Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 6, 1861 - 1868, 28.06.2025

Ömerül Faruk Tavli Nuerbiye Aobuliaikemu , Ömer Hazman , Ahmet Büyükben , İşil Gazioğlu , Esra Eroğlu Özkan

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.859

Abstract

References

  • [1] Saggar S, Mir PA, Kumar N, Chawla A, Uppal J, Shilpa S, Kaur A. Traditional and herbal medicines: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacogn Res. 2022; 14(2): 107-114. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.14.2.15
  • [2] Salmeron-Manzano E, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103376
  • [3] Msomi NZ, B.C. Simelane MB. Herbal Medicine. In: Builders P. (Eds). Herbal Medicine. Intech, Rijeka, 2019, pp.215-227.
  • [4] Khan MSA, Ahmad I. Herbal medicine: current trends and future prospects. In: Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Chattopadhyay D. (Eds). New Look to Phytomedicine. Academic Press, London, 2019, pp. 3-13.
  • [5] Yunita O, Sun TY, Rofifah FZ, Kristanto D, Budipramana K. Database of herbal medicines from various scientific sources. J Pharm Sci. 2022; 9(2): 300-308. http://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v9i2.13757
  • [6] Bhosale VV, Banerjee D. Scientific validation of herbal medicine. In: Sen S, Chakraborty R. (Eds). Herbal Medicine in India. Springer, Singapore, 2020, pp. 573-579.
  • [7] Ernst E. Herbal medicines: balancing benefits and risks. In: Bock G, Goodie J. (Eds). Dietary Supplements and Health: Novartis Foundation Symposium 282. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 2007, pp. 154-172
  • [8] Sahoo N, Manchikanti P. Herbal drug regulation and commercialization: an Indian industry perspective. J Altern Complement Med. 2013; 19(12): 957-963. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2012.0275
  • [9] Booker A, Frommenwiler D, Reich E, Horsfield S, Heinrich M. Adulteration and poor quality of Ginkgo biloba supplements. J Herb Med. 2016; 6(2): 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2016.04.003
  • [10] Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia, 2010; 81(6): 462-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001
  • [11] Brown AC. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017; 107(Pt A): 449-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.001
  • [12] Abdulla NM, Adam B, Blair I, Oulhaj A. Heavy metal content of herbal health supplement products in Dubai - UAE: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1): 276 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2693-3
  • [13] Verma N. Herbal medicines: regulation and practice in Europe, United States and India. Int J Herb Med. 2013; 1(4): 1-5.
  • [14] Nobakht SZ, Akaberi M, Mohammadpour AH, Tafazoli Moghadam A, Emami SA. Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022; 25(9): 1045-1058. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338
  • [15] Bektaş NY, Ersoy E, Mehmet B, Boran T, Cinar E, Özhan G, Gören AC, Özkan EE. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Hypericum androsaemum on prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines with identification of secondary metabolites by LC- HRMS. Turk J Chem. 2021; 45(5): 1621 1638. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2104-17
  • [16] Ersoy E, Özkan EE, Boğa M, Yılmaz M, Mat A. Anti-aging potential and anti-tyrosinase activity of three Hypericum species with focus on phytochemical composition by LC–MS/MS. Ind Crops Prod. 2019; 141: 111735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111735
  • [17] Kelebek H, Sevindik O, Selli S. LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS-based phenolic profiling of St John’s Wort Teas and their antioxidant activity: Eliciting infusion induced changes. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2019; 42(1-2): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2019.1568257
  • [18] Oliveira AI, Pinho C, Sarmento B, Dias AC. Neuroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum and ıts major components. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 1004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004
  • [19] Eroglu Ozkan E, Yilmaz Ozden T, Ozsoy N, Mat A. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant and anti acetylcholinesterase activities of Hypericum neurocalycinum and Hypericum malatyanum. S Afr J Bot. 2018; 114: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.10.022
  • [20] Zou Y, Lu Y, Wei D. Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(16): 5032-5039. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049571r
  • [21] Orcic DZ, Mimica-Dukic NM, Franciskovic MM, Petrovic SS, Jovin ED. Antioxidant activity relationship of phenolic compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. Chem Cent J. 2011; 5: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752- 153X 5-34
  • [22] Hordyjewska A, Popiolek L, Kocot J. The many "faces" of copper in medicine and treatment. Biometals. 2014; 27(4): 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-014-9736-5
  • [23] Olechnowicz J, Tinkov A, Skalny A, Suliburska J. Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism. J Physiol Sci. 2018; 68(1): 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-017-0571-7
  • [24] Li L, Yang X. the essential element manganese, oxidative stress, and metabolic diseases: links and interactions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018: 7580707. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7580707
  • [25] Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci SB. The role of zinc in the endocrine system. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019; 32(1): 231 239.
  • [26] Kaushal J, Mehandia S, Singh G, Raina A, Arya SK. Catalase enzyme: Application in bioremediation and food industry. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2018; 16: 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.035
  • [27] Imam MU, Zhang S, Ma J, Wang H, Wang F. Antioxidants mediate both iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7): 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070671
  • [28] World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. 2007.
  • [29] Kumar V, Singh S, Singh A, Subhose V, Prakash O. Assessment of heavy metal ions, essential metal ions, and antioxidant properties of the most common herbal drugs in Indian Ayurvedic hospital: For ensuring quality assurance of certain Ayurvedic drugs. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2019; 18: 101018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.056
  • [30] Mulaudzi RB, Tshikalange TE, Olowoyo JO, Amoo SO, Du Plooy CP. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity evaluation and heavy metal content of five commonly used South African herbal mixtures. S Afr J Bot. 2017; 112: 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.024
  • [31] Gülçin I, Bursal E, Şehitoğlu MH, Bilsel M, Gören AC. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48(8-9): 2227-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.053
  • [32] Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 1995; 28(1): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • [33] Ainsworth E, Gillespie KM. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nat Protoc. 2007; 2(4): 875-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102
  • [34] Tavli ÖF, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Yılmaz FN, Özbek Çelik BE, Eroğlu Özkan E. Pharmacognostic research on hypericum perforatum samples sold by herbalists in Istanbul. Ankara Univ Eczacılık Fak. Derg. 2020: 265-280. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.686546
  • [35] Cemek M, Buyukokuroglu ME, Hazman O, Bulut S, Konuk M, Birdane Y. Antioxidant enzyme and element status in heroin addiction or heroin withdrawal in rats: effect of melatonin and vitamin E plus Se. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 139(1): 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8634-0

Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 6, 1861 - 1868, 28.06.2025

Ömerül Faruk Tavli Nuerbiye Aobuliaikemu , Ömer Hazman , Ahmet Büyükben , İşil Gazioğlu , Esra Eroğlu Özkan

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.859

Abstract

The use of plants for medicinal purposes, dating back to primitive healthcare practices, has evolved into traditional medicine, with significant growth in the herbal medicine market globally. Despite the widespread use of herbal products, especially in developing countries, concerns about their safety and quality persist. Issues like contamination with pathogens and heavy metals, and adulteration with cheaper substances, pose risks to human health. The quality of herbal medicines is influenced by factors like growth conditions, harvesting methods, and processing. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort), known for its antidepressant properties, is a popular herbal medicine. This study aims to provide safety data on H. perforatum products in Türkiye by analyzing the phenolic substance profiles, total phenolic content, antioxidant status, and heavy metal and mineral amounts in preparations from five different brands which were purchased randomly from pharmacies and herbalists using LC-HR/MS, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method, Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) methods, and ICP-OES. The analysis of H. perforatum samples (H5 and H2) for TAS, TOS, OSI, DPPH radical scavenging, and total phenolic content revealed significant differences in trace elements. H5 showed high antioxidant and radical scavenging activities, with notably high iron levels, while H2, with lower antioxidant but high phenolic content, had elevated zinc and copper levels. These findings suggest a link between trace elements and phytotherapeutic effects. With the increasing use of herbal products, this study underscores the growing need for stringent quality control in herbal medicine, particularly in commercially available H. perforatum products.

Keywords

Hypericum perforatum total antioxidant status total oxidant status trace elements LC-HR/MS ICP-OES quality control in herbal products

References

  • [1] Saggar S, Mir PA, Kumar N, Chawla A, Uppal J, Shilpa S, Kaur A. Traditional and herbal medicines: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacogn Res. 2022; 14(2): 107-114. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.14.2.15
  • [2] Salmeron-Manzano E, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103376
  • [3] Msomi NZ, B.C. Simelane MB. Herbal Medicine. In: Builders P. (Eds). Herbal Medicine. Intech, Rijeka, 2019, pp.215-227.
  • [4] Khan MSA, Ahmad I. Herbal medicine: current trends and future prospects. In: Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Chattopadhyay D. (Eds). New Look to Phytomedicine. Academic Press, London, 2019, pp. 3-13.
  • [5] Yunita O, Sun TY, Rofifah FZ, Kristanto D, Budipramana K. Database of herbal medicines from various scientific sources. J Pharm Sci. 2022; 9(2): 300-308. http://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v9i2.13757
  • [6] Bhosale VV, Banerjee D. Scientific validation of herbal medicine. In: Sen S, Chakraborty R. (Eds). Herbal Medicine in India. Springer, Singapore, 2020, pp. 573-579.
  • [7] Ernst E. Herbal medicines: balancing benefits and risks. In: Bock G, Goodie J. (Eds). Dietary Supplements and Health: Novartis Foundation Symposium 282. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 2007, pp. 154-172
  • [8] Sahoo N, Manchikanti P. Herbal drug regulation and commercialization: an Indian industry perspective. J Altern Complement Med. 2013; 19(12): 957-963. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2012.0275
  • [9] Booker A, Frommenwiler D, Reich E, Horsfield S, Heinrich M. Adulteration and poor quality of Ginkgo biloba supplements. J Herb Med. 2016; 6(2): 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2016.04.003
  • [10] Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia, 2010; 81(6): 462-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001
  • [11] Brown AC. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017; 107(Pt A): 449-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.001
  • [12] Abdulla NM, Adam B, Blair I, Oulhaj A. Heavy metal content of herbal health supplement products in Dubai - UAE: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1): 276 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2693-3
  • [13] Verma N. Herbal medicines: regulation and practice in Europe, United States and India. Int J Herb Med. 2013; 1(4): 1-5.
  • [14] Nobakht SZ, Akaberi M, Mohammadpour AH, Tafazoli Moghadam A, Emami SA. Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022; 25(9): 1045-1058. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338
  • [15] Bektaş NY, Ersoy E, Mehmet B, Boran T, Cinar E, Özhan G, Gören AC, Özkan EE. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Hypericum androsaemum on prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines with identification of secondary metabolites by LC- HRMS. Turk J Chem. 2021; 45(5): 1621 1638. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2104-17
  • [16] Ersoy E, Özkan EE, Boğa M, Yılmaz M, Mat A. Anti-aging potential and anti-tyrosinase activity of three Hypericum species with focus on phytochemical composition by LC–MS/MS. Ind Crops Prod. 2019; 141: 111735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111735
  • [17] Kelebek H, Sevindik O, Selli S. LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS-based phenolic profiling of St John’s Wort Teas and their antioxidant activity: Eliciting infusion induced changes. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2019; 42(1-2): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2019.1568257
  • [18] Oliveira AI, Pinho C, Sarmento B, Dias AC. Neuroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum and ıts major components. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 1004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004
  • [19] Eroglu Ozkan E, Yilmaz Ozden T, Ozsoy N, Mat A. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant and anti acetylcholinesterase activities of Hypericum neurocalycinum and Hypericum malatyanum. S Afr J Bot. 2018; 114: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.10.022
  • [20] Zou Y, Lu Y, Wei D. Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(16): 5032-5039. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049571r
  • [21] Orcic DZ, Mimica-Dukic NM, Franciskovic MM, Petrovic SS, Jovin ED. Antioxidant activity relationship of phenolic compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. Chem Cent J. 2011; 5: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752- 153X 5-34
  • [22] Hordyjewska A, Popiolek L, Kocot J. The many "faces" of copper in medicine and treatment. Biometals. 2014; 27(4): 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-014-9736-5
  • [23] Olechnowicz J, Tinkov A, Skalny A, Suliburska J. Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism. J Physiol Sci. 2018; 68(1): 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-017-0571-7
  • [24] Li L, Yang X. the essential element manganese, oxidative stress, and metabolic diseases: links and interactions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018: 7580707. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7580707
  • [25] Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci SB. The role of zinc in the endocrine system. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019; 32(1): 231 239.
  • [26] Kaushal J, Mehandia S, Singh G, Raina A, Arya SK. Catalase enzyme: Application in bioremediation and food industry. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2018; 16: 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.035
  • [27] Imam MU, Zhang S, Ma J, Wang H, Wang F. Antioxidants mediate both iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7): 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070671
  • [28] World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. 2007.
  • [29] Kumar V, Singh S, Singh A, Subhose V, Prakash O. Assessment of heavy metal ions, essential metal ions, and antioxidant properties of the most common herbal drugs in Indian Ayurvedic hospital: For ensuring quality assurance of certain Ayurvedic drugs. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2019; 18: 101018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.056
  • [30] Mulaudzi RB, Tshikalange TE, Olowoyo JO, Amoo SO, Du Plooy CP. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity evaluation and heavy metal content of five commonly used South African herbal mixtures. S Afr J Bot. 2017; 112: 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.024
  • [31] Gülçin I, Bursal E, Şehitoğlu MH, Bilsel M, Gören AC. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48(8-9): 2227-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.053
  • [32] Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 1995; 28(1): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • [33] Ainsworth E, Gillespie KM. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nat Protoc. 2007; 2(4): 875-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102
  • [34] Tavli ÖF, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Yılmaz FN, Özbek Çelik BE, Eroğlu Özkan E. Pharmacognostic research on hypericum perforatum samples sold by herbalists in Istanbul. Ankara Univ Eczacılık Fak. Derg. 2020: 265-280. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.686546
  • [35] Cemek M, Buyukokuroglu ME, Hazman O, Bulut S, Konuk M, Birdane Y. Antioxidant enzyme and element status in heroin addiction or heroin withdrawal in rats: effect of melatonin and vitamin E plus Se. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 139(1): 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8634-0
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacognosy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömerül Faruk Tavli

Nuerbiye Aobuliaikemu 0009-0006-2043-0245

Ömer Hazman

Ahmet Büyükben 0000-0002-5639-7217

İşil Gazioğlu 0000-0002-3283-1824

Esra Eroğlu Özkan 0000-0002-1569-2535

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date January 18, 2024
Acceptance Date June 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Tavli, Ö. F., Aobuliaikemu, N., Hazman, Ö., Büyükben, A., et al. (2025). Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(6), 1861-1868. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.859
AMA Tavli ÖF, Aobuliaikemu N, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Gazioğlu İ, Eroğlu Özkan E. Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;28(6):1861-1868. doi:10.29228/jrp.859
Chicago Tavli, Ömerül Faruk, Nuerbiye Aobuliaikemu, Ömer Hazman, Ahmet Büyükben, İşil Gazioğlu, and Esra Eroğlu Özkan. “Safety Data on Hypericum Perforatum L. Products: Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activity, and Trace Element Assessment”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 6 (July 2025): 1861-68. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.859.
EndNote Tavli ÖF, Aobuliaikemu N, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Gazioğlu İ, Eroğlu Özkan E (July 1, 2025) Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 6 1861–1868.
IEEE Ö. F. Tavli, N. Aobuliaikemu, Ö. Hazman, A. Büyükben, İ. Gazioğlu, and E. Eroğlu Özkan, “Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1861–1868, 2025, doi: 10.29228/jrp.859.
ISNAD Tavli, Ömerül Faruk et al. “Safety Data on Hypericum Perforatum L. Products: Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activity, and Trace Element Assessment”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/6 (July 2025), 1861-1868. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.859.
JAMA Tavli ÖF, Aobuliaikemu N, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Gazioğlu İ, Eroğlu Özkan E. Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1861–1868.
MLA Tavli, Ömerül Faruk et al. “Safety Data on Hypericum Perforatum L. Products: Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activity, and Trace Element Assessment”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 6, 2025, pp. 1861-8, doi:10.29228/jrp.859.
Vancouver Tavli ÖF, Aobuliaikemu N, Hazman Ö, Büyükben A, Gazioğlu İ, Eroğlu Özkan E. Safety Data on Hypericum perforatum L. products: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity, and trace element assessment. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(6):1861-8.