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Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 29.04.2025

Ali Paşaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1621733

Abstract

Nowadays, the development of HEVs is done from three approaches: emission, fuel consumption, and vehicle performance. Due to the expansion of the use of HEVs around the world, optimal performance of the power train and power supply in the vehicle system has become an important issue. In this paper, in the first step, an optimal cooling attempt was made during power transfer in batteries by designing battery modules and their optimal configuration. The optimal design of the components of the transmission system and their optimized sizing have been performed in such a way that, while reducing emissions and fuel consumption, the dynamic performance of the vehicle is maintained at the standard level of passenger ones. The characteristics of class B passenger vehicle were utilized for modeling and simulation of the HEV and its optimization carried out by the constrained multi-objective genetic algorithm. It has been depicted that with the simultaneous sizing of power transmission components and optimal cooling of the battery system, fuel consumption and emission can be reduced by 5% and 8%, respectively, in various cycles of driving and traffic conditions.

Keywords

Fuel consumption emissions power transmission structure hybrid electric vehicle

References

  • [1] Ruan, J., Walker, P.D., Zhang, N., Wu, J., “An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle”, Energy 140 (2017) : 291-306.
  • [2] Ruan, J., Walker, P., Zhang, N., “A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions”, Applied energy 165 (2016) : 119-134.
  • [3] Ahmadi, S., Bathaee, S.M.T., Hosseinpour, A.H., “Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy”, Energy Conversion and Management 160 (2018) : 74-84.
  • [4] Madanipour, V., Montazeri-Gh, M., Mahmoodi-k, M., “Optimization of the component sizing for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using a genetic algorithm”, Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Part D: journal of automobile engineering 230(5) (2016) : 692-708.
  • [5] Mazouzi, A., Hadroug, N., Alayed, W., Hafaifa, A., Iratni, A., Kouzou, A. “Comprehensive optimization of fuzzy logic-based energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle using genetic algorithm”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 81 (2024) : 889-905.
  • [6] Tran, D.D., Vafaeipour, M., El Baghdadi, M., Barrero, R., Van Mierlo, J., Hegazy, O., “Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 119 (2020) : 109596.
  • [7] Nguyen-Minh, T., Nguyễn, B.H., Vo-Duy, T., Ta, M.C., Trovão, J.P.F., Antunes, C.H., “A universal optimal sizing for hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicles”, Journal of Energy Storage 92 (2024) : 112128.
  • [8] Chen, S.Y., Wu, C.H., Hung, Y.H., Chung, C.T., “Optimal strategies of energy management integrated with transmission control for a hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic particle swarm optimization”, Energy 160 (2018) : 154-170.
  • [9] Nainggolan, N., Maghsoudlou, E., AlWadi, B.M., Atamurotov, F., Kosov, M., Putra, W., “Advancements in Optimization for Automotive Manufacturing: Hybrid Approaches and Machine Learning”, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 15(3) (2024) : 254-263.
  • [10] Liu, H., Han, L., Cao, Y., “Improving transmission efficiency and reducing energy consumption with automotive continuously variable transmission: A model prediction comprehensive optimization approach”, Applied Energy 274 (2020) : 115303.
  • [11] Luo, Y., Chen, T., Zhang, S., Li, K. “Intelligent hybrid electric vehicle ACC with coordinated control of tracking ability, fuel economy, and ride comfort”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16(4) (2015) : 2303-2308.
  • [12] Das, H.S., Tan, C.W., Yatim, A.H.M., “Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) : 268-291.
  • [13] Montazeri-Gh, M., Mahmoodi-K, M., “Optimized predictive energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on traffic condition”, Journal of cleaner production 139 (2016) : 935-948.
  • [14] Montazeri-Gh, M., Pourbafarani, Z., Mahmoodi-k, M., “Comparative study of different types of PHEV optimal control strategies in real-world conditions”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232(12) (2018) : 1597-1610.
  • [15] Anselma, P.G., Niutta, C.B., Mainini, L., Belingardi, G., “Multidisciplinary design optimization for hybrid electric vehicles: component sizing and multi-fidelity frontal crashworthiness”, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62 (2020) : 2149-2166.
  • [16] Park, S., Ahn, C., “Power management controller for a hybrid electric vehicle with predicted future acceleration”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68(11) (2019) : 10477-10488.
  • [17] Huang, Y., Wang, H., Khajepour, A., Li, B., Ji, J., Zhao, K., Hu, C., “A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96 (2018) : 132-144.
  • [18] Cai, Y., Ouyang, M.G., Yang, F., “Impact of power split configurations on fuel consumption and battery degradation in plug-in hybrid electric city buses”, Applied Energy 188 (2017) : 257-269.
  • [19] Mayyas, A.R.O., Kumar, S., Pisu, P., Rios, J., Jethani, P., “Model-based design validation for advanced energy management strategies for electrified hybrid power trains using innovative vehicle hardware in the loop (VHIL) approach”, Applied Energy 204 (2017) : 287-302.
  • [20] Yang, R., Yang, X., Huang, W., Zhang, S., “Energy management of the power-split hybrid electric city bus based on the stochastic model predictive control”, IEEE Access 9 (2020) : 2055-2071.
  • [21] Dindar, S., “A Comprehensive Analysis of Strategies, Challenges and Policies on Turkish Sustainable Energy Development”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 7(3) (2022) : 231-250.

Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 29.04.2025

Ali Paşaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1621733

Abstract

Nowadays, the development of HEVs is done from three approaches: emission, fuel consumption, and vehicle performance. Due to the expansion of the use of HEVs around the world, optimal performance of the power train and power supply in the vehicle system has become an important issue. In this paper, in the first step, an optimal cooling attempt was made during power transfer in batteries by designing battery modules and their optimal configuration. The optimal design of the components of the transmission system and their optimized sizing have been performed in such a way that, while reducing emissions and fuel consumption, the dynamic performance of the vehicle is maintained at the standard level of passenger ones. The characteristics of class B passenger vehicle were utilized for modeling and simulation of the HEV and its optimization carried out by the constrained multi-objective genetic algorithm. It has been depicted that with the simultaneous sizing of power transmission components and optimal cooling of the battery system, fuel consumption and emission can be reduced by 5% and 8%, respectively, in various cycles of driving and traffic conditions.

Keywords

Fuel consumption emissions power transmission structure hybrid electric vehicle

References

  • [1] Ruan, J., Walker, P.D., Zhang, N., Wu, J., “An investigation of hybrid energy storage system in multi-speed electric vehicle”, Energy 140 (2017) : 291-306.
  • [2] Ruan, J., Walker, P., Zhang, N., “A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions”, Applied energy 165 (2016) : 119-134.
  • [3] Ahmadi, S., Bathaee, S.M.T., Hosseinpour, A.H., “Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy”, Energy Conversion and Management 160 (2018) : 74-84.
  • [4] Madanipour, V., Montazeri-Gh, M., Mahmoodi-k, M., “Optimization of the component sizing for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using a genetic algorithm”, Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Part D: journal of automobile engineering 230(5) (2016) : 692-708.
  • [5] Mazouzi, A., Hadroug, N., Alayed, W., Hafaifa, A., Iratni, A., Kouzou, A. “Comprehensive optimization of fuzzy logic-based energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle using genetic algorithm”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 81 (2024) : 889-905.
  • [6] Tran, D.D., Vafaeipour, M., El Baghdadi, M., Barrero, R., Van Mierlo, J., Hegazy, O., “Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 119 (2020) : 109596.
  • [7] Nguyen-Minh, T., Nguyễn, B.H., Vo-Duy, T., Ta, M.C., Trovão, J.P.F., Antunes, C.H., “A universal optimal sizing for hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicles”, Journal of Energy Storage 92 (2024) : 112128.
  • [8] Chen, S.Y., Wu, C.H., Hung, Y.H., Chung, C.T., “Optimal strategies of energy management integrated with transmission control for a hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic particle swarm optimization”, Energy 160 (2018) : 154-170.
  • [9] Nainggolan, N., Maghsoudlou, E., AlWadi, B.M., Atamurotov, F., Kosov, M., Putra, W., “Advancements in Optimization for Automotive Manufacturing: Hybrid Approaches and Machine Learning”, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 15(3) (2024) : 254-263.
  • [10] Liu, H., Han, L., Cao, Y., “Improving transmission efficiency and reducing energy consumption with automotive continuously variable transmission: A model prediction comprehensive optimization approach”, Applied Energy 274 (2020) : 115303.
  • [11] Luo, Y., Chen, T., Zhang, S., Li, K. “Intelligent hybrid electric vehicle ACC with coordinated control of tracking ability, fuel economy, and ride comfort”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16(4) (2015) : 2303-2308.
  • [12] Das, H.S., Tan, C.W., Yatim, A.H.M., “Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) : 268-291.
  • [13] Montazeri-Gh, M., Mahmoodi-K, M., “Optimized predictive energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on traffic condition”, Journal of cleaner production 139 (2016) : 935-948.
  • [14] Montazeri-Gh, M., Pourbafarani, Z., Mahmoodi-k, M., “Comparative study of different types of PHEV optimal control strategies in real-world conditions”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232(12) (2018) : 1597-1610.
  • [15] Anselma, P.G., Niutta, C.B., Mainini, L., Belingardi, G., “Multidisciplinary design optimization for hybrid electric vehicles: component sizing and multi-fidelity frontal crashworthiness”, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62 (2020) : 2149-2166.
  • [16] Park, S., Ahn, C., “Power management controller for a hybrid electric vehicle with predicted future acceleration”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68(11) (2019) : 10477-10488.
  • [17] Huang, Y., Wang, H., Khajepour, A., Li, B., Ji, J., Zhao, K., Hu, C., “A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96 (2018) : 132-144.
  • [18] Cai, Y., Ouyang, M.G., Yang, F., “Impact of power split configurations on fuel consumption and battery degradation in plug-in hybrid electric city buses”, Applied Energy 188 (2017) : 257-269.
  • [19] Mayyas, A.R.O., Kumar, S., Pisu, P., Rios, J., Jethani, P., “Model-based design validation for advanced energy management strategies for electrified hybrid power trains using innovative vehicle hardware in the loop (VHIL) approach”, Applied Energy 204 (2017) : 287-302.
  • [20] Yang, R., Yang, X., Huang, W., Zhang, S., “Energy management of the power-split hybrid electric city bus based on the stochastic model predictive control”, IEEE Access 9 (2020) : 2055-2071.
  • [21] Dindar, S., “A Comprehensive Analysis of Strategies, Challenges and Policies on Turkish Sustainable Energy Development”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 7(3) (2022) : 231-250.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Algorithms and Calculation Theory, Artificial Intelligence (Other), Electrical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ali Paşaoğlu 0000-0002-6853-1356

Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date January 17, 2025
Acceptance Date April 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Paşaoğlu, A. (2025). Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 10(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1621733
AMA Paşaoğlu A. Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm. JETAS. April 2025;10(1):45-61. doi:10.30931/jetas.1621733
Chicago Paşaoğlu, Ali. “Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Using Genetic Algorithm”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (April 2025): 45-61. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1621733.
EndNote Paşaoğlu A (April 1, 2025) Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 10 1 45–61.
IEEE A. Paşaoğlu, “Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm”, JETAS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45–61, 2025, doi: 10.30931/jetas.1621733.
ISNAD Paşaoğlu, Ali. “Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Using Genetic Algorithm”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 10/1 (April 2025), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1621733.
JAMA Paşaoğlu A. Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm. JETAS. 2025;10:45–61.
MLA Paşaoğlu, Ali. “Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Using Genetic Algorithm”. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, 2025, pp. 45-61, doi:10.30931/jetas.1621733.
Vancouver Paşaoğlu A. Sizing of Power Train and Cooling of the Battery Systems of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by using Genetic Algorithm. JETAS. 2025;10(1):45-61.