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Evaluation of the Location and Accessibility of Parking Lots using GIS-Based Analyses

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 117 - 130, 30.06.2025

Mehmet Can Güven , Oruç Altıntaşı , Ziya Çakıcı

https://doi.org/10.60093/jiciviltech.1650112

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial distribution and accessibility of parking facilities in İzmir, Türkiye, with a focus on their integration with public transportation systems. The analysis examines three types of parking facilities: on-street parking, off-street outdoor parking, and off-street indoor parking (parking garages). Using GIS-based methods, service areas were delineated for each parking type based on 400m and 800m walking thresholds, evaluating their proximity to public transportation stations, including rail transit stations, transfer hubs, and ferry ports. The results indicate that on-street parking is concentrated in high-density commercial areas, while off-street indoor parking is primarily located near major urban attractions. However, access to public transportation stations is limited, especially for off-street indoor parking facilities. In contrast, off-street outdoor parking facilities, although high in capacity, face challenges with public transport accessibility, particularly in the southern parts of the city. Strategic parking placement in areas such as Karşıyaka, close to rail stations and ferry terminals, illustrates a more effective multimodal transport integration. The study emphasizes the need for improved parking management and a more balanced distribution of parking infrastructure across the city to enhance accessibility to public transportation and promote sustainable urban mobility.

Keywords

Parking Lot GIS Service Area Network Analysis Public Transportation Accessibility

Thanks

The authors obtained the parking data from the İzmir Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) open data portal and express their gratitude to IBB for granting access to this data.

References

  • Aliniai, K., Yarahmadi, A., Zarin, J. Z., Yarahmadi, H., & Lak, S. B.. (2015). Parking lot site selection: An opening gate towards sustainable GIS-based urban traffic management, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 43, 801-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0415-3
  • Altintasi, O., & Yalcinkaya, S. (2022). Siting charging stations and identifying safe and convenient routes for environmentally sustainable e-scooter systems. Sustainable Cities and Society, 84, 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104020
  • Aslan, S., & Aydar, U. (2022). Çanakkale ili Merkez ilçesinin otopark sorununun Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ile analizi ve çözüm önerileri. Türkiye Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Dergisi, 4(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1040112
  • Aydinoglu, A. C., & Iqbal, A. S. (2021). Determining parking demand and locating parking areas using geographic analytics methods, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000650
  • Bilgilioglu, S. S. (2022). Site selection for electric vehicle charging station with geographic information systems and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering, 22 (1), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1013244
  • Cigu, E., Agheorghiesei, D. T., Gavriluță, A. F., & Toader, E. (2018). Transport infrastructure development, public performance and long-run economic growth: a case study for the Eu-28 countries. Sustainability, 11(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010067
  • Demir, S., Basaraner, M., & Gumus, A. T. (2021). Selection of suitable parking lot sites in megacities: A case study for four districts of Istanbul, Land Use Policy, 111, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105731
  • Dinda, S., Ghosh, S., & Das Chatterjee, N. (2019). An analysis of transport suitability, modal choice and trip pattern using accessibility and network approach: a study of Jamshedpur city, India, Spatial Information Research, 27, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0223-x
  • Elmacioglu, N., Demirel, N., & Ocal, O. (2025). A hybrid framework for improving sustainable urban mobility: integrating multi-criteria decision-making and maximal covering location problem for bike-sharing system site selection, Erciyes University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 41 (1), 346-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103843
  • EPI (2019). İzmir Kent Geneli Araç Park Alanları Stratejik Yönetim Eylem Planı.
  • Farzanmanesh, R., Naeeni, A. G., & Abdullah, A. M. (2010). Parking site selection management using fuzzy logic and multi criteria decision making. Environment Asia, 3(3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2010.49
  • Ford, A. C., Barr, S. L., Dawson, R. J., & James, P. (2015). Transport accessibility analysis using GIS: Assessing sustainable transport in London. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 124-149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4010124
  • Gulhan, G., & Ceylan, H. (2010). Parking management based approach on parking problem: example of İzmir. Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science and Engineering, 12(1), 63-73.
  • Guzel, D., Altintasi, O., Korkut, S.O. (2025). Assessment of weather-driven travel behavior on a small-scale docked bike-sharing system usage. Travel Behaviour and Society. 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100927.
  • Jonuzi, E., Alkan, T., Durduran, S. S., & Selvi, H. Z. (2024). Using GIS-supported MCDA method for appropriate site selection of parking lots: The case study of the city of Tetovo, North Macedonia. International journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 9(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1319605
  • Karimi, H., Herki, B. M., Gharibi, S., Hamiditehrani, S., & Kakhani, A. (2020). Identifying public parking sites using integrating GIS and ordered weighted averaging approach in Sanandaj city, Iran. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(4), 506-513. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.04.95
  • Kirlangicoglu, C. (2016). Urban railway corridor planning based on multi criteria decision making techniques, Istanbul University Journal of Geography, 33 (2016), 53-71.
  • Kulinich, I., & Lee, H. (2016). Parking site selection in downtown of Khabarovsk city using GIS. International Journal of Smart Home, 10(4), 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.4.02
  • Levy, N., & Benenson, I. (2015). GIS-based method for assessing city parking patterns. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.015
  • Maciulyte-Sniukiene, A., & Butkus, M. (2022). Does infrastructure development contribute to EU countries’ economic growth?, Sustainability, 14(9), 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095610
  • McShane, M., & Meyer, M. D. (1982). Parking policy and urban goals: Linking strategy to needs. Transportation, 11(2), 131-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167928
  • Mingardo, G., Van Wee, B., & Rye, T. (2015). Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 74, 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.02.005
  • Mitropoulos, L., Karolemeas, C., Tsigdinos, S., Vassi, A., & Bakogiannis, E. (2023). A composite index for assessing accessibility in urban areas: A case study in Central Athens, Greece. Journal of Transport Geography, 108, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103566
  • Ozkan, S. P., Senol, F., & Ozcam, Z. (2020). Bicycle route infrastructure planning using GIS in an urban area: the case of Izmir, Planning Journal, 30 (2), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2020.41275
  • Özkaraca, N., & İnceoglu, M. (2021). Üniversite yerleşkelerinde erişilebilirlik değerlendirmesi: Düzce Üniversitesi Kampüsü örneği. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(5), 1891-1908.
  • Ozturk, D., & Kilic-Gul, F. (2020). GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for parking site selection. Kuwait Journal of Science, 47(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.48129/kjs
  • Parmar, J., Das, P., & Dave, S. M. (2020). Study on demand and characteristics of parking system in urban areas: A review. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 7(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.09.003
  • Pekdemir, M.I., Altintasi, O., Ozen, M. (2024). Assessing the impact of public transportation, bicycle infrastructure, and land use parameters on a small-scale bikesharing system: a case study of Izmir, Türkiye. Sustain. Cities Soc. 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.105085
  • Solá, A. G., Vilhelmson, B., & Larsson, A. (2018). Understanding sustainable accessibility in urban planning: Themes of consensus, themes of tension. Journal of Transport Geography, 70, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.010
  • Tome, A., Santos, B., & Carvalheira, C. (2019). GIS-based transport accessibility analysis to community facilities in mid-sized cities. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/6/062034

Kent İçi Otopark Alanlarının CBS Tabanlı Analizlerle Konumu ve Erişilebilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 117 - 130, 30.06.2025

Mehmet Can Güven , Oruç Altıntaşı , Ziya Çakıcı

https://doi.org/10.60093/jiciviltech.1650112

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İzmir, Türkiye'deki otoparkların mekânsal dağılımını ve erişilebilirliğini, özellikle de toplu taşıma sistemleriyle entegrasyonlarını incelemektedir. Analiz, üç tür otoparkı ele almaktadır: yol üzeri otoparklar, açık alan otoparkları ve kapalı alan otoparkları. GIS tabanlı yöntemler kullanarak, her otopark tipi için 400 m ve 800 m yürüme mesafeleriyle hizmet alanları belirlenmiş, bunların demir yolu istasyonları, transfer noktaları ve feribot terminalleri gibi toplu taşıma istasyonlarına yakınlıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, yol üzeri otoparkların yoğun ticaret alanlarında yoğunlaştığını, kapalı alan otoparklarının ise genellikle büyük kentsel cazibe noktalarına yakın olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, özellikle kapalı alan otoparklarının toplu taşıma istasyonlarına erişimi sınırlıdır. Diğer taraftan, açık alan otoparkları, yüksek kapasiteye sahip olmalarına rağmen, özellikle şehrin güney kesimlerinde toplu taşıma duraklarına erişimi sınırlıdır. Karşıyaka ilçesinde, demir yolu istasyonlarına ve feribot istasyonlarına yakın stratejik otopark yerleşimi, daha etkili bir çoklu taşımacılık entegrasyonunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, daha iyi bir otopark yönetimi ve şehrin genelinde daha dengeli bir otopark altyapısı dağılımının gerektiğine, bunun da toplu taşıma erişilebilirliğini artırarak sürdürülebilir kentsel mobiliteyi teşvik edeceğine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Keywords

Otopark CBS Hizmet Alanı Ağ Analizi Toplu Taşıma Erişilebilirlik

References

  • Aliniai, K., Yarahmadi, A., Zarin, J. Z., Yarahmadi, H., & Lak, S. B.. (2015). Parking lot site selection: An opening gate towards sustainable GIS-based urban traffic management, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 43, 801-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0415-3
  • Altintasi, O., & Yalcinkaya, S. (2022). Siting charging stations and identifying safe and convenient routes for environmentally sustainable e-scooter systems. Sustainable Cities and Society, 84, 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104020
  • Aslan, S., & Aydar, U. (2022). Çanakkale ili Merkez ilçesinin otopark sorununun Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ile analizi ve çözüm önerileri. Türkiye Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Dergisi, 4(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1040112
  • Aydinoglu, A. C., & Iqbal, A. S. (2021). Determining parking demand and locating parking areas using geographic analytics methods, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000650
  • Bilgilioglu, S. S. (2022). Site selection for electric vehicle charging station with geographic information systems and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering, 22 (1), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1013244
  • Cigu, E., Agheorghiesei, D. T., Gavriluță, A. F., & Toader, E. (2018). Transport infrastructure development, public performance and long-run economic growth: a case study for the Eu-28 countries. Sustainability, 11(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010067
  • Demir, S., Basaraner, M., & Gumus, A. T. (2021). Selection of suitable parking lot sites in megacities: A case study for four districts of Istanbul, Land Use Policy, 111, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105731
  • Dinda, S., Ghosh, S., & Das Chatterjee, N. (2019). An analysis of transport suitability, modal choice and trip pattern using accessibility and network approach: a study of Jamshedpur city, India, Spatial Information Research, 27, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0223-x
  • Elmacioglu, N., Demirel, N., & Ocal, O. (2025). A hybrid framework for improving sustainable urban mobility: integrating multi-criteria decision-making and maximal covering location problem for bike-sharing system site selection, Erciyes University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 41 (1), 346-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103843
  • EPI (2019). İzmir Kent Geneli Araç Park Alanları Stratejik Yönetim Eylem Planı.
  • Farzanmanesh, R., Naeeni, A. G., & Abdullah, A. M. (2010). Parking site selection management using fuzzy logic and multi criteria decision making. Environment Asia, 3(3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2010.49
  • Ford, A. C., Barr, S. L., Dawson, R. J., & James, P. (2015). Transport accessibility analysis using GIS: Assessing sustainable transport in London. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 124-149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4010124
  • Gulhan, G., & Ceylan, H. (2010). Parking management based approach on parking problem: example of İzmir. Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science and Engineering, 12(1), 63-73.
  • Guzel, D., Altintasi, O., Korkut, S.O. (2025). Assessment of weather-driven travel behavior on a small-scale docked bike-sharing system usage. Travel Behaviour and Society. 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100927.
  • Jonuzi, E., Alkan, T., Durduran, S. S., & Selvi, H. Z. (2024). Using GIS-supported MCDA method for appropriate site selection of parking lots: The case study of the city of Tetovo, North Macedonia. International journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 9(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1319605
  • Karimi, H., Herki, B. M., Gharibi, S., Hamiditehrani, S., & Kakhani, A. (2020). Identifying public parking sites using integrating GIS and ordered weighted averaging approach in Sanandaj city, Iran. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(4), 506-513. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.04.95
  • Kirlangicoglu, C. (2016). Urban railway corridor planning based on multi criteria decision making techniques, Istanbul University Journal of Geography, 33 (2016), 53-71.
  • Kulinich, I., & Lee, H. (2016). Parking site selection in downtown of Khabarovsk city using GIS. International Journal of Smart Home, 10(4), 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.4.02
  • Levy, N., & Benenson, I. (2015). GIS-based method for assessing city parking patterns. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.015
  • Maciulyte-Sniukiene, A., & Butkus, M. (2022). Does infrastructure development contribute to EU countries’ economic growth?, Sustainability, 14(9), 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095610
  • McShane, M., & Meyer, M. D. (1982). Parking policy and urban goals: Linking strategy to needs. Transportation, 11(2), 131-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167928
  • Mingardo, G., Van Wee, B., & Rye, T. (2015). Urban parking policy in Europe: A conceptualization of past and possible future trends. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 74, 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.02.005
  • Mitropoulos, L., Karolemeas, C., Tsigdinos, S., Vassi, A., & Bakogiannis, E. (2023). A composite index for assessing accessibility in urban areas: A case study in Central Athens, Greece. Journal of Transport Geography, 108, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103566
  • Ozkan, S. P., Senol, F., & Ozcam, Z. (2020). Bicycle route infrastructure planning using GIS in an urban area: the case of Izmir, Planning Journal, 30 (2), 313-327. https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2020.41275
  • Özkaraca, N., & İnceoglu, M. (2021). Üniversite yerleşkelerinde erişilebilirlik değerlendirmesi: Düzce Üniversitesi Kampüsü örneği. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(5), 1891-1908.
  • Ozturk, D., & Kilic-Gul, F. (2020). GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for parking site selection. Kuwait Journal of Science, 47(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.48129/kjs
  • Parmar, J., Das, P., & Dave, S. M. (2020). Study on demand and characteristics of parking system in urban areas: A review. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 7(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.09.003
  • Pekdemir, M.I., Altintasi, O., Ozen, M. (2024). Assessing the impact of public transportation, bicycle infrastructure, and land use parameters on a small-scale bikesharing system: a case study of Izmir, Türkiye. Sustain. Cities Soc. 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.105085
  • Solá, A. G., Vilhelmson, B., & Larsson, A. (2018). Understanding sustainable accessibility in urban planning: Themes of consensus, themes of tension. Journal of Transport Geography, 70, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.010
  • Tome, A., Santos, B., & Carvalheira, C. (2019). GIS-based transport accessibility analysis to community facilities in mid-sized cities. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/6/062034
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Transportation and Traffic
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Can Güven 0000-0002-6631-8068

Oruç Altıntaşı 0000-0002-4217-1890

Ziya Çakıcı 0000-0001-7003-815X

Early Pub Date June 29, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 3, 2025
Acceptance Date June 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güven, M. C., Altıntaşı, O., & Çakıcı, Z. (2025). Evaluation of the Location and Accessibility of Parking Lots using GIS-Based Analyses. Journal of Innovations in Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.60093/jiciviltech.1650112
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