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İkinci Dilde İsteklerde Değiştirimler: İkinci Dil Olarak Türkçe Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 346 - 368, 30.04.2025

Şeyma Kökcü , Nermin Yazıcı

https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1558915

Abstract

Bu çalışma, D2 bağlamlarında hedef dili öğrenen D2 öğrencilerinin, sınıf dışında anadili (D1) konuşucularla günlük etkileşimleri sırasında başarılı iletişim için gerekli olan pragmatik özellikler ve sosyokültürel normları nasıl yönettiklerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, D2 öğrencileri ile D1 konuşucuları arasındaki taleplerin içsel ve dışsal modifikasyonları konusundaki benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları, ayrıca D2 girdisine maruz kalmanın ve L1 konuşucularla etkileşimin pragmatik gelişimdeki rolünü incelemektedir. Veri, Türkiye'deki D2 Türkçe öğrenicilerinden ve D1 konuşuculardan, Sosyal Etkileşim Anketi ve Konuşma Tamamlama Testi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular, D2 öğrencilerinin belirli içsel modifikasyon unsurlarını kullanma şekilleri ve karmaşık dışsal modifikasyonları uygulama konusunda D1 konuşucularından farklı olduğunu göstermektedir; bu durum, D1 konuşucularla sınırlı sosyal etkileşime atfedilebilir. Bu bulgular, D2 öğretimi ve pragmatik yeterliliğin geliştirilmesi açısından önemli sonuçlar doğurmaktadır.

Keywords

D2 edimbilimi istekler değiştirim ikinci/yabancı dil oalrka Türkçe

References

  • Aksu Raffard, C. (2018). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi bağlamında söz edimleri başarı koşulları ve gerçekleştirme biçimlerine yönelik bir karşılaştırma. International Journal of Language Academy, 6(5), 46-69.
  • Altun Alkan, H. (2019). Rica ediminin Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenenler tarafından kullanımları [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Türkiye.
  • Aslan, S. (2005). Türkiye Türkçesinde sezdirmeye dayalı rica stratejileri. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Bastos, M. (2011). Proficiency, length of stay, and intensity of interaction and the acquisition of conventional expressions in L2 pragmatics. Intercultural Pragmatics, 8(3), 347-384. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2011.017
  • Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics. Learning how to do things with words in a study abroad context. Philadelphia, PA. USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Bayat, N. (2017). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde şikâyet ve özür edimine ilişkin görünümler. Pamukkale Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 1-16.
  • Bayraktar Erten, N. (2014). Türkiye Türkçesinde emir ve rica bildiren kullanımlar üzerine. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 93-205.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aslin/5.3.196.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, N.J: Ablex.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cenoz, J., & Valencia, J. F. (1996). Cross-cultural communication and interlanguage pragmatics: American vs. European requests. Pragmatics and Language Learning, 7, 41–54.
  • Culpeper, J., & Terkourafi, M. (2017). Pragmatic approaches (im)politeness. In J. Culpeper, M. Haugh, & D. Kádár (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of linguistic (im)politeness (pp. 11–39). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_2
  • Durmuş, M., & Kılınç, A. K. (2021). Kazaklara Türkçe öğretimi ve söz edimsel bir karşılaştırma. Bilig, 97, 1-28.
  • Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2008). Internal and external mitigation in interlanguage request production: The case of Greek learners of English. Journal of Politeness Research, 4(1), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2008.005
  • Ellis, R. (1985). Sources of variability in interlanguage. Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 118–131. doi:10.1093/aslin/6.2.118.
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole, & J. L. Morgan. (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58).
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newburry Park: Sage Publications.
  • Güven, M. (2001). Türkçede -abil eki ve kiplik belirteçleri üzerine. In Ö. Demircan & A. Erözden (Eds.), Proceedings of the XVth conference on Turkish linguistics (pp. 79-87). Yıldız Teknik University Press.
  • Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.
  • Halupka-Rešetar, S. (2014). Request modification in the pragmatic production of intermediate ESP learners. ESP Today. 2. 29-47.
  • Hassan, R. K., & Rangaswamy, S. (2014). Internal/external modifiers in request speech act among Iranian study abroad learners. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3(5), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1000/xyz123
  • Kasper, G., & Roever, C. (2005). Pragmatics in second language learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.) Handbook of research in second language learning and teaching, (pp. 317-334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kasper, G., & K. R. Rose (1999). Pragmatics and SLA. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 81–104.
  • Koike, D. A. (1989). Pragmatic competence and adult L2 acquisition: Speech acts in interlanguage. The Modern Language Journal, 73(3), 279–289.
  • Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
  • Liu, M., Yu-wen, L., & Gauss, V. (2017). EFL learners’ use of modifications in making requests: Pragmalinguistic and sociopragmantic perspectives. NCUE Journal of Humanities, 16, 101-130.
  • Matsumura, S. (2001). Learning the rules for offering advice: A quantitative approach to second language socialization. Language Learning, 51(4), 635- 679.
  • Otçu, B., & Zeyrek, D. (2008). Development of requests: A study on Turkish learners of English. In M. Pütz & J. Neff-van Aertselaer (Eds.), Developing contrastive pragmatics: Interlanguage and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 265-301). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Özdemir, A. (2016). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin söz edimlerini anlama düzeyleri. [Unpublished master’s thesis], Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Schauer, G. A. (2004). May you speak louder maybe? Interlanguage pragmatic development in requests. EUROSLA Yearbook, 4, 253-272.
  • Sifianou, M. (1997). Politeness and off-record indirectness. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 126, 163–179.
  • Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taguchi, N. (2013). Production of routines in L2 English: Effect of proficiency and study-abroad experience. System, 41, 109–121. 10.1016/j.system.2013.01.003.
  • Taguchi, N. (2019). Second language acquisition and pragmatics. In N. Taguchi (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and pragmatics (pp. 1–15). Routledge.
  • Taguchi, N., Li, S., & Xiao, F. (2016). Effects of intercultural competence and social contact on speech act production. The Modern Language Journal, 100(4), 775-796.
  • Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Yates, L. (2010). Pragmatic challenges for second language learners. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp. 287–309). De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yemenici, A. (1996). Söylem çözümlemesi: Türk, İngiliz ve Amerikan kültürlerinde anlatılan öykülerin kültürel bir çerçeve içinde incelenmesi. Dilbilim Araştırmaları, 37-57.
  • Zeyrek, D. (2001). Politeness in Turkish and its linguistic manifestations. In A. Bayraktaroğlu & M. Sifianou (Eds.), Linguistic politeness across boundaries: The case of Greek and Turkish (pp. 43–73). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Modifications in L2 Requests: A Study on L2 Turkish

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 346 - 368, 30.04.2025

Şeyma Kökcü , Nermin Yazıcı

https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1558915

Abstract

This study aims to enhance understanding of pragmatic development among L2 learners studying the TL in L2 contexts, who interact daily with L1 speakers outside the classroom, navigating pragmatic features and sociocultural norms essential for successful communication. The research investigates the similarities and differences between L2 learners and L1 speakers regarding their internal and external modifications of requests, as well as the role of exposure to L2 input and interaction with L1 speakers in pragmatic development. Data were collected from L2 Turkish learners in Türkiye and L1 speakers using a Social Interaction Survey and DCT. Findings indicate that L2 learners differ from L1 speakers in their use of certain internal modification elements, and in employing complex external modifications, which may be attributed to limited social interaction with L1 speakers. These insights have important implications for L2 teaching and the development of pragmatic competence.

Keywords

L2 pragmatics requests L2 Turkish modifications

References

  • Aksu Raffard, C. (2018). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi bağlamında söz edimleri başarı koşulları ve gerçekleştirme biçimlerine yönelik bir karşılaştırma. International Journal of Language Academy, 6(5), 46-69.
  • Altun Alkan, H. (2019). Rica ediminin Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenenler tarafından kullanımları [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Türkiye.
  • Aslan, S. (2005). Türkiye Türkçesinde sezdirmeye dayalı rica stratejileri. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Bastos, M. (2011). Proficiency, length of stay, and intensity of interaction and the acquisition of conventional expressions in L2 pragmatics. Intercultural Pragmatics, 8(3), 347-384. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2011.017
  • Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics. Learning how to do things with words in a study abroad context. Philadelphia, PA. USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Bayat, N. (2017). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde şikâyet ve özür edimine ilişkin görünümler. Pamukkale Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 1-16.
  • Bayraktar Erten, N. (2014). Türkiye Türkçesinde emir ve rica bildiren kullanımlar üzerine. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 93-205.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aslin/5.3.196.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, N.J: Ablex.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cenoz, J., & Valencia, J. F. (1996). Cross-cultural communication and interlanguage pragmatics: American vs. European requests. Pragmatics and Language Learning, 7, 41–54.
  • Culpeper, J., & Terkourafi, M. (2017). Pragmatic approaches (im)politeness. In J. Culpeper, M. Haugh, & D. Kádár (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of linguistic (im)politeness (pp. 11–39). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_2
  • Durmuş, M., & Kılınç, A. K. (2021). Kazaklara Türkçe öğretimi ve söz edimsel bir karşılaştırma. Bilig, 97, 1-28.
  • Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2008). Internal and external mitigation in interlanguage request production: The case of Greek learners of English. Journal of Politeness Research, 4(1), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2008.005
  • Ellis, R. (1985). Sources of variability in interlanguage. Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 118–131. doi:10.1093/aslin/6.2.118.
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole, & J. L. Morgan. (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58).
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newburry Park: Sage Publications.
  • Güven, M. (2001). Türkçede -abil eki ve kiplik belirteçleri üzerine. In Ö. Demircan & A. Erözden (Eds.), Proceedings of the XVth conference on Turkish linguistics (pp. 79-87). Yıldız Teknik University Press.
  • Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.
  • Halupka-Rešetar, S. (2014). Request modification in the pragmatic production of intermediate ESP learners. ESP Today. 2. 29-47.
  • Hassan, R. K., & Rangaswamy, S. (2014). Internal/external modifiers in request speech act among Iranian study abroad learners. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3(5), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1000/xyz123
  • Kasper, G., & Roever, C. (2005). Pragmatics in second language learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.) Handbook of research in second language learning and teaching, (pp. 317-334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kasper, G., & K. R. Rose (1999). Pragmatics and SLA. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 81–104.
  • Koike, D. A. (1989). Pragmatic competence and adult L2 acquisition: Speech acts in interlanguage. The Modern Language Journal, 73(3), 279–289.
  • Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
  • Liu, M., Yu-wen, L., & Gauss, V. (2017). EFL learners’ use of modifications in making requests: Pragmalinguistic and sociopragmantic perspectives. NCUE Journal of Humanities, 16, 101-130.
  • Matsumura, S. (2001). Learning the rules for offering advice: A quantitative approach to second language socialization. Language Learning, 51(4), 635- 679.
  • Otçu, B., & Zeyrek, D. (2008). Development of requests: A study on Turkish learners of English. In M. Pütz & J. Neff-van Aertselaer (Eds.), Developing contrastive pragmatics: Interlanguage and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 265-301). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Özdemir, A. (2016). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin söz edimlerini anlama düzeyleri. [Unpublished master’s thesis], Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Schauer, G. A. (2004). May you speak louder maybe? Interlanguage pragmatic development in requests. EUROSLA Yearbook, 4, 253-272.
  • Sifianou, M. (1997). Politeness and off-record indirectness. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 126, 163–179.
  • Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taguchi, N. (2013). Production of routines in L2 English: Effect of proficiency and study-abroad experience. System, 41, 109–121. 10.1016/j.system.2013.01.003.
  • Taguchi, N. (2019). Second language acquisition and pragmatics. In N. Taguchi (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and pragmatics (pp. 1–15). Routledge.
  • Taguchi, N., Li, S., & Xiao, F. (2016). Effects of intercultural competence and social contact on speech act production. The Modern Language Journal, 100(4), 775-796.
  • Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Yates, L. (2010). Pragmatic challenges for second language learners. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp. 287–309). De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yemenici, A. (1996). Söylem çözümlemesi: Türk, İngiliz ve Amerikan kültürlerinde anlatılan öykülerin kültürel bir çerçeve içinde incelenmesi. Dilbilim Araştırmaları, 37-57.
  • Zeyrek, D. (2001). Politeness in Turkish and its linguistic manifestations. In A. Bayraktaroğlu & M. Sifianou (Eds.), Linguistic politeness across boundaries: The case of Greek and Turkish (pp. 43–73). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics and Educational Linguistics, Turkish Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şeyma Kökcü 0000-0002-0043-1076

Nermin Yazıcı 0000-0003-0145-9772

Early Pub Date April 30, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date October 1, 2024
Acceptance Date November 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kökcü, Ş., & Yazıcı, N. (2025). Modifications in L2 Requests: A Study on L2 Turkish. Dil Eğitimi Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 346-368. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1558915
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Journal of Language Education and Research (JLERE)
Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi

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