
  • Barrett, S. D. (2000). Airport competition in the deregulated European aviation market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(1), 13-27.
  • Battal, Ü., Yılmaz, H., & Ateş, S.S. (2006). Türkiye’de iç hatlarda serbestleşme ve geleceği. Kayseri VI. Havacılık Sempozyumu. Nevşehir.
  • Belobaba, P. (2009). Introduction and Overview. P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart in The Global Airline Industry (s. 1-17). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Bilotkach, V., & Lakew, P. A. (2014). On sources of market power in the airline industry: Panel data evidence from the US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, 288-305.
  • Borenstein, S., & Rose, L. N. (2014). How Airline Markets Work... or Do They? Regulatory Reform in the Airline Industry. NBER Working Paper Series, 13452 (s. 1-60). Cambridge: https://www.nber.org/papers/w13452
  • Chao, C. C., & Kao, K. T. (2015). Selection of strategic cargo alliance by airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 43, 29-36.
  • Choo, Y. Y., Corbo, L., & Wang, K. (2018). Joint impact of airline market structure and airport ownership on airport market power and profit margin. Transport Policy, 72, 67-78.
  • Cook, G. N. (1996). A review of history, structure, and competition in the U.S. airline industry. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 7(1), 33-42.
  • Costa, T. F., Lohmann, G., & Oliveira, A. V. (2010). A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil. Research in transportation economics, 26(1), 3-11.
  • Çetin, T., & Benk, S. (2010). Regulation, deregulation, and competition in the Turkish airline industry. T. Çetin, & F. Oğuz in, The Polticial Economy of Regulation in Turkey (s. 193-214). New York: Springer.
  • Ciftci, M. E., & Şevkli, M. (2015). A new hub and spoke system proposal: A case study for Turkey's aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, 190-198.
  • DHMI. (2025, 02 06). Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • DHMI. (2025). Havayolu Sektör Raporu 2024. Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara
  • FAA. (2023, 08 01). Federal Aviation Administration. United States Department of Transportation: https://www.faa.gov/about/history/pioneers/media/PICAO.pdf
  • Gerede, E. (2010). The evolution of Turkish air transport industry: Significant developments and the impacts of 1983 liberalization. Journal of Management and Economics, 17(2), 63-91.
  • Gerede, E., & Orhan, G. (2015). Türk havayolu taşımacılığındaki ekonomik düzenlemelerin gelişim süreci. E. Gerede in, Havayolu taşımacılığı ve ekonomik düzenlemeler: teori ve Türkiye uygulaması (s. 163-208). Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • Ginevičius, R., & Čirba, S. (2009). Additive measurement of market concentration. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 10(3), 191-198.
  • Goetz, A. R., & Sutton, C. J. (1997). The geography of deregulation in the U.S. airline industry. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(2), 238-263.
  • Grosche, T., Klophaus, R., & Seredynski, A. (2020). Market concentration in German air transport before and after the Air Berlin bankruptcy. Transport Policy, 94, 78-88.
  • Hernandez, M. A., & Wiggins, S. N. (2008). Nonlinear pricing and market concentration in the US airline industry. mimeo: Texas A&M University.
  • Ildırar, M., & Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa yapısı ve yoğunlaşma: Türk otomotiv sektörü üzerine bir analiz. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Ildırar, M., & Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa yapısı ve yoğunlaşma; Türk otomotiv sektörü üzerine bir analiz. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Johston, A., & Ozment, J. (2011). Concentration in the airline industry: Evidence of economies of scale? Journal of Transportation Management, 22(2), 59-74. DOI: 10.22237/jotm/1317427500
  • Kılıç, D., & Turgut, M. (2019). Kentsel lojistik açısından İstanbul Havalimanı ve Atatürk Havalimanı’nın değerlendirilmesi. KOCATEPEİİBF Dergisi, 21(2), 148-157.
  • Kiracı, K., Yaşar, M., Kayhan, S., & Ustaömer, T. C. (2017). A concentration analysis in the Turkish domestic air transportation industry using with CRm and Herfindahl-Hirschman Indexes. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 687-704.
  • Koltay, G., Lorincz, S., & Valletti, T. (2023). Concentration and competition: evidence from Europe and implications for policy. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 19(3), 466-501.
  • KTB. (2025, 06, 19). T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-249709/yillik-bultenler.html
  • Kwon, S. Y., Ma, Y., & Zimmermann, K. (2024). 100 years of rising corporate concentration. American Economic Review, 114(7), 2111–40. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20220621
  • Mackenzie, D. (1991). An 'Ambitious Dream': The Chicago Conference and the Quest for Multilateralism in International Air Transport. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2(2), 270-293.
  • Milioti, C., & Odoni, A. R. (2024). Airport “level” and market concentration in Europe. Journal of the Air Transport Research Society, 2, 1-13.
  • Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: an empirical comparison. Available at SSRN 2448656.
  • Odoni, A. (2009). The International Institutional and Regulatory Environment. P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart in The Global Airline Industry (s. 19-46). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • OECD. (2018). Concentration in seed markets: potential effects and policy responses. Paris. OECD Publishing.
  • Oktal, H., & Küçükönal, H. (2007). Dünyada bölgesel hava taşımacılığı ve Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 383-394.
  • Oum, T. H., & Tretheway, M. W. (1990). Airline hub and spoke systems. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum. 30(2), 380-393.
  • Önder, K. (2016). Türkiye bisküvi, çikolatalı ve şekerli mamuller sektörü: firma yoğunlaşma analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 179-208.
  • Pacheco, R. R., Braga, M. E., & Fernandes, E. (2015). Spatial concentration and connectivity of international passenger traffic at Brazilian airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 46, 49-55.
  • Peng, I. C., & Lu, H. A. (2022). Coopetition effects among global airline alliances for selected Asian airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 101, 1-14.
  • Pike, C. (2018). Market concentration. OECD Competition Papers.
  • Sarıbaş, H., & Tekiner, İ. (2015). Türkiye Sivil Havacılık Sektöründe Yoğunlaşma. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 610, 21-33.
  • SHGM. (2023). 2023 Faaliyet Raporu. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Song, W., & Ma, Y. (2006). Hub-and-spoke system in air transportation and its implications to regional economic development: a case study of united states. Chinese Geographical Science, 16, 211-216.
  • Špička, J. (2016). Market concentration and profitability of the grocery retailers in Central Europe. Central European Business Review, 2016(3), 5-24.
  • Suau-Sanchez, P., & Burghouwt, G. (2011). The geography of the Spanish airport system: spatial concentration and deconcentration patterns in seat capacity distribution, 2001–2008. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 244-254.
  • Sung, N. (2014). Market concentration and competition in OECD mobile telecommunications markets. Applied Economics, 46, 3037-3048. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2014.920480
  • Swan, W. M. (2002). Airline route developments: a review of history. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8, 349-353.
  • Tanrıverdi, G., & Lezki, Ş. (2021). Istanbul Airport (IGA) and quest of best competitive strategy for air cargo carriers in new competition environment: A fuzzy multi-criteria approach. Journal of Air Transport Management, 95,
  • Tatlı, H. (2018). Piyasa yoğunluğunun ölçülmesi: beyaz eşya sektörü üzerine bir uygulama. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16, 64-84.
  • THK. (2024, 11 14). Türk Tayyare Cemiyeti. Türk Hava Kurumu: https://www.thk.org.tr/turk_tayyare_cemiyeti
  • USDOJ. (2025, 02 06). Antitrust Division. Antitrust Division U.S. Department of Justice: https://www.justice.gov/atr/merger-guidelines/applying-merger-guidelines/guideline-1
  • Wensveen, J. G. (2007). Air Transportation: A Management Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Yalçınkaya, A. (2019). Türk havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün tarihsel gelişimi ve devlet müdaheleleri (1933- 2006). Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(29), 405-442.
  • Yaşar, M., & Gerede, E. (2018). Türkiye Havayolu İç Hat Şehir Çiftlerindeki Pazar Yapılarının Piyasa Yoğunlaşması Ölçütleri ile Belirlenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 25(1), 171-197.
  • Yaşar, M., & Kiracı, K. (2017). Market share, the number of competitors and concentration: an empirical application on the airline industry. V. Anadolu International Conference in Economics (s. 1-10). Eskişehir: Econ- anadolu.
  • Yaşar, M. (2023). Determinants of Market Structure and Demand: A Panel Data Study on Turkish Airports. Journal of Management and Economics, 30(1), 59-77.
  • Yıldırım, K., & vd. (2016). Endüstriyel Ekonomi. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.

The Level of Concentration at Airports in terms of International Freight and Cargo Transportation in Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 467 - 474, 28.06.2025

Hakkı Özbaş

https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1654951

Abstract

Despite the increase in competition in the aviation sector, which was a monopoly in most parts of the world until the 1980s, the deregulation measures implemented since the 1980s have paved the way for the emergence of oligopolistic structures in the aviation sector in many countries, including Türkiye, in a short period as a result of market dynamics. This study examines the market concentration in international freight and cargo transport in the context of the global development of the airline industry and the liberalization process in Türkiye. Based on data for the periods 2009-2024 and 2013-2024, the analysis using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) shows that Ataturk and Istanbul airports play a dominant role in international freight transport, while this pressure shifts to Istanbul airport after 2019. As a result, it is important to implement strategic policy recommendations such as increasing regional diversity and creating alternative logistics centres, as high market density poses risks in terms of reduced competition, lower service quality, infrastructure and urban planning.

Keywords

Concentration market structure airport aviation sector international freight and cargo

References

  • Adrangi, B., & Hamilton, E. (2023). Market concentration and performance: The case of the US airline industry. The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 18(3), 54-78.
  • Amiti, M., & Heise, S. (2024). U.S. market concentration and import competition. Review of Economic Studies, rdae045.
  • Aydın, A. (2022). Türkiye havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün yapısal analizi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi 10(2), 55-69.
  • Bakhtiari, S. (2021). Trends in market concentration of Australian Industries. Australian Economic Review, 54(1), 57-75.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2012). Ulaşım coğrafyası açısından Türkiye'de havayolu ulaşımının tarihsel gelişimi ve mevcut yapısı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 25, 340-377.
  • Barrett, S. D. (2000). Airport competition in the deregulated European aviation market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(1), 13-27.
  • Battal, Ü., Yılmaz, H., & Ateş, S.S. (2006). Türkiye’de iç hatlarda serbestleşme ve geleceği. Kayseri VI. Havacılık Sempozyumu. Nevşehir.
  • Belobaba, P. (2009). Introduction and Overview. P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart in The Global Airline Industry (s. 1-17). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Bilotkach, V., & Lakew, P. A. (2014). On sources of market power in the airline industry: Panel data evidence from the US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, 288-305.
  • Borenstein, S., & Rose, L. N. (2014). How Airline Markets Work... or Do They? Regulatory Reform in the Airline Industry. NBER Working Paper Series, 13452 (s. 1-60). Cambridge: https://www.nber.org/papers/w13452
  • Chao, C. C., & Kao, K. T. (2015). Selection of strategic cargo alliance by airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 43, 29-36.
  • Choo, Y. Y., Corbo, L., & Wang, K. (2018). Joint impact of airline market structure and airport ownership on airport market power and profit margin. Transport Policy, 72, 67-78.
  • Cook, G. N. (1996). A review of history, structure, and competition in the U.S. airline industry. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 7(1), 33-42.
  • Costa, T. F., Lohmann, G., & Oliveira, A. V. (2010). A model to identify airport hubs and their importance to tourism in Brazil. Research in transportation economics, 26(1), 3-11.
  • Çetin, T., & Benk, S. (2010). Regulation, deregulation, and competition in the Turkish airline industry. T. Çetin, & F. Oğuz in, The Polticial Economy of Regulation in Turkey (s. 193-214). New York: Springer.
  • Ciftci, M. E., & Şevkli, M. (2015). A new hub and spoke system proposal: A case study for Turkey's aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, 190-198.
  • DHMI. (2025, 02 06). Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • DHMI. (2025). Havayolu Sektör Raporu 2024. Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara
  • FAA. (2023, 08 01). Federal Aviation Administration. United States Department of Transportation: https://www.faa.gov/about/history/pioneers/media/PICAO.pdf
  • Gerede, E. (2010). The evolution of Turkish air transport industry: Significant developments and the impacts of 1983 liberalization. Journal of Management and Economics, 17(2), 63-91.
  • Gerede, E., & Orhan, G. (2015). Türk havayolu taşımacılığındaki ekonomik düzenlemelerin gelişim süreci. E. Gerede in, Havayolu taşımacılığı ve ekonomik düzenlemeler: teori ve Türkiye uygulaması (s. 163-208). Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • Ginevičius, R., & Čirba, S. (2009). Additive measurement of market concentration. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 10(3), 191-198.
  • Goetz, A. R., & Sutton, C. J. (1997). The geography of deregulation in the U.S. airline industry. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(2), 238-263.
  • Grosche, T., Klophaus, R., & Seredynski, A. (2020). Market concentration in German air transport before and after the Air Berlin bankruptcy. Transport Policy, 94, 78-88.
  • Hernandez, M. A., & Wiggins, S. N. (2008). Nonlinear pricing and market concentration in the US airline industry. mimeo: Texas A&M University.
  • Ildırar, M., & Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa yapısı ve yoğunlaşma: Türk otomotiv sektörü üzerine bir analiz. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Ildırar, M., & Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa yapısı ve yoğunlaşma; Türk otomotiv sektörü üzerine bir analiz. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Johston, A., & Ozment, J. (2011). Concentration in the airline industry: Evidence of economies of scale? Journal of Transportation Management, 22(2), 59-74. DOI: 10.22237/jotm/1317427500
  • Kılıç, D., & Turgut, M. (2019). Kentsel lojistik açısından İstanbul Havalimanı ve Atatürk Havalimanı’nın değerlendirilmesi. KOCATEPEİİBF Dergisi, 21(2), 148-157.
  • Kiracı, K., Yaşar, M., Kayhan, S., & Ustaömer, T. C. (2017). A concentration analysis in the Turkish domestic air transportation industry using with CRm and Herfindahl-Hirschman Indexes. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 687-704.
  • Koltay, G., Lorincz, S., & Valletti, T. (2023). Concentration and competition: evidence from Europe and implications for policy. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 19(3), 466-501.
  • KTB. (2025, 06, 19). T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-249709/yillik-bultenler.html
  • Kwon, S. Y., Ma, Y., & Zimmermann, K. (2024). 100 years of rising corporate concentration. American Economic Review, 114(7), 2111–40. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20220621
  • Mackenzie, D. (1991). An 'Ambitious Dream': The Chicago Conference and the Quest for Multilateralism in International Air Transport. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2(2), 270-293.
  • Milioti, C., & Odoni, A. R. (2024). Airport “level” and market concentration in Europe. Journal of the Air Transport Research Society, 2, 1-13.
  • Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: an empirical comparison. Available at SSRN 2448656.
  • Odoni, A. (2009). The International Institutional and Regulatory Environment. P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart in The Global Airline Industry (s. 19-46). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • OECD. (2018). Concentration in seed markets: potential effects and policy responses. Paris. OECD Publishing.
  • Oktal, H., & Küçükönal, H. (2007). Dünyada bölgesel hava taşımacılığı ve Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 383-394.
  • Oum, T. H., & Tretheway, M. W. (1990). Airline hub and spoke systems. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum. 30(2), 380-393.
  • Önder, K. (2016). Türkiye bisküvi, çikolatalı ve şekerli mamuller sektörü: firma yoğunlaşma analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 179-208.
  • Pacheco, R. R., Braga, M. E., & Fernandes, E. (2015). Spatial concentration and connectivity of international passenger traffic at Brazilian airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 46, 49-55.
  • Peng, I. C., & Lu, H. A. (2022). Coopetition effects among global airline alliances for selected Asian airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 101, 1-14.
  • Pike, C. (2018). Market concentration. OECD Competition Papers.
  • Sarıbaş, H., & Tekiner, İ. (2015). Türkiye Sivil Havacılık Sektöründe Yoğunlaşma. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 610, 21-33.
  • SHGM. (2023). 2023 Faaliyet Raporu. Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Song, W., & Ma, Y. (2006). Hub-and-spoke system in air transportation and its implications to regional economic development: a case study of united states. Chinese Geographical Science, 16, 211-216.
  • Špička, J. (2016). Market concentration and profitability of the grocery retailers in Central Europe. Central European Business Review, 2016(3), 5-24.
  • Suau-Sanchez, P., & Burghouwt, G. (2011). The geography of the Spanish airport system: spatial concentration and deconcentration patterns in seat capacity distribution, 2001–2008. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), 244-254.
  • Sung, N. (2014). Market concentration and competition in OECD mobile telecommunications markets. Applied Economics, 46, 3037-3048. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2014.920480
  • Swan, W. M. (2002). Airline route developments: a review of history. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8, 349-353.
  • Tanrıverdi, G., & Lezki, Ş. (2021). Istanbul Airport (IGA) and quest of best competitive strategy for air cargo carriers in new competition environment: A fuzzy multi-criteria approach. Journal of Air Transport Management, 95,
  • Tatlı, H. (2018). Piyasa yoğunluğunun ölçülmesi: beyaz eşya sektörü üzerine bir uygulama. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16, 64-84.
  • THK. (2024, 11 14). Türk Tayyare Cemiyeti. Türk Hava Kurumu: https://www.thk.org.tr/turk_tayyare_cemiyeti
  • USDOJ. (2025, 02 06). Antitrust Division. Antitrust Division U.S. Department of Justice: https://www.justice.gov/atr/merger-guidelines/applying-merger-guidelines/guideline-1
  • Wensveen, J. G. (2007). Air Transportation: A Management Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  • Yalçınkaya, A. (2019). Türk havayolu taşımacılığı sektörünün tarihsel gelişimi ve devlet müdaheleleri (1933- 2006). Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(29), 405-442.
  • Yaşar, M., & Gerede, E. (2018). Türkiye Havayolu İç Hat Şehir Çiftlerindeki Pazar Yapılarının Piyasa Yoğunlaşması Ölçütleri ile Belirlenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 25(1), 171-197.
  • Yaşar, M., & Kiracı, K. (2017). Market share, the number of competitors and concentration: an empirical application on the airline industry. V. Anadolu International Conference in Economics (s. 1-10). Eskişehir: Econ- anadolu.
  • Yaşar, M. (2023). Determinants of Market Structure and Demand: A Panel Data Study on Turkish Airports. Journal of Management and Economics, 30(1), 59-77.
  • Yıldırım, K., & vd. (2016). Endüstriyel Ekonomi. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Air Transportation and Freight Services
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakkı Özbaş 0000-0002-0058-6334

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date March 10, 2025
Acceptance Date June 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özbaş, H. (2025). The Level of Concentration at Airports in terms of International Freight and Cargo Transportation in Türkiye. Journal of Aviation, 9(2), 467-474. https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1654951
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