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Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 1067 - 1077, 04.06.2025

Zahra Salsabila , Wimala Hardyawati , Muhammad Bintang Ramadhan Eugenia Karen Valencia Valencia Nunung Yuniarti Retno Murwanti Marlyn Laksitorini

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1694222

Abstract

References

  • [1] Karande S, Ramadoss D, Gogtay N. Economic burden of slow learners: A prevalence-based cost of illness study of its direct, indirect, and intangible costs. J Postgrad Med. 2019;65(4):219-226. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.
  • [2] Queensland Brain Institute. Adult Neurogenesis. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain-physiology/adult-neurogenesis (accessed on 20 February 2023).
  • [3] Laksitorini M, Prasasty VD, Kiptoo PK, Siahaan TJ. Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers. Ther Deliv. 2015;5(10): 1143-1163. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.14.67
  • [4] Sasie SD, Abayneh A, Wodajo B, Azage M, Aragaw FM. Impact of cod liver oil consumption in infants and children: A systematic review. Research Square. 2022;(2):139-509. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2139509/v1
  • [5] Čižauskaite U, Jakubaityte G, Žitkevičius V, Kasparavičiene G. Natural ingredients-based gummy candy composition designed according to texture analysis and sensory evaluation in vivo. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071442
  • [6] Hanapi NA, Mohamad Arshad AS, Abdullah JM, Tengku Muhammad TS, Yusof SR. Blood-brain barrier permeability of asiaticoside, madecassoside and asiatic acid in porcine brain endothelial cell model. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110(2):698–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.015
  • [7] dan D. Ajiastuti PS. Standardization of pegagan extract (C. asiatica (L.) Urban) based on siaticoside content using TLC densitometric method. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia.2004; 15(3): 118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp118-123
  • [8] Nabawi S, Silva AS. Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. Academic Press. London. 2019
  • [9] Monton C, Settharaksa S, Luprasong C, Songsak T. An optimization approach of dynamic maceration of Centella asiatica to obtain the highest content of four centelloids by response surface methodology. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2019;29(2):254-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.001
  • [10] Salamah N, Erwanto Y, Martono S, Rohman A. The employment of real-time polymerase chain reaction for the identification of bovine gelatin in gummy candy. Indones J Pharm. 2022;33(3):197. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1970
  • [11] Elsebaie EM, Kassem MM, Mousa MM, Basuony MAM, Zeima NM, Essa RY. Cod Liver oil’s encapsulation into sodium alginate/lupin protein beads and ıts application in functional meatballs’ preparation. Foods. 2022;11(9):1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091328
  • [12] Chen Z, Bertin R, Froldi G. EC50 estimation of antioxidant activity in DPPH assay using several statistical programs. Food Chem. 2023;(138):414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.001
  • [13] Kusumawati AH, Farhamzah F, Alkandahri MY, Sadino A, Agustina LS, Apriana SD. Antioxidant activity and sun protection factor of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa). J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5[11]:1958–1961. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.11
  • [14] Tarahi M, Mohamadzade Fakhr-davood M, Ghaedrahmati S, Roshanak S, Shahidi F. Physicochemical and sensory properties of vegan gummy candies enriched with high-fiber Jaban watermelon exocarp powder. Foods. 2023;12(7):1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071478
  • [15] Salsabila Z. Effect of temperature and duration heating on characteristics physique and antioxidant activity of gummy candy combination Chrysanthemum flower extract (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) and Sacha inchi Oil. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University. 2024.
  • [16] Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26(2):211-219. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.6.2.144
  • [17] d’Isa R, Comi G, Leocani L. Apparatus design and behavioural testing protocol for the evaluation of spatial working memory in mice through the spontaneous alternation T-maze. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00402-7
  • [18] Indonesian Ministry of Health. Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. II. Jakarta, Indonesia. 2017.
  • [19] Nakamoto H, Nagahata Y, Kobayashi F. A magnetic food texture sensor and comparison of the measurement data of chicken nuggets. Sensors. 2021;21(10):3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103310
  • [20] Susanti Vh E, Utomo SB, Syukri Y, Redjeki T. Phytochemıcal screenıng and analysıs polyphenolıc antıoxıdant actıvıty of methanolıc extract of whıte dragon fruıt (Hylocereus undatus). Indones J Pharm. 60-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm23iss1pp60-64

Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 1067 - 1077, 04.06.2025

Zahra Salsabila , Wimala Hardyawati , Muhammad Bintang Ramadhan Eugenia Karen Valencia Valencia Nunung Yuniarti Retno Murwanti Marlyn Laksitorini

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1694222

Abstract

This study aimed to incorporate Cod Liver Oil (CLO) oil in Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) gummy candy and to evaluate its effect on cognitive function in the animal model. Cognitive impairment among children, particularly those identified as slow learners has been a concern for many parents including health authorities and the Federal Government. The current study explored the potency of Gotu kola and CLO combination in improving brain health. The gummy candy formulation was chosen to address children's taste and palatability issues. However, incorporating CLO into the formula might affect the physical properties of the gummy candy. This research uses the simplex lattice design (SLD) to determine the optimum proportion of cod liver oil and gelatine that produce good gummy physical characteristics. The physical characteristics of the gummies that have been evaluated include Moisture Content, Weight Uniformity, pH, and Elasticity. The studies also employed a texture analyzer to determine the gummy texture. Hedonic tests were performed to confirm the physical properties data. Pharmacological evaluation of the active ingredients included antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH assay, and cognitive tests using T-Maze assay. These studies suggested that a combination of 10% gelatine and 5% cod live oil produced the most acceptable physical characteristics. The addition of cod liver oil improved the antioxidant activity of Gotu kola. The optimum formula containing 4 grams of CLO and 4 grams of Gotu kola extract showed a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 32.53 μg/ml. In the mouse memory test, administering 7 grams of CLO in Gotu kola extract gave a significant reduction in the time required to find food in the T-maze test. These studies suggest that fish oil can be incorporated into a gummy candy with acceptable physical properties to enhance memory.

Keywords

Gummy candy Centella asiatica Cod liver oil cognitive enhancement slow learners omega-3 fatty acids

References

  • [1] Karande S, Ramadoss D, Gogtay N. Economic burden of slow learners: A prevalence-based cost of illness study of its direct, indirect, and intangible costs. J Postgrad Med. 2019;65(4):219-226. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.
  • [2] Queensland Brain Institute. Adult Neurogenesis. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain-physiology/adult-neurogenesis (accessed on 20 February 2023).
  • [3] Laksitorini M, Prasasty VD, Kiptoo PK, Siahaan TJ. Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers. Ther Deliv. 2015;5(10): 1143-1163. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.14.67
  • [4] Sasie SD, Abayneh A, Wodajo B, Azage M, Aragaw FM. Impact of cod liver oil consumption in infants and children: A systematic review. Research Square. 2022;(2):139-509. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2139509/v1
  • [5] Čižauskaite U, Jakubaityte G, Žitkevičius V, Kasparavičiene G. Natural ingredients-based gummy candy composition designed according to texture analysis and sensory evaluation in vivo. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071442
  • [6] Hanapi NA, Mohamad Arshad AS, Abdullah JM, Tengku Muhammad TS, Yusof SR. Blood-brain barrier permeability of asiaticoside, madecassoside and asiatic acid in porcine brain endothelial cell model. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110(2):698–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.015
  • [7] dan D. Ajiastuti PS. Standardization of pegagan extract (C. asiatica (L.) Urban) based on siaticoside content using TLC densitometric method. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia.2004; 15(3): 118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp118-123
  • [8] Nabawi S, Silva AS. Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. Academic Press. London. 2019
  • [9] Monton C, Settharaksa S, Luprasong C, Songsak T. An optimization approach of dynamic maceration of Centella asiatica to obtain the highest content of four centelloids by response surface methodology. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2019;29(2):254-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.001
  • [10] Salamah N, Erwanto Y, Martono S, Rohman A. The employment of real-time polymerase chain reaction for the identification of bovine gelatin in gummy candy. Indones J Pharm. 2022;33(3):197. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1970
  • [11] Elsebaie EM, Kassem MM, Mousa MM, Basuony MAM, Zeima NM, Essa RY. Cod Liver oil’s encapsulation into sodium alginate/lupin protein beads and ıts application in functional meatballs’ preparation. Foods. 2022;11(9):1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091328
  • [12] Chen Z, Bertin R, Froldi G. EC50 estimation of antioxidant activity in DPPH assay using several statistical programs. Food Chem. 2023;(138):414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.001
  • [13] Kusumawati AH, Farhamzah F, Alkandahri MY, Sadino A, Agustina LS, Apriana SD. Antioxidant activity and sun protection factor of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa). J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5[11]:1958–1961. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.11
  • [14] Tarahi M, Mohamadzade Fakhr-davood M, Ghaedrahmati S, Roshanak S, Shahidi F. Physicochemical and sensory properties of vegan gummy candies enriched with high-fiber Jaban watermelon exocarp powder. Foods. 2023;12(7):1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071478
  • [15] Salsabila Z. Effect of temperature and duration heating on characteristics physique and antioxidant activity of gummy candy combination Chrysanthemum flower extract (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) and Sacha inchi Oil. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University. 2024.
  • [16] Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26(2):211-219. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.6.2.144
  • [17] d’Isa R, Comi G, Leocani L. Apparatus design and behavioural testing protocol for the evaluation of spatial working memory in mice through the spontaneous alternation T-maze. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00402-7
  • [18] Indonesian Ministry of Health. Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. II. Jakarta, Indonesia. 2017.
  • [19] Nakamoto H, Nagahata Y, Kobayashi F. A magnetic food texture sensor and comparison of the measurement data of chicken nuggets. Sensors. 2021;21(10):3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103310
  • [20] Susanti Vh E, Utomo SB, Syukri Y, Redjeki T. Phytochemıcal screenıng and analysıs polyphenolıc antıoxıdant actıvıty of methanolıc extract of whıte dragon fruıt (Hylocereus undatus). Indones J Pharm. 60-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm23iss1pp60-64
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zahra Salsabila

Wimala Hardyawati

Muhammad Bintang Ramadhan

Eugenia Karen

Valencia Valencia

Nunung Yuniarti

Retno Murwanti

Marlyn Laksitorini

Publication Date June 4, 2025
Submission Date March 23, 2024
Acceptance Date July 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Salsabila, Z., Hardyawati, W., Ramadhan, M. B., Karen, E., et al. (2025). Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(3), 1067-1077. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1694222
AMA Salsabila Z, Hardyawati W, Ramadhan MB, Karen E, Valencia V, Yuniarti N, Murwanti R, Laksitorini M. Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement. J. Res. Pharm. June 2025;29(3):1067-1077. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1694222
Chicago Salsabila, Zahra, Wimala Hardyawati, Muhammad Bintang Ramadhan, Eugenia Karen, Valencia Valencia, Nunung Yuniarti, Retno Murwanti, and Marlyn Laksitorini. “Incorporation of Cod Liver Oil to Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola) Gummy Candy As a Cognitive Enhancement Supplement”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29, no. 3 (June 2025): 1067-77. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1694222.
EndNote Salsabila Z, Hardyawati W, Ramadhan MB, Karen E, Valencia V, Yuniarti N, Murwanti R, Laksitorini M (June 1, 2025) Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 3 1067–1077.
IEEE Z. Salsabila, W. Hardyawati, M. B. Ramadhan, E. Karen, V. Valencia, N. Yuniarti, R. Murwanti, and M. Laksitorini, “Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1067–1077, 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1694222.
ISNAD Salsabila, Zahra et al. “Incorporation of Cod Liver Oil to Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola) Gummy Candy As a Cognitive Enhancement Supplement”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/3 (June 2025), 1067-1077. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1694222.
JAMA Salsabila Z, Hardyawati W, Ramadhan MB, Karen E, Valencia V, Yuniarti N, Murwanti R, Laksitorini M. Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:1067–1077.
MLA Salsabila, Zahra et al. “Incorporation of Cod Liver Oil to Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola) Gummy Candy As a Cognitive Enhancement Supplement”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 3, 2025, pp. 1067-7, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1694222.
Vancouver Salsabila Z, Hardyawati W, Ramadhan MB, Karen E, Valencia V, Yuniarti N, Murwanti R, Laksitorini M. Incorporation of Cod liver oil to Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) gummy candy as a cognitive enhancement supplement. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(3):1067-7.