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Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 1653 - 1663, 05.07.2025

Tuğba Eren Böncü , Doga Kan Çiğdem Yücel , Selen İlgün

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734549

Abstract

References

  • [1] Chmiel M, Stompor-Goracy M. Promising Role of the Scutellaria baicalensis Root Hydroxyflavone-Baicalein in the Prevention and Treatment of Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054732
  • [2] Lei C, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Li Y, Ma C, Ding L, Zhang H. The most recent progress of baicalein in its anti-neoplastic effects and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;176:116862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116862
  • [3] Shang X, He X, Li M, Zhang R, Fan P, Zhang Q, Jia Z. The genus Scutellaria: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(2):279-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.006
  • [4] Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Supuran CT. Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(3):200-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
  • [5] Li W, Pi J, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhang B, Wang S, Qui D, Li N, Guo P, Liu Z. A strategy to improve the oral availability of baicalein: The baicalein-theophylline cocrystal. Fitoterapia. 2018;129:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.018
  • [6] Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, Yeap SK, Amin KM, Abdul Samad N, Alitheen NB. Novel drug delivery systems for loading of natural plant extracts and their biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:2439-2483. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S227805
  • [7] Zang J, Zhang L, Guo R, Kong L, Yu Y, Li S, Liu M, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li X, Liu Y. Baicalein loaded liposome with hyaluronic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine modification for anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;276(Pt 1):133432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133432
  • [8] Markowski A, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Jaromin A, Olczak E, Zygmunt A, Etezadi H, Boyd BJ, Gubernator J. Novel liposomal formulation of baicalein for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: design, characterization, and evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(1):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010179
  • [9] Kim AR, Lee NH, Park YM, Park SN. Preparation and characterization of novel pseudo ceramide liposomes for the transdermal delivery of baicalein. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2019;52:150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.009
  • [10] Liga S, Paul C, Moaca EA, Peter F. Niosomes: composition, formulation techniques, and recent progress as delivery systems in cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16:223. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16020223
  • [11] Kaur P, Muskan, Kriplani P. Quality by design for niosome-based nanocarriers to improve transdermal drug delivery from lab to industry. Int J Pharm. 2024;666:124747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124747
  • [12] Muzzalupo R, Tavano L. Niosomal drug delivery for transdermal targeting: recent advances. Res Rep Transdermal Drug Deliv. 2015;4:23-33. https://doi.org/ 10.2147/rrtd.S64773
  • [13] Yucel C, Seker Karatoprak G, Degim IT. Anti-aging formulation of rosmarinic acid-loaded ethosomes and liposomes. J Microencapsul. 2019;36(2):180-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2019.1617363
  • [14] Yang J, Luo J, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wu X. Progress in understanding oxidative stress, aging, and aging-related diseases. Antioxidants. 2024;13(4):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040394
  • [15] Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757-772. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513
  • [16] Tumilaar SG, Hardianto A, Dohi H, Kurnia D, Ahmed M. A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. J Chem. 2024;2024: 5594386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
  • [17] Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Davarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, Khorasani S, Mozafari MR. Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(2):57. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057
  • [18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Liposome drug products chemistry, manufacturing, and controls; human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability; and labeling documentation. 2018. http://www.fda.gov (accessed May 3, 2025).
  • [19] Mawazi SM, Ge Y, Widodo RT. Niosome preparation techniques and structure—an illustrated review. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010067
  • [20] Kutsyk A, Ilchenko O, Pilhun Y, Nikonova V, Obukhovsky V. Complex formation in methanol-chloroform solutions: vibrational spectroscopy and quantum cluster equilibrium study. J Mol Liq. 2022;367:120499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120499
  • [21] Lee WL, Loei C, Widjaja E, Loo SC. Altering the drug release profiles of double-layered ternary-phase microparticles. J Control Release. 2011;151(3):229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.012
  • [22] Nemeth Z, Csoka I, Semnani Jazani R, Sipos B, Haspel H, Kozma G, Konya Z, Dobo DG. Quality by design-driven zeta potential optimisation study of liposomes with charge imparting membrane additives. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1798. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091798
  • [23] Eren Boncu T, Yucel C, Ceylan A, Cadir M, Sahmetlioglu E. Formulation, characterization and evaluation of minocycline hydrochloride loaded polyurethane/collagen nanofibers via electrospinning as wound dressings. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2024;50(10):892-906. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03639045.2024.2426581
  • [24] Obeid MA, Khadra I, Aljabali AAA, Amawi H, Ferro VA. Characterisation of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing for drug delivery. Int J Pharm X. 2022;4:100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100137
  • [25] Shiri S, Gharanjig K, Tahghighi A, Hosseinnezhad M, Etezad M. Formulation and characterization of BBR loaded niosomes using saponin as a nonionic biosurfactant investigating synergistic effects to enhance antibacterial activity. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):5231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87950-4
  • [26] Gupta S, Rather SR, Sen P. Dynamics of solvent response in methanol-chloroform binary solvent mixture: a case of synergistic solvation. J Phys Chem B. 2015;119(7):3135-3141. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jp5120338
  • [27] Eren Böncü T, Yücel Ç. Development and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded polyelectrolyte chitosan-gelatin hydrogels. Ankara Univ Ecz Fak Derg. 2023;47(3):719-730. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1269790
  • [28] Asghar H, Riaz T, Mannan HA, Khan SM, Butt OM. Rheology and modeling insights into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) material: bridging the gap to solar energy advancements. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2024;193:114298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114298
  • [29] Yücel Ç, Şeker Karatoprak G, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Değim İT. Ferulic acid-loaded aspasomes: a new approach to enhance the skin permeation, anti-aging and antioxidant effects. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;86:104748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104748
  • [30] Chen L, Wang F, Hu X, Li N, Gao Y, Xue F, et al. Transdermal delivery of baicalin based on bio-vesicles and its efficacy in antiaging of the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025;24(2):e70024. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70024
  • [31] Yen Thi Hai T, Giang Ngoc T, Anh Lan H, Giang Thi Thu V. Niosomes loaded with diclofenac for transdermal administration: physico-chemical characterization, ex vivo and in vivo skin permeation studies. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2020;10(12):53-61. https://doi.org/ 10.7324/japs.2020.101207
  • [32] Soni S, Baghel K, Soni ML, Kashaw SK, Soni V. Size-dependent effects of niosomes on the penetration of methotrexate in skin layers. Future J Pharm Sci. 2024;10(1):48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-024-00624-2
  • [33] Solanki A, Parikh JR, Parikh RH, Patel MR. Evaluation of different compositions of niosomes to optimize aceclofenac transdermal delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2010;5(3):87-95.
  • [34] Hozan F, Uslu EN, Karatoprak GŞ, Yücel Ç. Baicalein-loaded aspasomal formulations: development, characterization and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. J Pharm Innov. 2025;20(2):872-882. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12247-025-09979-2
  • [35] Wolosiak R, Druzynska B, Derewiaka D, Piecyk M, Majewska E, Ciecierska M, Worobiej E, Pakosz P. Verification of the conditions for determination of antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays—a practical approach. Molecules.2021;27(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010050
  • [36] Ergin AD, Oltulu C, Turker NP, Demirbolat GM. In vitro hepatotoxicity evaluation of methotrexate-loaded niosome formulation: fabrication, characterization and cell culture studies. Turk J Med Sci. 2023;53(4):872-882. https://doi.org/ 10.55730/1300-0144.5651
  • [37] Yucel C, Seker Karatoprak G, Yalcintas S, Eren Boncu T. Ethosomal (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2022;13:491-502. https://doi.org/ 10.3762/bjnano.13.41
  • [38] Gyamfi M, Yonamine M, Aniya Y. Free radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol. 1999;32:661-667.
  • [39] Re R, Pellegrini NP, Proteggente A. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9–10):1231-1237.

Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 1653 - 1663, 05.07.2025

Tuğba Eren Böncü , Doga Kan Çiğdem Yücel , Selen İlgün

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734549

Abstract

This study focused on the formulation, in-vitro characterization, and evaluation of toxicity, antioxidant activity and skin penetration capabilities of baicalein-loaded niosome/niosomal gel as a dermal antioxidant. Baicalein-loaded niosomes were prepared using the thin film hydration method. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing the effects of different types of non-ionic surfactants (Tween60, Tween80) and various chloroform-to-methanol ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5 v/v) on formulation characteristics including particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug release. Cytotoxicity of different concentratons of baicalein and baicalein-loaded niosome/niosomal gel was evaluated on the L929 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. F2 coded niosome, containing Tween60 and a chloroform:methanol ratio of 7:3 v/v, was identified as the optimal formulation due to its excellent encapsulation efficiency, small particle size, narrow size distribution, optimal zeta potential, and ability to achieve the highest and sustained release. F2-gel was prepared using Carbopol980, and its rheological properties were also examined. Cell permeation properties of both the niosome and the niosomal gel through L929 cells were investigated. Antioxidant efficacy of the baicalein from both formulations permeated through cells was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH●) and (2,2-Azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS●+) assays. The study demonstrated that surfactant type and solvent system used have a significant impact on the overall characteristics of niosomes. In conclusion, the high permeation of baicalein from both niosome and niosomal gel through cells, along with their strong capacity to scavenge DPPH● and ABTS●+ radicals, demonstrates that baicalein-loaded niosome/niosomal gel exhibit a potent antioxidant effect even in the deeper layers of the skin.

Keywords

Niosome niosomal gel baicalein antioxidant effect drug carrier system controlled release system anti-aging

References

  • [1] Chmiel M, Stompor-Goracy M. Promising Role of the Scutellaria baicalensis Root Hydroxyflavone-Baicalein in the Prevention and Treatment of Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054732
  • [2] Lei C, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Li Y, Ma C, Ding L, Zhang H. The most recent progress of baicalein in its anti-neoplastic effects and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;176:116862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116862
  • [3] Shang X, He X, Li M, Zhang R, Fan P, Zhang Q, Jia Z. The genus Scutellaria: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(2):279-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.006
  • [4] Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Supuran CT. Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(3):200-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
  • [5] Li W, Pi J, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhang B, Wang S, Qui D, Li N, Guo P, Liu Z. A strategy to improve the oral availability of baicalein: The baicalein-theophylline cocrystal. Fitoterapia. 2018;129:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.018
  • [6] Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, Yeap SK, Amin KM, Abdul Samad N, Alitheen NB. Novel drug delivery systems for loading of natural plant extracts and their biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:2439-2483. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S227805
  • [7] Zang J, Zhang L, Guo R, Kong L, Yu Y, Li S, Liu M, Wang J, Zhang Z, Li X, Liu Y. Baicalein loaded liposome with hyaluronic acid and polyhexamethylene guanidine modification for anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;276(Pt 1):133432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133432
  • [8] Markowski A, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Jaromin A, Olczak E, Zygmunt A, Etezadi H, Boyd BJ, Gubernator J. Novel liposomal formulation of baicalein for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: design, characterization, and evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(1):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010179
  • [9] Kim AR, Lee NH, Park YM, Park SN. Preparation and characterization of novel pseudo ceramide liposomes for the transdermal delivery of baicalein. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2019;52:150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.009
  • [10] Liga S, Paul C, Moaca EA, Peter F. Niosomes: composition, formulation techniques, and recent progress as delivery systems in cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16:223. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16020223
  • [11] Kaur P, Muskan, Kriplani P. Quality by design for niosome-based nanocarriers to improve transdermal drug delivery from lab to industry. Int J Pharm. 2024;666:124747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124747
  • [12] Muzzalupo R, Tavano L. Niosomal drug delivery for transdermal targeting: recent advances. Res Rep Transdermal Drug Deliv. 2015;4:23-33. https://doi.org/ 10.2147/rrtd.S64773
  • [13] Yucel C, Seker Karatoprak G, Degim IT. Anti-aging formulation of rosmarinic acid-loaded ethosomes and liposomes. J Microencapsul. 2019;36(2):180-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2019.1617363
  • [14] Yang J, Luo J, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wu X. Progress in understanding oxidative stress, aging, and aging-related diseases. Antioxidants. 2024;13(4):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040394
  • [15] Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757-772. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513
  • [16] Tumilaar SG, Hardianto A, Dohi H, Kurnia D, Ahmed M. A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. J Chem. 2024;2024: 5594386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
  • [17] Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Davarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, Khorasani S, Mozafari MR. Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(2):57. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057
  • [18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Liposome drug products chemistry, manufacturing, and controls; human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability; and labeling documentation. 2018. http://www.fda.gov (accessed May 3, 2025).
  • [19] Mawazi SM, Ge Y, Widodo RT. Niosome preparation techniques and structure—an illustrated review. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010067
  • [20] Kutsyk A, Ilchenko O, Pilhun Y, Nikonova V, Obukhovsky V. Complex formation in methanol-chloroform solutions: vibrational spectroscopy and quantum cluster equilibrium study. J Mol Liq. 2022;367:120499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120499
  • [21] Lee WL, Loei C, Widjaja E, Loo SC. Altering the drug release profiles of double-layered ternary-phase microparticles. J Control Release. 2011;151(3):229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.012
  • [22] Nemeth Z, Csoka I, Semnani Jazani R, Sipos B, Haspel H, Kozma G, Konya Z, Dobo DG. Quality by design-driven zeta potential optimisation study of liposomes with charge imparting membrane additives. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1798. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091798
  • [23] Eren Boncu T, Yucel C, Ceylan A, Cadir M, Sahmetlioglu E. Formulation, characterization and evaluation of minocycline hydrochloride loaded polyurethane/collagen nanofibers via electrospinning as wound dressings. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2024;50(10):892-906. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03639045.2024.2426581
  • [24] Obeid MA, Khadra I, Aljabali AAA, Amawi H, Ferro VA. Characterisation of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing for drug delivery. Int J Pharm X. 2022;4:100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100137
  • [25] Shiri S, Gharanjig K, Tahghighi A, Hosseinnezhad M, Etezad M. Formulation and characterization of BBR loaded niosomes using saponin as a nonionic biosurfactant investigating synergistic effects to enhance antibacterial activity. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):5231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87950-4
  • [26] Gupta S, Rather SR, Sen P. Dynamics of solvent response in methanol-chloroform binary solvent mixture: a case of synergistic solvation. J Phys Chem B. 2015;119(7):3135-3141. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jp5120338
  • [27] Eren Böncü T, Yücel Ç. Development and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded polyelectrolyte chitosan-gelatin hydrogels. Ankara Univ Ecz Fak Derg. 2023;47(3):719-730. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1269790
  • [28] Asghar H, Riaz T, Mannan HA, Khan SM, Butt OM. Rheology and modeling insights into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) material: bridging the gap to solar energy advancements. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2024;193:114298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114298
  • [29] Yücel Ç, Şeker Karatoprak G, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Değim İT. Ferulic acid-loaded aspasomes: a new approach to enhance the skin permeation, anti-aging and antioxidant effects. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;86:104748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104748
  • [30] Chen L, Wang F, Hu X, Li N, Gao Y, Xue F, et al. Transdermal delivery of baicalin based on bio-vesicles and its efficacy in antiaging of the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025;24(2):e70024. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70024
  • [31] Yen Thi Hai T, Giang Ngoc T, Anh Lan H, Giang Thi Thu V. Niosomes loaded with diclofenac for transdermal administration: physico-chemical characterization, ex vivo and in vivo skin permeation studies. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2020;10(12):53-61. https://doi.org/ 10.7324/japs.2020.101207
  • [32] Soni S, Baghel K, Soni ML, Kashaw SK, Soni V. Size-dependent effects of niosomes on the penetration of methotrexate in skin layers. Future J Pharm Sci. 2024;10(1):48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-024-00624-2
  • [33] Solanki A, Parikh JR, Parikh RH, Patel MR. Evaluation of different compositions of niosomes to optimize aceclofenac transdermal delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2010;5(3):87-95.
  • [34] Hozan F, Uslu EN, Karatoprak GŞ, Yücel Ç. Baicalein-loaded aspasomal formulations: development, characterization and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. J Pharm Innov. 2025;20(2):872-882. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12247-025-09979-2
  • [35] Wolosiak R, Druzynska B, Derewiaka D, Piecyk M, Majewska E, Ciecierska M, Worobiej E, Pakosz P. Verification of the conditions for determination of antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays—a practical approach. Molecules.2021;27(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010050
  • [36] Ergin AD, Oltulu C, Turker NP, Demirbolat GM. In vitro hepatotoxicity evaluation of methotrexate-loaded niosome formulation: fabrication, characterization and cell culture studies. Turk J Med Sci. 2023;53(4):872-882. https://doi.org/ 10.55730/1300-0144.5651
  • [37] Yucel C, Seker Karatoprak G, Yalcintas S, Eren Boncu T. Ethosomal (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2022;13:491-502. https://doi.org/ 10.3762/bjnano.13.41
  • [38] Gyamfi M, Yonamine M, Aniya Y. Free radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol. 1999;32:661-667.
  • [39] Re R, Pellegrini NP, Proteggente A. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9–10):1231-1237.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tuğba Eren Böncü

Doga Kan

Çiğdem Yücel

Selen İlgün

Publication Date July 5, 2025
Submission Date May 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Eren Böncü, T., Kan, D., Yücel, Ç., İlgün, S. (2025). Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(4), 1653-1663. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734549
AMA Eren Böncü T, Kan D, Yücel Ç, İlgün S. Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;29(4):1653-1663. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1734549
Chicago Eren Böncü, Tuğba, Doga Kan, Çiğdem Yücel, and Selen İlgün. “Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Baicalein Loaded Niosome and Niosomal Gel”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29, no. 4 (July 2025): 1653-63. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734549.
EndNote Eren Böncü T, Kan D, Yücel Ç, İlgün S (July 1, 2025) Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 4 1653–1663.
IEEE T. Eren Böncü, D. Kan, Ç. Yücel, and S. İlgün, “Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1653–1663, 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1734549.
ISNAD Eren Böncü, Tuğba et al. “Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Baicalein Loaded Niosome and Niosomal Gel”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/4 (July 2025), 1653-1663. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734549.
JAMA Eren Böncü T, Kan D, Yücel Ç, İlgün S. Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:1653–1663.
MLA Eren Böncü, Tuğba et al. “Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Baicalein Loaded Niosome and Niosomal Gel”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1653-6, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1734549.
Vancouver Eren Böncü T, Kan D, Yücel Ç, İlgün S. Development, characterization and evaluation of baicalein loaded niosome and niosomal gel. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(4):1653-6.