Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 1712 - 1725, 05.07.2025

Mahmut Ozan Toksoy , İlhan Sabancılar

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734671

Abstract

References

  • [1] Boo YC. Arbutin as a skin depigmenting agent with antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(7): 1129-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071129
  • [2] Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin cancer: epidemiology, disease burden, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. Dermatol Ther. 2017; 7: 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y
  • [3] Huang J, Chan SC, Ko S, Lok V, Zhang L, Lin X, Wong MC. Global incidence, mortality, risk factors and trends of melanoma: a systematic analysis of registries. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023; 24(6): 965-975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-023-00795-3
  • [4] Liu JK. Natural products in cosmetics. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2022; 12(1): 40-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-022-00363-y
  • [5] Li Z, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Wang R, Xiong Z, Wu Y, Shu P. The molecular mechanisms underlying optical isomer arbutin permeating the skin: The molecular interaction between arbutin and skin components. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2024; 664, 124584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124584
  • [6] Tofani RP, Sumirtapura YC, Darijanto ST. Formulation, characterisation, and in vitro skin diffusion of nanostructured lipid carriers for deoxyarbutin compared to a nanoemulsion and conventional cream. Sci Pharm. 2016; 84(4): 634-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm84040634
  • [7] Raza K, Singh B, Lohan S, Sharma G, Negi P, Yachha Y, Katare OP. Nano-lipoidal carriers of tretinoin with enhanced percutaneous absorption, photostability, biocompatibility and anti-psoriatic activity. Int J Pharm. 2013; 456(1): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.019
  • [8] Bastogne T. Quality-by-design of nanopharmaceuticals–a state of the art. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2017; 13(7): 2151-2157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.05.014
  • [9] Saeedi M, Rezanejad Gatabi Z, Morteza-Semnani K, Rahimnia SM, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH. Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2024; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2371954
  • [10] Shinde UK, Suryawanshi DG, Amin PD. Development of Gelucire® 48/16 and TPGS mixed micelles and its pellet formulation by extrusion spheronization technique for dissolution rate enhancement of curcumin. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021; 22(5): 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-021-02032-8
  • [11] Alshawwa SZ, El-Masry TA, Elekhnawy E, Alotaibi HF, Sallam AS, and Abdelkader DH. Fabrication of Celecoxib PVP microparticles stabilized by Gelucire 48/16 via electrospraying for enhanced anti-inflammatory action. Pharmaceuticals 2023; 16(2): 258-275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020258
  • [12] Ahmad U, Naqvi SR, Ali I, Saleem F, Mehran MT, Sikandar U, Juchelková D. Biolubricant production from castor oil using iron oxide nanoparticles as an additive: Experimental, modelling and tribological assessment. Fuel. 2022; 324, 124565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124565
  • [13] Zhou X, Hao Y, Yuan L, Pradhan S, Shrestha K, Pradhan O, Liu H, Li W. Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review. Chin Chem Lett. 2018; 29: 1713–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.037
  • [14] Han F, Li S, Yin R, Liu H, Xu L. Effect of surfactants on the formation and characterization of a new type of colloidal drug delivery system: Nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2008; 315(1-3): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.005
  • [15] Bashiri S, Ghanbarzadeh B, Ayaseh A, Dehghannya J, Ehsani A, Ozyurt H. Essential oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: The effects of liquid lipid type on the physicochemical properties in beverage models. Food Biosci. 2020; 35: 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100526
  • [16] Tan SW, Billa N, Roberts CR, Burley JC. Surfactant effects on the physical characteristics of Amphotericin B-containing nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2010; 372(1-3): 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.030
  • [17] Witayaudom P, Klinkesorn U. Effect of surfactant concentration and solidification temperature on the characteristics and stability of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) prepared from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) kernel fat. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017; 505: 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.008
  • [18] Pogorzelski S, Watrobska-Swietlikowska D, Sznitowska M. Surface tensometry studies on formulations of surfactants with preservatives as a tool for antimicrobial drug protection characterization. J Biophys Chem. 2012; 3(04): 324-333. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbpc.2012.34040
  • [19] Souto EB, Baldim I, Oliveira WP, Rao R, Yadav N, Gama FM, Mahant S. SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2020; 17(3): 357-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2020.1727883
  • [20] Nagaich U, Gulati N. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based controlled release topical gel of clobetasol propionate: Design and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2016; 6: 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0291-1
  • [21] Bhaskar K, Krishna Mohan C, Lingam M, Prabhakar Reddy V, Venkateswarlu V, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of nitrendipine controlled release formulations based on SLN and NLC for topical delivery: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Drug Develop Ind Pharm. 2008; 34(7): 719-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040701842485
  • [22] Toksoy MO, Aşır F, Güzel MC. Quality by design approach for development and characterization of gabapentin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for intranasal delivery: In vitro, ex vivo, and histopathological evaluation. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2024; 27(7): 904-913. 10.22038/IJBMS.2024.76281.16511 [23] Agrawal M, Saraf S, Pradhan M, Patel RJ, Singhvi G, Alexander A. Design and optimization of curcumin loaded nano lipid carrier system using Box-Behnken design. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008; 141: 111919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111919
  • [24] Araujo VHS, da Silva PB, Szlachetka IO, da Silva SW, Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M, Muehlmann LA. The influence of NLC composition on curcumin loading under a physicochemical perspective and in vitro evaluation. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2020; 602: 125070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125070
  • [25] Porbaha P, Ansari R, Kiafar MR, Bashiry R, Khazaei MM, Dadbakhsh A, Azadi AA. comparative mathematical analysis of drug release from lipid-based nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024; 25(7): 208. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02922-7
  • [26] Dai W, Zhang D, Duan C, Jia L, Wang Y, Feng F, Zhang Q. Preparation and characteristics of oridonin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers as a controlled-release delivery system. J Microencapsul. 2010; 27(3): 234-241. https://doi.org/10.3109/02652040903079526
  • [27] Nguyen CN, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Tran TH. Nanostructured lipid carriers to enhance transdermal delivery and efficacy of diclofenac. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2017; 7: 664-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-017-0415-2
  • [28] Elgizawy HA, Ali AA, Hussein MA. Resveratrol: Isolation, and its nanostructured lipid carriers, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis in certain human cell lines carcinoma and exerts protective effect against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity. J Med Food. 2021; 24(1): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.028
  • [29] Cheng SL, Liu RH, Sheu JN, Chen ST, Sinchaikul S, Tsay GJ. Toxicogenomics of A375 human malignant melanoma cells treated with arbutin. J Biomed Sci. 2007; 14: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11373-006-9130-6
  • [30] Aung NN, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pamornpathomkul B. HPMC/PVP dissolving microneedles: A promising delivery platform to promote trans-epidermal delivery of alpha-arbutin for skin lightening. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020; 21: 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1599-1
  • [31] Subramaniam B, Siddik ZH, Nagoor NH. Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers: Understanding the types, designs, and parameters in the process of formulations. J Nanoparticle Res. 2020; 22: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04848-0
  • [32] Bajwa N, Mahal S, Naryal S, Singh PA, Baldi A. Development of novel solid nanostructured lipid carriers for bioavailability enhancement using a quality by design approach. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022; 23(7): 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02386-7
  • [33] Kim BS, Na YG, Choi JH, Kim I, Lee E, Kim SY, Cho CW. The improvement of skin whitening of phenylethyl resorcinol by nanostructured lipid carriers. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7(9): 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090241
  • [34] Negi LM, Jaggi M, Talegaonkar S. Development of protocol for screening the formulation components and the assessment of common quality problems of nano-structured lipid carriers. Int J Pharm. 2014; 461(1-2): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.006
  • [35] Subroto E, Andoyo R, Indiarto R. Solid lipid nanoparticles: Review of the current research on encapsulation and delivery systems for active and antioxidant compounds. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(3): 633-660. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030633
  • [36] Saeedi M, Rezanejad Gatabi Z, Morteza-Semnani K, Rahimnia SM, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH. Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2024; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2371954
  • [37] Gamal A, Saeed H, El-Ela FIA, Salem HF. Improving the antitumor activity and bioavailability of sonidegib for the treatment of skin cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(10): 1560-1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101560
  • [38] Ergin AD, Oltulu Ç, Koç B. Enhanced cytotoxic activity of 6-mercaptopurine–loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in hepatic cancer treatment. ASSAY Drug Develop Technol. 2023; 21(5): 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2023.00

Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 1712 - 1725, 05.07.2025

Mahmut Ozan Toksoy , İlhan Sabancılar

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734671

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and optimize α-arbutin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Ar- NLCs) using the QbD. Additionally, the formulation studies, in-vitro and ex-vivo performance of Ar-NLCs were assessed, along with their cytotoxic efficacy in melanoma cells. The Ar-NLCs were fabricated using the high-speed homogenization-ultrasonication method, incorporating Gelucire 48/16, Castor oil, Capryol 90, and Tween 80. To analyze the impact of factors on Ar-NLCs, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized. The Ar-NLCs were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, morphology, zeta potential, release kinetics, permeation, flux and stability. Additionally, Ar-NLCs cytotoxicity was assessed using the A375 cells. The Ar-NLCs demonstrated a particle size of 228.7 ± 44.5 nm, a zeta potential of -14.2 ± 2.64 mV respectively. The entrapment efficiency was 67.62 ± 4.46%. The α- arbutin release from NLCs followed Weibull kinetics. Notably, Ar-NLCs demonstrated a 2.53-fold higher permeability compared to Ar-SOL. Furthermore, Ar-NLCs exhibited significantly stronger cytotoxic effects against melanoma cells than Ar-SOL. This study reports the successful development of Ar-NLCs using a QbD approach. Enhanced transdermal permeability, enhanced cytotoxicity on melanoma cells, and sustained release of α-arbutin from NLCs were achieved. These findings indicate that NLCs offer a viable alternative drug delivery system for transdermal applications.

Keywords

Box-Behnken design release kinetics ex-vivo permeation cytotoxicity nanostructured lipid carriers

References

  • [1] Boo YC. Arbutin as a skin depigmenting agent with antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(7): 1129-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071129
  • [2] Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin cancer: epidemiology, disease burden, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. Dermatol Ther. 2017; 7: 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y
  • [3] Huang J, Chan SC, Ko S, Lok V, Zhang L, Lin X, Wong MC. Global incidence, mortality, risk factors and trends of melanoma: a systematic analysis of registries. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023; 24(6): 965-975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-023-00795-3
  • [4] Liu JK. Natural products in cosmetics. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2022; 12(1): 40-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-022-00363-y
  • [5] Li Z, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Wang R, Xiong Z, Wu Y, Shu P. The molecular mechanisms underlying optical isomer arbutin permeating the skin: The molecular interaction between arbutin and skin components. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2024; 664, 124584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124584
  • [6] Tofani RP, Sumirtapura YC, Darijanto ST. Formulation, characterisation, and in vitro skin diffusion of nanostructured lipid carriers for deoxyarbutin compared to a nanoemulsion and conventional cream. Sci Pharm. 2016; 84(4): 634-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm84040634
  • [7] Raza K, Singh B, Lohan S, Sharma G, Negi P, Yachha Y, Katare OP. Nano-lipoidal carriers of tretinoin with enhanced percutaneous absorption, photostability, biocompatibility and anti-psoriatic activity. Int J Pharm. 2013; 456(1): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.019
  • [8] Bastogne T. Quality-by-design of nanopharmaceuticals–a state of the art. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2017; 13(7): 2151-2157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.05.014
  • [9] Saeedi M, Rezanejad Gatabi Z, Morteza-Semnani K, Rahimnia SM, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH. Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2024; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2371954
  • [10] Shinde UK, Suryawanshi DG, Amin PD. Development of Gelucire® 48/16 and TPGS mixed micelles and its pellet formulation by extrusion spheronization technique for dissolution rate enhancement of curcumin. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021; 22(5): 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-021-02032-8
  • [11] Alshawwa SZ, El-Masry TA, Elekhnawy E, Alotaibi HF, Sallam AS, and Abdelkader DH. Fabrication of Celecoxib PVP microparticles stabilized by Gelucire 48/16 via electrospraying for enhanced anti-inflammatory action. Pharmaceuticals 2023; 16(2): 258-275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020258
  • [12] Ahmad U, Naqvi SR, Ali I, Saleem F, Mehran MT, Sikandar U, Juchelková D. Biolubricant production from castor oil using iron oxide nanoparticles as an additive: Experimental, modelling and tribological assessment. Fuel. 2022; 324, 124565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124565
  • [13] Zhou X, Hao Y, Yuan L, Pradhan S, Shrestha K, Pradhan O, Liu H, Li W. Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review. Chin Chem Lett. 2018; 29: 1713–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.037
  • [14] Han F, Li S, Yin R, Liu H, Xu L. Effect of surfactants on the formation and characterization of a new type of colloidal drug delivery system: Nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2008; 315(1-3): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.005
  • [15] Bashiri S, Ghanbarzadeh B, Ayaseh A, Dehghannya J, Ehsani A, Ozyurt H. Essential oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: The effects of liquid lipid type on the physicochemical properties in beverage models. Food Biosci. 2020; 35: 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100526
  • [16] Tan SW, Billa N, Roberts CR, Burley JC. Surfactant effects on the physical characteristics of Amphotericin B-containing nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2010; 372(1-3): 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.030
  • [17] Witayaudom P, Klinkesorn U. Effect of surfactant concentration and solidification temperature on the characteristics and stability of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) prepared from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) kernel fat. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017; 505: 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.008
  • [18] Pogorzelski S, Watrobska-Swietlikowska D, Sznitowska M. Surface tensometry studies on formulations of surfactants with preservatives as a tool for antimicrobial drug protection characterization. J Biophys Chem. 2012; 3(04): 324-333. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbpc.2012.34040
  • [19] Souto EB, Baldim I, Oliveira WP, Rao R, Yadav N, Gama FM, Mahant S. SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2020; 17(3): 357-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2020.1727883
  • [20] Nagaich U, Gulati N. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) based controlled release topical gel of clobetasol propionate: Design and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2016; 6: 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0291-1
  • [21] Bhaskar K, Krishna Mohan C, Lingam M, Prabhakar Reddy V, Venkateswarlu V, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of nitrendipine controlled release formulations based on SLN and NLC for topical delivery: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Drug Develop Ind Pharm. 2008; 34(7): 719-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040701842485
  • [22] Toksoy MO, Aşır F, Güzel MC. Quality by design approach for development and characterization of gabapentin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for intranasal delivery: In vitro, ex vivo, and histopathological evaluation. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2024; 27(7): 904-913. 10.22038/IJBMS.2024.76281.16511 [23] Agrawal M, Saraf S, Pradhan M, Patel RJ, Singhvi G, Alexander A. Design and optimization of curcumin loaded nano lipid carrier system using Box-Behnken design. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008; 141: 111919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111919
  • [24] Araujo VHS, da Silva PB, Szlachetka IO, da Silva SW, Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M, Muehlmann LA. The influence of NLC composition on curcumin loading under a physicochemical perspective and in vitro evaluation. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2020; 602: 125070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125070
  • [25] Porbaha P, Ansari R, Kiafar MR, Bashiry R, Khazaei MM, Dadbakhsh A, Azadi AA. comparative mathematical analysis of drug release from lipid-based nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024; 25(7): 208. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02922-7
  • [26] Dai W, Zhang D, Duan C, Jia L, Wang Y, Feng F, Zhang Q. Preparation and characteristics of oridonin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers as a controlled-release delivery system. J Microencapsul. 2010; 27(3): 234-241. https://doi.org/10.3109/02652040903079526
  • [27] Nguyen CN, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Tran TH. Nanostructured lipid carriers to enhance transdermal delivery and efficacy of diclofenac. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2017; 7: 664-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-017-0415-2
  • [28] Elgizawy HA, Ali AA, Hussein MA. Resveratrol: Isolation, and its nanostructured lipid carriers, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis in certain human cell lines carcinoma and exerts protective effect against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity. J Med Food. 2021; 24(1): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.028
  • [29] Cheng SL, Liu RH, Sheu JN, Chen ST, Sinchaikul S, Tsay GJ. Toxicogenomics of A375 human malignant melanoma cells treated with arbutin. J Biomed Sci. 2007; 14: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11373-006-9130-6
  • [30] Aung NN, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pamornpathomkul B. HPMC/PVP dissolving microneedles: A promising delivery platform to promote trans-epidermal delivery of alpha-arbutin for skin lightening. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020; 21: 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1599-1
  • [31] Subramaniam B, Siddik ZH, Nagoor NH. Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers: Understanding the types, designs, and parameters in the process of formulations. J Nanoparticle Res. 2020; 22: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04848-0
  • [32] Bajwa N, Mahal S, Naryal S, Singh PA, Baldi A. Development of novel solid nanostructured lipid carriers for bioavailability enhancement using a quality by design approach. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022; 23(7): 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02386-7
  • [33] Kim BS, Na YG, Choi JH, Kim I, Lee E, Kim SY, Cho CW. The improvement of skin whitening of phenylethyl resorcinol by nanostructured lipid carriers. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7(9): 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090241
  • [34] Negi LM, Jaggi M, Talegaonkar S. Development of protocol for screening the formulation components and the assessment of common quality problems of nano-structured lipid carriers. Int J Pharm. 2014; 461(1-2): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.006
  • [35] Subroto E, Andoyo R, Indiarto R. Solid lipid nanoparticles: Review of the current research on encapsulation and delivery systems for active and antioxidant compounds. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(3): 633-660. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030633
  • [36] Saeedi M, Rezanejad Gatabi Z, Morteza-Semnani K, Rahimnia SM, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH. Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2024; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2371954
  • [37] Gamal A, Saeed H, El-Ela FIA, Salem HF. Improving the antitumor activity and bioavailability of sonidegib for the treatment of skin cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(10): 1560-1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101560
  • [38] Ergin AD, Oltulu Ç, Koç B. Enhanced cytotoxic activity of 6-mercaptopurine–loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in hepatic cancer treatment. ASSAY Drug Develop Technol. 2023; 21(5): 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2023.00
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mahmut Ozan Toksoy

İlhan Sabancılar

Publication Date July 5, 2025
Submission Date October 14, 2024
Acceptance Date December 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Toksoy, M. O., & Sabancılar, İ. (2025). Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(4), 1712-1725. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734671
AMA Toksoy MO, Sabancılar İ. Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;29(4):1712-1725. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1734671
Chicago Toksoy, Mahmut Ozan, and İlhan Sabancılar. “Development and Evaluation of á-Arbutin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced in-Vitro Cytotoxic Activity in Melanoma”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29, no. 4 (July 2025): 1712-25. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734671.
EndNote Toksoy MO, Sabancılar İ (July 1, 2025) Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 4 1712–1725.
IEEE M. O. Toksoy and İ. Sabancılar, “Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1712–1725, 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1734671.
ISNAD Toksoy, Mahmut Ozan - Sabancılar, İlhan. “Development and Evaluation of á-Arbutin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced in-Vitro Cytotoxic Activity in Melanoma”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/4 (July 2025), 1712-1725. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1734671.
JAMA Toksoy MO, Sabancılar İ. Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:1712–1725.
MLA Toksoy, Mahmut Ozan and İlhan Sabancılar. “Development and Evaluation of á-Arbutin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced in-Vitro Cytotoxic Activity in Melanoma”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1712-25, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1734671.
Vancouver Toksoy MO, Sabancılar İ. Development and evaluation of á-arbutin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in-vitro cytotoxic activity in melanoma. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(4):1712-25.