Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 6, 2038 - 2045, 28.06.2025

Dzakiya Zhihrotulwida Noorma Rosita , Widji Soeratri

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.878

Abstract

References

  • [1] Lima SGM, Freire MCLC, Oliveira VdS, Solisio C, Converti A, de Lima ÁAN. Astaxanthin delivery systems for skin application: A review. Mar Drugs. 2021; 19: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090511
  • [2] Shah MMR, Liang Y, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Astaxanthin-producing green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From single cell to high value commercial products. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00531
  • [3] Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2018; 10: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040522
  • [4] Souto EB, Fangueiro JF, Fernandes AR, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Severino P, Paganelli MO, Chaud MV, Silva AM. Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon. 2022; 8(2): e08938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938
  • [5] Boon CS, McClements DJ, Weiss J, Decker EA. Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 50(6): 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390802565889
  • [6] Müller RH, Shegokar R, Keck CM. 20 years of lipid nanoparticles (SLN & NLC): Present state of development & industrial applications. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2011; 8(3): 207-227. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016311796799062
  • [7] Tamjidi F, Shahedi M, Varshosaz J, Nasirpour A. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): A potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2013; 19: 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.03.002
  • [8] Borges A, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Fernandes I, Oliveira J. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of natural phenolic compounds. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(10): 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100998
  • [9] Putranti AR, Primaharinastiti R, Hendradi E. Effectivity and physicochemical stability of nanostructured lipid carrier coenzyme Q10 in different ratio of lipid cetyl palmitate and alpha tocopheryl acetate as carrier. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(2): 146-152. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.14835
  • [10] Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006; 28(5): 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467 2494.2006.00344.x
  • [11] Rawal SU, Patel MM. Lipid nanoparticulate systems: Modern versatile drug carriers. In: Grumezescu AM. (Ed). Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting. William Andrew Publishing, New York, 2018, pp.49-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813687-4.00002-5
  • [12] Chauhan I, Yasir M, Verma M, Singh AP. Nanostructured lipid carriers: A groundbreaking approach for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020; 10(2): 150-165. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.021
  • [13] Gönüllü Ü, Üner M, Yener G, Karaman EF, Aydoğmuş Z. Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsion of lornoxicam for transdermal delivery. Acta Pharm. 2015; 65(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2015-0009
  • [14] Han F, Li S, Yin R, Liu H, Xu L. Effect of surfactants on the formation and characterization of a new type of colloidal drug delivery system: Nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2008; 315(1 3): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.005
  • [15] Kishore RSK, Pappenberger A, Dauphin IB, Ross A, Buergi B, Staempfli A, Mahler HC. Degradation of polysorbates 20 and 80: Studies on thermal autoxidation and hydrolysis. J Pharm Sci. 2011; 100(2): 721-731. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22290
  • [16] Beraldo-Araújo VL, Vicente AFS, Lima MvV, Umerska A, Souto EB, Tajber L, Oliveira-Nascimento L. Levofloxacin in nanostructured lipid carriers: Preformulation and critical process parameters for a highly incorporated formulation. Int J Pharm. 2022; 626: 122193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122193
  • [17] Suyuti A, Hendradi E, Purwanti T. Physicochemical characteristics, entrapment efficiency, and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded coenzyme Q10 with different lipid ratios. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27(3): 1134-1142. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.404
  • [18] Patil GB, Patil ND, Deshmukh PK, Patil PO, Bari SB. Nanostructured lipid carriers as a potential vehicle for Carvedilol delivery: Application of factorial design approach. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016; 44(1): 12-19. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.909820
  • [19] Chen PC, Huang JW, Pang J. An investigation of optimum NLC-sunscreen formulation using Taguchi analysis. J Nanomater. 2013: 463732. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/463732
  • [20] Geng Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Xu L, Chen X, Han J. Development and evaluation of astaxanthin as nanostructure lipid carriers in topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020; 21: 318. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01822-w
  • [21] Dong JW, Cai L, Xing Y, Yu J, Ding ZT. Re-evaluation of ABTS●+ assay for total antioxidant capacity of natural products. Nat Prod Commun. 2015; 10(12): 2169-2172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501001239

Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 6, 2038 - 2045, 28.06.2025

Dzakiya Zhihrotulwida Noorma Rosita , Widji Soeratri

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.878

Abstract

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the characteristics and stability of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ASX-NLCs). Four ASX-NLC formulas were prepared using cetyl palmitate and soybean oil in ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, respectively. ASX-NLCs were prepared by high shear homogenization method, then characterized and evaluated for stability after 30 days of storage at 40 °C and 75% RH. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of solid lipid bulk (cetyl palmitate) and ASX-NLCs was also carried out. The characterization results showed that all ASX-NLCs had pH values suitable for skin application, with no significant differences between the four formulas, even after storage. All freshly produced ASX-NLCs yielded nanometer-sized particles with homogenous size distributions and provided quite good entrapment efficiency. DSC analysis results exhibited lower lipid crystallinity in ASX-NLCs compared to cetyl palmitate. After storage, there was an increasing trend in particle size and polydispersity index, while the entrapment efficiency and antioxidant activity decreased. However, ASX-NLC with a cetyl palmitate and soybean oil ratio of 70:30 showed an insignificant decrease in entrapment efficiency and antioxidant activity, thereby it was considered to have better stability than the other formulas.

Keywords

Astaxanthin nanostructured lipid carrier cetyl palmitate soybean oil lipid crystallinity

References

  • [1] Lima SGM, Freire MCLC, Oliveira VdS, Solisio C, Converti A, de Lima ÁAN. Astaxanthin delivery systems for skin application: A review. Mar Drugs. 2021; 19: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090511
  • [2] Shah MMR, Liang Y, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Astaxanthin-producing green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From single cell to high value commercial products. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00531
  • [3] Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2018; 10: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040522
  • [4] Souto EB, Fangueiro JF, Fernandes AR, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Severino P, Paganelli MO, Chaud MV, Silva AM. Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon. 2022; 8(2): e08938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938
  • [5] Boon CS, McClements DJ, Weiss J, Decker EA. Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010; 50(6): 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390802565889
  • [6] Müller RH, Shegokar R, Keck CM. 20 years of lipid nanoparticles (SLN & NLC): Present state of development & industrial applications. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2011; 8(3): 207-227. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016311796799062
  • [7] Tamjidi F, Shahedi M, Varshosaz J, Nasirpour A. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): A potential delivery system for bioactive food molecules. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2013; 19: 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.03.002
  • [8] Borges A, de Freitas V, Mateus N, Fernandes I, Oliveira J. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers of natural phenolic compounds. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(10): 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100998
  • [9] Putranti AR, Primaharinastiti R, Hendradi E. Effectivity and physicochemical stability of nanostructured lipid carrier coenzyme Q10 in different ratio of lipid cetyl palmitate and alpha tocopheryl acetate as carrier. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(2): 146-152. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.14835
  • [10] Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006; 28(5): 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467 2494.2006.00344.x
  • [11] Rawal SU, Patel MM. Lipid nanoparticulate systems: Modern versatile drug carriers. In: Grumezescu AM. (Ed). Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting. William Andrew Publishing, New York, 2018, pp.49-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813687-4.00002-5
  • [12] Chauhan I, Yasir M, Verma M, Singh AP. Nanostructured lipid carriers: A groundbreaking approach for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020; 10(2): 150-165. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.021
  • [13] Gönüllü Ü, Üner M, Yener G, Karaman EF, Aydoğmuş Z. Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsion of lornoxicam for transdermal delivery. Acta Pharm. 2015; 65(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2015-0009
  • [14] Han F, Li S, Yin R, Liu H, Xu L. Effect of surfactants on the formation and characterization of a new type of colloidal drug delivery system: Nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2008; 315(1 3): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.005
  • [15] Kishore RSK, Pappenberger A, Dauphin IB, Ross A, Buergi B, Staempfli A, Mahler HC. Degradation of polysorbates 20 and 80: Studies on thermal autoxidation and hydrolysis. J Pharm Sci. 2011; 100(2): 721-731. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22290
  • [16] Beraldo-Araújo VL, Vicente AFS, Lima MvV, Umerska A, Souto EB, Tajber L, Oliveira-Nascimento L. Levofloxacin in nanostructured lipid carriers: Preformulation and critical process parameters for a highly incorporated formulation. Int J Pharm. 2022; 626: 122193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122193
  • [17] Suyuti A, Hendradi E, Purwanti T. Physicochemical characteristics, entrapment efficiency, and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded coenzyme Q10 with different lipid ratios. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27(3): 1134-1142. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.404
  • [18] Patil GB, Patil ND, Deshmukh PK, Patil PO, Bari SB. Nanostructured lipid carriers as a potential vehicle for Carvedilol delivery: Application of factorial design approach. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016; 44(1): 12-19. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.909820
  • [19] Chen PC, Huang JW, Pang J. An investigation of optimum NLC-sunscreen formulation using Taguchi analysis. J Nanomater. 2013: 463732. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/463732
  • [20] Geng Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Xu L, Chen X, Han J. Development and evaluation of astaxanthin as nanostructure lipid carriers in topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020; 21: 318. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01822-w
  • [21] Dong JW, Cai L, Xing Y, Yu J, Ding ZT. Re-evaluation of ABTS●+ assay for total antioxidant capacity of natural products. Nat Prod Commun. 2015; 10(12): 2169-2172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501001239
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmaceutical Sciences
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Dzakiya Zhihrotulwida 0009-0009-2532-0477

Noorma Rosita 0000-0003-1048-0899

Widji Soeratri 0000-0002-7382-6597

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date December 18, 2023
Acceptance Date February 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Zhihrotulwida, D., Rosita, N., & Soeratri, W. (2025). Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(6), 2038-2045. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.878
AMA Zhihrotulwida D, Rosita N, Soeratri W. Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;28(6):2038-2045. doi:10.29228/jrp.878
Chicago Zhihrotulwida, Dzakiya, Noorma Rosita, and Widji Soeratri. “Development of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using a Combination of Cetyl Palmitate and Soybean Oil”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 6 (July 2025): 2038-45. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.878.
EndNote Zhihrotulwida D, Rosita N, Soeratri W (July 1, 2025) Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 6 2038–2045.
IEEE D. Zhihrotulwida, N. Rosita, and W. Soeratri, “Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2038–2045, 2025, doi: 10.29228/jrp.878.
ISNAD Zhihrotulwida, Dzakiya et al. “Development of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using a Combination of Cetyl Palmitate and Soybean Oil”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/6 (July 2025), 2038-2045. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.878.
JAMA Zhihrotulwida D, Rosita N, Soeratri W. Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:2038–2045.
MLA Zhihrotulwida, Dzakiya et al. “Development of Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using a Combination of Cetyl Palmitate and Soybean Oil”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 6, 2025, pp. 2038-45, doi:10.29228/jrp.878.
Vancouver Zhihrotulwida D, Rosita N, Soeratri W. Development of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a combination of cetyl palmitate and soybean oil. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(6):2038-45.