Abstract
Travma ve acil vakalar, dünya genelinde önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olup, ambulansların hastaneye güvenli ve hızlı erişimi acil sağlık hizmetlerinde hayati bir faktördür. Ancak, birçok sağlık tesisinde ambulans giriş yolları ve mevcut trafik düzenlemeleri, hızlı ve güvenli erişimi zorlaştırmakta ve hastane içi trafik güvenliğini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (SDÜ) Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi ile Siirt Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (SEA) örneklerinde ambulans giriş yollarının güvenliği ve manevra kapasitesi değerlendirilmiştir. TS EN 1789+A1 (2024) standartları dikkate alınarak, AutoTURN yazılımı ile farklı hız ve manevra senaryoları test edilmiştir. Analizler, mevcut yollarda geometrik yetersizlikler, araç-araç, araç-yaya çakışmaları ve dar manevra alanları gibi önemli sorunları ortaya koymuştur. Önerilen tasarımlar kapsamında, SDÜ Hastanesi için Senaryo 3 ve SEA Hastanesi için Senaryo 6, 25 m dönüş çapına ve ambulanslara özel girişlere sahip düzenlemeleri ile 40 km/s’ye kadar güvenli manevra imkanı sağlamaktadır. Çalışma, hasta taşıma süresini azaltan ve trafik güvenliğini artıran uygulanabilir ve sürdürülebilir tasarım çözümleri sunmakta ve gelecekte akıllı trafik yönetimi ile yapay zeka destekli analizlerle geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.
Keywords
Ambulans Yol Güvenliği Manevra Analizi AutoTurn Simülasyonu Hastane Acil Girişi Sürdürülebilir Yol Tasarımı
References
- Atasever, M. (Ed.). (2018).Şehir hastaneleri araştırması. Sasam.
- Carrasco, M., & Pecanac, M. (2004). Improved CAD application for low speed vehicle turn simulations. In Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering (pp. 350-354).
- Carrasco, M.S. (1995). Turning vehicle simulation: Interactive computer-aided design and drafting application. Transportation research record, 1500, 1-11.
- Dimitriou L, Efthymiou D, & Antoniou C. (2018). Saving lives through faster emergency unit response times: role of accessibility and environmental factors. J Transp Eng. 144(9):1–9.
- Džambas, T., Dragčević, V., Bezina, Š., & Grgić, M. (2021). Reliability of vehicle movement simulation results in roundabout design procedure based on the rules of design vehicle movement geometry. Road and Rail Infrastructure VI; Lakušic, S., Ed.; The University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering: Zagreb, Croatia, 507-515.
- Hossain, A., Barua, S., Das, S., & Starewich, M. (2025). Ambulance crash risk dynamics: a baseline (2017–2019) vs. pandemic-era (2020–2022) comparative study using a random parameter logit model. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 1-39.
- Hwang, H.T., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.W., Kim, H.C., Woo, M.H., Moon, K.W., ... & Suh, H.W. (2017). Development of a transportability evaluation system using swept path analysis and multi-body dynamic simulation. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 31, 5359-5365.
- Lam, S.S.W., Nguyen, F.N.H.L., Ng, Y.Y., Lee, V.P.X., Wong, T.H., Fook-Chong, S.M.C., & Ong, M.E.H. (2015). Factors affecting the ambulance response times of trauma incidents in Singapore. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 82, 27-35.
- Noorani, M.M., Khaliq, M.F., Shoaib, M., Sheikh, A., Moughal, U.E., Moazzum, W., & Ali, S.A. (2014). Time intervals and associated factors of emergency treatment: first insight into Pakistani system. International archives of medicine, 7(1), 1-9.
- Pan, S., Liu, Z., Yan, H., Chen, N., Zhao, X., Li, S., & Witlox, F. (2024). Automatic identification of bottlenecks for ambulance passage on urban streets: A deep learning-based approach. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 62, 102931.
- Saha, U. (2021). A swept path analysis of ıntersection designs for long combination vehicles.
- Snyder, R., Siegman, P., Huff, H., & McCormick, C. (2013). Best practices. Emergency access in healthy streets. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.
- The Nation. 20 Percent of Emergency Patient Deaths Blamed on Traffic Jam Delays [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.nationthailand.com/national/30304268
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. (2024). TS EN 1789+A1: Tıbbi araçlar ve donanımları - Kara yolu ambulansları. Ankara: TSE.
- Watanabe, B. L., G. S. Patterson, J. M. Kempema, O. Magallanes, and L. H. Brown. 2019. “Is Use ofWarning Lights and Sirens Associated With Increased Risk of Ambulance Crashes? A ContemporaryAnalysis Using National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) Data.” Annals of Emergency Medicine 74(1): 101–109
- Wiwekananda, K.S.S., Hamukti, R.P., Yogananda, K.S.S., Calisto, K.E., & Utomo, P.S. (2020). Understanding factors of ambulance delay and crash to enhance ambulance efficiency: An integrative literature review. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health, 3(3), 1-9.
- Wolhuter, K. (2015).Geometric design of roads handbook. CRC Press.
- Yılmaz, E., & Uslu, Y. (2022). Şehir Hastanelerinin Sağlık Yönetimi Açısından İyi Uygulama Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Nitel Bir Analiz. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1296-1319.
- Yoon, S., Albert, L.A., (2020). A dynamic ambulance routing model with multiple response, Transport. Res. Part E: Logist. Transport. Rev. 133, 101807.
Abstract
Trauma and emergency cases are recognized as significant public health issues worldwide, where the safe and rapid access of ambulances to hospitals plays a vital role in the effectiveness of emergency medical services. However, inadequate ambulance entrance roads and inefficient traffic regulations in many healthcare facilities hinder prompt and safe access, compromising patient transport times and internal traffic safety. This study evaluates the safety and maneuverability of ambulance entrance roads at Süleyman Demirel University (SDU) Research and Application Hospital and Siirt Training and Research Hospital (SEA). The assessment was conducted based on TS EN 1789+A1 (2024) standards and scenario-based simulations using AutoTURN software. The analyses revealed geometric deficiencies, vehicle-pedestrian conflicts, and limited maneuvering space in the current layouts. As a solution, Scenario 3 for SDU and Scenario 6 for SEA, which feature 25-meter turning radii and dedicated ambulance-only access roads, were proposed. These designs allow ambulances to perform safe maneuvers at speeds up to 40 km/h without vehicle conflicts or geometrical restrictions. The study provides sustainable and practical design solutions that reduce patient transport times and improve traffic safety. Further studies are recommended to integrate smart traffic management and AI-based simulations to enhance the proposed models.
Keywords
Ambulance Route Safety Maneuver Analysis AutoTURN Simulation Hospital Emergency Entrance Sustainable Road Design
References
- Atasever, M. (Ed.). (2018).Şehir hastaneleri araştırması. Sasam.
- Carrasco, M., & Pecanac, M. (2004). Improved CAD application for low speed vehicle turn simulations. In Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering (pp. 350-354).
- Carrasco, M.S. (1995). Turning vehicle simulation: Interactive computer-aided design and drafting application. Transportation research record, 1500, 1-11.
- Dimitriou L, Efthymiou D, & Antoniou C. (2018). Saving lives through faster emergency unit response times: role of accessibility and environmental factors. J Transp Eng. 144(9):1–9.
- Džambas, T., Dragčević, V., Bezina, Š., & Grgić, M. (2021). Reliability of vehicle movement simulation results in roundabout design procedure based on the rules of design vehicle movement geometry. Road and Rail Infrastructure VI; Lakušic, S., Ed.; The University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering: Zagreb, Croatia, 507-515.
- Hossain, A., Barua, S., Das, S., & Starewich, M. (2025). Ambulance crash risk dynamics: a baseline (2017–2019) vs. pandemic-era (2020–2022) comparative study using a random parameter logit model. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 1-39.
- Hwang, H.T., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.W., Kim, H.C., Woo, M.H., Moon, K.W., ... & Suh, H.W. (2017). Development of a transportability evaluation system using swept path analysis and multi-body dynamic simulation. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 31, 5359-5365.
- Lam, S.S.W., Nguyen, F.N.H.L., Ng, Y.Y., Lee, V.P.X., Wong, T.H., Fook-Chong, S.M.C., & Ong, M.E.H. (2015). Factors affecting the ambulance response times of trauma incidents in Singapore. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 82, 27-35.
- Noorani, M.M., Khaliq, M.F., Shoaib, M., Sheikh, A., Moughal, U.E., Moazzum, W., & Ali, S.A. (2014). Time intervals and associated factors of emergency treatment: first insight into Pakistani system. International archives of medicine, 7(1), 1-9.
- Pan, S., Liu, Z., Yan, H., Chen, N., Zhao, X., Li, S., & Witlox, F. (2024). Automatic identification of bottlenecks for ambulance passage on urban streets: A deep learning-based approach. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 62, 102931.
- Saha, U. (2021). A swept path analysis of ıntersection designs for long combination vehicles.
- Snyder, R., Siegman, P., Huff, H., & McCormick, C. (2013). Best practices. Emergency access in healthy streets. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.
- The Nation. 20 Percent of Emergency Patient Deaths Blamed on Traffic Jam Delays [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.nationthailand.com/national/30304268
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. (2024). TS EN 1789+A1: Tıbbi araçlar ve donanımları - Kara yolu ambulansları. Ankara: TSE.
- Watanabe, B. L., G. S. Patterson, J. M. Kempema, O. Magallanes, and L. H. Brown. 2019. “Is Use ofWarning Lights and Sirens Associated With Increased Risk of Ambulance Crashes? A ContemporaryAnalysis Using National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) Data.” Annals of Emergency Medicine 74(1): 101–109
- Wiwekananda, K.S.S., Hamukti, R.P., Yogananda, K.S.S., Calisto, K.E., & Utomo, P.S. (2020). Understanding factors of ambulance delay and crash to enhance ambulance efficiency: An integrative literature review. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health, 3(3), 1-9.
- Wolhuter, K. (2015).Geometric design of roads handbook. CRC Press.
- Yılmaz, E., & Uslu, Y. (2022). Şehir Hastanelerinin Sağlık Yönetimi Açısından İyi Uygulama Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Nitel Bir Analiz. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1296-1319.
- Yoon, S., Albert, L.A., (2020). A dynamic ambulance routing model with multiple response, Transport. Res. Part E: Logist. Transport. Rev. 133, 101807.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Transportation and Traffic |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 29, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 27, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |
