Research Article
Investigation of Relationship Between 2D:4D Finger Ratio and Speed and Agility Performance on Cadet Handball Players
Abstract
In this study; it was aimed to examine the relationship between 2D:4D finger ratio and speed and agility performance values of cadet male handball players. A total of 47 cadet male handball players (age: 15.26±1.21, height: 168.09±8.47, weight: 63.34±13.58) were included in the research. Participants' height, body weight, 2D (index finger) and 4D (ring finger) lengths and physical performance were measured. The analysis of the data was evaluated with the "Spearman correlation" test in the SPSS statistical program. According to the results obtained; the average 2D finger length of handball players was 72.11±8.82 mm, the average 4D finger length was 73.53±8.74 mm, the average 2D:4D ratio was 0.98±0.02, the average sprint test (ST) duration was 4.32±0.35 and the average Illionis Agility Test (IAT) time was 17.36±0.71 seconds. There was a significant, positive and moderate correlation between 2D:4D finger ratio and ST and IAT duration (p<0.05); It was concluded that there was a significant, positive and moderate relationship between height and body weight (p<0.01). It was found that there was a significant, positive and high level (p<0.01) relationship between ST and IAT duration. In conclusion; the low 2D:4D finger ratio value of cadet handball players indicates that their speed and agility test time will be low. It can be stated that this result is an indicator that cadet handball players with lower 2D:4D finger ratio has the higher speed and agility performance.
References
- Aslan Genç, H. & Özcan Morey, A. (2023). Lower digit length ratio and aggression in adolescents and young adults with boxer's fracture: A case‐control study. Aggressive Behavior, 49, 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22106
- Barth, M., Güllich, A., Macnamara, B.N. & Hambrick, D.Z. (2024). Quantifying the extent to which junior performance predicts senior performance in Olympic sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(1), 95-104.
- Böge, V., Kaplan, T. & Taşkın, H. (2021). Investigation of agility performance in some anthropometric variables for young male soccer players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(2), 216-222.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Erkan Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Chang-mo, C. (2020). Relationships between the digit ratio (2D: 4D) and exercise-related physical fitness components in males and females. Kinesiology. 5(1)1-10.
- Crewther, B.T. & Cook, C.J. (2019). The digit ratio (2D:4D) relationship with testosterone is moderated by physical training: Evidence of prenatal organizational influences on activational patterns of adult testosterone in physically-active women. Early Human Development, 131, 51–55.
- de Souza, L.V., de Meneck, F., Parizotto, G.P. & Franco, M. (2022). Low birth weight and its relation to physical fitness parameters in children: Its negative effect on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 34(1), e23595.
- Disterhaupt, J.W., Fitzgerald, J.S., Rhoades, J.L. & Tomkinson, G.R. (2022). The relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and vertical jump performance in young athletes. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 34(3), e23679.
- Eghbali, E. (2016). The relationship between digit ratio (2D: 4D) and phy sical fitness in boys 7 to 13 years. Physical Activity Review, (4), 154-162.
- Eler, N. (2018). The correlation between right hand finger ratio (2D: 4D) and the parameters of anthropometric and physical fitness in children. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(1), 656-664.
- Eler, N. & Eler, S. (2018). 2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(5), 170-178.
- Folland, J.P., Mc Cauley, T.M., Phypers, C., Hanson, B. & Mastana, S.S. (2012). Relationship of 2D:4D finger ratio with muscle strength, testosterone, and androgen receptor CAG repeat genotype. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(1), 81–87.
- Gorzi, A., Khantan, M., Khademnoe, O. & Eston, R. (2022). Prediction of elite athletes' performance by analysis of peak-performance age and age-related performance progression. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(2), 146–159.
- Hughes, M. & Franks, I. (2007). The Essentials of Performance Analysis: An Introduction. Routledge.
- Husbands, C. (2013). Sprinting: Training, Techniques and Improving Performance. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ldt. Sports Guide.
- Kilduff, L., Cook, C.J., Bennett, M., Crewther, B., Bracken, R.M. & Manning, J. (2013a). Right–left digit ratio (2D: 4D) predicts free testosterone levels associated with a physical challenge. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 677-683.
- Kilduff, L.P., Hopp, R.N., Cook, C.J., Crewther, B.T. & Manning, J.T. (2013b). Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and testosterone in men exposed to an aggressive video stimulus. Evolutionary Psychology: an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior, 11(5), 953–964.
- Kozieł, S., Konarski, J.M., Konarska, A., Huechert, J., Ignasiak, Z. & Chakraborty, R. (2024). The change in handgrip strength, after physical exercise, is moderated by digit ratio (2D:4D): A study among the young adults in Poland. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, e24078.
- Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R. & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early human development, 77(1-2), 23-28.
- Manning, J.T, Scutt, D., Wilson, J., Lewis-Jones, D.I. (1998). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentration of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and oestrogen. Hum Reprod 13(11): 3000–3004.
- Manning, J.T., & Hill, M.R. (2009). Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 21(2), 210-213.
- Moffit, D.M., Swanik, C.B. (2011). The association between athleticism, prenatal testosterone, and finger length. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25(4): 1085-1088,
- Oytun, M., Tinazci, C., Sekeroglu, B., Acikada, C. & Yavuz, H.U. (2020). Performance prediction and evaluation in female handball players using machine learning models. IEEE Access, 8, 116321-116335.
- Özbay, S., Ulupınar, S. & Özkara, A.B. (2018). Sporda çeviklik performansı. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 97-112.
- Parpa, K., Manning, J.T., Kobus, M., Mason, L. & Michaelides, M. (2024). The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right - left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players. American Journal of Human Biology: The official journal of the Human Biology Council, e24047.
- Pickering, C., Suraci, B., Semenova, E.A., Boulygina, E.A., Kostryukova, E.S., Kulemin, N.A. & Ahmetov, I.I. (2019). A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2344-2351.
- Popowczak, M., Horička, P., Šimonek, J. & Domaradzki, J. (2022). The functional form of the relationship between body height, body mass index and change of direction speed, agility in elite female basketball and handball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15038.
- Ranson, R., Stratton, G. & Taylor, S.R. (2015). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness (Eurofit test battery) in school children. Early Human Development, 91(5), 327–331.
- Semenova, E.A., Hall, E.C. & Ahmetov, I.I. (2023). Genes and athletic performance: The 2023 update. Genes, 14(6), 1235.
- Šimonek, J. (2019). Agility in Sport. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Sorokowski, P. & Kowal, M. (2024). Relationship between the 2D:4D and prenatal testosterone, adult level testosterone, and testosterone change: Meta-analysis of 54 studies. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 183(1), 20–38.
- Sukriti, M., Abhishta, S. & Shobhit, S. (2019). Association of 2D: 4D ratio with performance in racquet sport players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 5(5): 64-74.
- Tambe, M.K., Turankar, A.V., Lingawar, S., Dhokane, N.B., Pophali, N.P., Kherde, P.M. & Bajaj, V. (2018). Influence of digit ratio (2D: 4D) on reaction time and athletic sprint performance: A short term pilot study. MedPulse International Journal of Physiology, 5(2), 17- 21.
- Voracek, M. (2011). Special issue preamble: Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and individual differences research. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 367-370.
- Zamani Sani, S.H., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Fathirezaie, Z., Aghdasi, M.T., Abbaspour, K., Badicu, G. & Brand, S. (2022). Gender differences and relationship of 2d:4d-ratio, mental toughness and dark triad traits among active young adults. Biology, 11(6), 864.
Yıldız Erkek Hentbolcularda 2D:4D Parmak Oranının Sürat ve Çeviklik Performansı ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada; yıldız erkek hentbolcuların 2D:4D parmak oranı ile sürat ve çeviklik performans değerleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya toplam 47 yıldız erkek sporcu (yaş:15,26±1,21, boy:168,09±8,47, ağırlık:63,34±13,58) dâhil oldu. Katılımcıların boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, 2D (işaret parmağı) ve 4D (yüzük parmağı) uzunlukları ve fiziksel performansları ölçüldü. Verilerin analizi SPSS istatistik programında “Spearman korelasyon” testi ile değerlendirildi. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; hentbolcuların 2D parmak uzunluğu ortalamasının 72,11±8,82 mm, 4D parmak uzunluğu ortalamasının 73,53±8,74 mm, 2D:4D oran ortalamasının 0,98±0,02 olduğu, Sprint test (ST) süresi ortalamasının 4,32±0,35 saniye, İllionis Çeviklik Test (İÇT) süre ortalamasının 17,36±0,71 saniye olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2D:4D parmak oranı ile ST ve İÇT süresi arasında anlamlı, pozitif yönlü ve orta düzeyde (p<0,05); boy uzunluğu ve vücut ağırlığı arasında anlamlı, pozitif yönlü ve orta düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (p<0,01). ST süresi ile İÇT süresi arasında anlamlı, pozitif yönlü ve yüksek düzeyde (p<0,01) ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; yıldız hentbolcuların 2D:4D parmak oranı değerinin düşük olması, sürat ve çeviklik test süresinin de düşük olacağını göstermektedir. Bu sonuç, 2D:4D parmak oranı değeri düşük yıldız hentbolcuların sürat ve çeviklik performansının daha yüksek olduğuna dair bir gösterge olduğu ifade edilebilir.
References
- Aslan Genç, H. & Özcan Morey, A. (2023). Lower digit length ratio and aggression in adolescents and young adults with boxer's fracture: A case‐control study. Aggressive Behavior, 49, 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22106
- Barth, M., Güllich, A., Macnamara, B.N. & Hambrick, D.Z. (2024). Quantifying the extent to which junior performance predicts senior performance in Olympic sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(1), 95-104.
- Böge, V., Kaplan, T. & Taşkın, H. (2021). Investigation of agility performance in some anthropometric variables for young male soccer players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(2), 216-222.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Erkan Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Chang-mo, C. (2020). Relationships between the digit ratio (2D: 4D) and exercise-related physical fitness components in males and females. Kinesiology. 5(1)1-10.
- Crewther, B.T. & Cook, C.J. (2019). The digit ratio (2D:4D) relationship with testosterone is moderated by physical training: Evidence of prenatal organizational influences on activational patterns of adult testosterone in physically-active women. Early Human Development, 131, 51–55.
- de Souza, L.V., de Meneck, F., Parizotto, G.P. & Franco, M. (2022). Low birth weight and its relation to physical fitness parameters in children: Its negative effect on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 34(1), e23595.
- Disterhaupt, J.W., Fitzgerald, J.S., Rhoades, J.L. & Tomkinson, G.R. (2022). The relationship between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and vertical jump performance in young athletes. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 34(3), e23679.
- Eghbali, E. (2016). The relationship between digit ratio (2D: 4D) and phy sical fitness in boys 7 to 13 years. Physical Activity Review, (4), 154-162.
- Eler, N. (2018). The correlation between right hand finger ratio (2D: 4D) and the parameters of anthropometric and physical fitness in children. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(1), 656-664.
- Eler, N. & Eler, S. (2018). 2D: 4D, Lateralization and Strength in Handball Players. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(5), 170-178.
- Folland, J.P., Mc Cauley, T.M., Phypers, C., Hanson, B. & Mastana, S.S. (2012). Relationship of 2D:4D finger ratio with muscle strength, testosterone, and androgen receptor CAG repeat genotype. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(1), 81–87.
- Gorzi, A., Khantan, M., Khademnoe, O. & Eston, R. (2022). Prediction of elite athletes' performance by analysis of peak-performance age and age-related performance progression. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(2), 146–159.
- Hughes, M. & Franks, I. (2007). The Essentials of Performance Analysis: An Introduction. Routledge.
- Husbands, C. (2013). Sprinting: Training, Techniques and Improving Performance. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ldt. Sports Guide.
- Kilduff, L., Cook, C.J., Bennett, M., Crewther, B., Bracken, R.M. & Manning, J. (2013a). Right–left digit ratio (2D: 4D) predicts free testosterone levels associated with a physical challenge. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 677-683.
- Kilduff, L.P., Hopp, R.N., Cook, C.J., Crewther, B.T. & Manning, J.T. (2013b). Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and testosterone in men exposed to an aggressive video stimulus. Evolutionary Psychology: an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior, 11(5), 953–964.
- Kozieł, S., Konarski, J.M., Konarska, A., Huechert, J., Ignasiak, Z. & Chakraborty, R. (2024). The change in handgrip strength, after physical exercise, is moderated by digit ratio (2D:4D): A study among the young adults in Poland. American Journal of Human Biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council, e24078.
- Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R. & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early human development, 77(1-2), 23-28.
- Manning, J.T, Scutt, D., Wilson, J., Lewis-Jones, D.I. (1998). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentration of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and oestrogen. Hum Reprod 13(11): 3000–3004.
- Manning, J.T., & Hill, M.R. (2009). Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 21(2), 210-213.
- Moffit, D.M., Swanik, C.B. (2011). The association between athleticism, prenatal testosterone, and finger length. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25(4): 1085-1088,
- Oytun, M., Tinazci, C., Sekeroglu, B., Acikada, C. & Yavuz, H.U. (2020). Performance prediction and evaluation in female handball players using machine learning models. IEEE Access, 8, 116321-116335.
- Özbay, S., Ulupınar, S. & Özkara, A.B. (2018). Sporda çeviklik performansı. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 97-112.
- Parpa, K., Manning, J.T., Kobus, M., Mason, L. & Michaelides, M. (2024). The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right - left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players. American Journal of Human Biology: The official journal of the Human Biology Council, e24047.
- Pickering, C., Suraci, B., Semenova, E.A., Boulygina, E.A., Kostryukova, E.S., Kulemin, N.A. & Ahmetov, I.I. (2019). A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2344-2351.
- Popowczak, M., Horička, P., Šimonek, J. & Domaradzki, J. (2022). The functional form of the relationship between body height, body mass index and change of direction speed, agility in elite female basketball and handball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15038.
- Ranson, R., Stratton, G. & Taylor, S.R. (2015). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness (Eurofit test battery) in school children. Early Human Development, 91(5), 327–331.
- Semenova, E.A., Hall, E.C. & Ahmetov, I.I. (2023). Genes and athletic performance: The 2023 update. Genes, 14(6), 1235.
- Šimonek, J. (2019). Agility in Sport. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Sorokowski, P. & Kowal, M. (2024). Relationship between the 2D:4D and prenatal testosterone, adult level testosterone, and testosterone change: Meta-analysis of 54 studies. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 183(1), 20–38.
- Sukriti, M., Abhishta, S. & Shobhit, S. (2019). Association of 2D: 4D ratio with performance in racquet sport players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 5(5): 64-74.
- Tambe, M.K., Turankar, A.V., Lingawar, S., Dhokane, N.B., Pophali, N.P., Kherde, P.M. & Bajaj, V. (2018). Influence of digit ratio (2D: 4D) on reaction time and athletic sprint performance: A short term pilot study. MedPulse International Journal of Physiology, 5(2), 17- 21.
- Voracek, M. (2011). Special issue preamble: Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and individual differences research. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 367-370.
- Zamani Sani, S.H., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Fathirezaie, Z., Aghdasi, M.T., Abbaspour, K., Badicu, G. & Brand, S. (2022). Gender differences and relationship of 2d:4d-ratio, mental toughness and dark triad traits among active young adults. Biology, 11(6), 864.
There are 35 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Training |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 27, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | October 13, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | April 16, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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