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Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 603 - 611, 28.06.2025

Hiba A Abdulhussein Estabraq Ar Alwasiti Nawfal K Khiro

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1686003

Abstract

References

  • [1] Sinn H-P, Kreipe H. A brief overview of the WHO classification of breast tumors. Breast Care. 2013;8(2):149-54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350774.
  • [2] Al-Wasiti E. Male breast tumors and oxidative DNA damage. J Cell Cancer. 2016;8:1-11. https://doi.org/18081/jcc/016-06/1-11.
  • [3] McGuire S. World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(2):418-419. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012211
  • [4] Abd AA. Assessment of lipid profile parameters in women with benign and malignant breast tumor. Muthanna Med J. 2019;6(1).
  • [5] DeSantis CE, Fedewa SA, Goding Sauer A, Kramer JL, Smith RA, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2015: Convergence of incidence rates between black and white women. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):31-42. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21320
  • [6] Nakamura M, Abe Y, Tokunaga T. Pathological significance of vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform expression in human cancer. Pathol Int. 2002;52(5‐6):331-339. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2002.01367.x
  • [7] Al Balawi IA, Mir R, Abu-Duhier F. Potential impact of vascular endothelial growth factor gene variation (-2578C> A) on breast cancer susceptibility in Saudi Arabia: a Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(4):1135. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.4.1135.
  • [8] Schoppmann SF, Horvat R, Birner P. Lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in female cancer: mechanisms, clinical impact and possible implications for anti-lymphangiogenic therapies. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(3):455-460.
  • [9] Ferrara N. VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors. Nature Rev Cancer. 2002;2(10):795-803.
  • [10] Moriya J, Minamino T. Angiogenesis, cancer, and vascular aging. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:65. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcvm.2017.00065
  • [11] Olsen LN, Hoier B, Hansen CV, Leinum M, Carter HH, Jorgensen TS, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Angiogenic potential is reduced in skeletal muscle of aged women. J Physiol. 2020;598(22):5149-64. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280189.
  • [12] Zaki ME, Basha W, Yousef RN, Awad M. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in egyptian obese women with insulin resistance. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(8):1330-1334. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.156.
  • [13] Chukwurah E, Emele F, Iyare F. Breast cancer in Nigerian women: evaluating the utility of circulating immune complexes and cancer antigens (CA 15-3 and CA 27.29) in disease surveillance. Res J Immunol. 2018;11:7-14. https://doi.org/10.3923/rji.2018.7.14
  • [14] Fu Y, Li H. Assessing clinical significance of serum CA15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Medical Sci Monit. 2016;22:3154. https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.896563
  • [15] Fakhari A, Gharepapagh E, Dabiri S, Gilani N. Correlation of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) serum level and bony metastases in breast cancer patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:142. https://doi.org/10.34171%2Fmjiri.33.142
  • [16] Di Gioia D, Blankenburg I, Nagel D, Heinemann V, Stieber P. Tumor markers in the early detection of tumor recurrence in breast cancer patients: CA 125, CYFRA 21-1, HER2 shed antigen, LDH and CRP in combination with CEA and CA 15-3. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;461:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2016.07.014
  • [17] Zaleski M, Kobilay M, Schroeder L, Debald M, Semaan A, Hettwer K, Uhlig S, Kuhn W, Hartmann G, Holdenrieder S. Improved sensitivity for detection of breast cancer by combination of miR-34a and tumor markers CA 15-3 or CEA. Oncotarget. 2018;9(32):22523. https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.25077
  • [18] Azzal HS, Al-Wasiti EA, Qasim BJ. Serum CEA and CA 19-9 along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3(12):1628-1635.
  • [19] Anoop TM, Joseph PR, Soman S, Chacko S, Mathew M. Significance of serum carcinoembryonic antigen in metastatic breast cancer patients: A prospective study. World J Clin Oncol. 2022;13(6):529-539. https://doi.org/10.5306%2Fwjco.v13.i6.529.
  • [20] He Z-Y, Li X, Chen Q-S, Sun J-Y, Li F-Y, Wu S-G, Lin H-X. Elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen and CA15-3 levels and the risk of site-specific metastases in metastatic breast cancer. Transl Cancer Res. 2016;5(5):529-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2016.08.39
  • [21] Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Meng Q, Cai L, Zhang Q. Elevation of serum CEA and CA15‑3 levels during antitumor therapy predicts poor therapeutic response in advanced breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(6):7549-56. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7164.
  • [22] Wang W, Xu X, Tian B, Wang Y, Du L, Sun T, Shi Y, Zhao X, Jing J. The diagnostic value of serum tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CA15-3, and TPS in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;470:51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.023.
  • [23] Uygur MM, Gümüş M. The utility of serum tumor markers CEA and CA 15–3 for breast cancer prognosis and their association with clinicopathological parameters. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;28:100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100402.
  • [24] Fejzić H, Mujagić S, Azabagić S, Burina M. Tumor marker CA 15-3 in breast cancer patients. Acta Med Acad. 2015;44(1):39-46. https://doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.125.
  • [25] Zi-Yang Y, Kaixun Z, Dongling L, Zhou Y, Chengbin Z, Jimei C, Caojin Z. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels are increased with pulmonary output in pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(11):300060520964378. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0300060520964378.
  • [26] Kabel AM. Tumor markers of breast cancer: New prospectives. J Oncol Sci. 2017;3(1):5-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jons.2017.01.001.
  • [27] Bahrami-Ahmadi A, Makarian F, Mortazavizadeh MR, Yazdi MF, Chamani M. Symptomatic metastasis prediction with serial measurements of CA 15.3 in primary breast cancer patients. J Res Med Sci: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;17(9):850-854.
  • [28] Zhao S, Gai X, Wang Y, Liang W, Gao H, Zhang K, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang J, Ma R. Diagnostic values of carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 15-3 and cancer antigen 125 levels in nipple discharge. Chin J Physiol. 2015;58(6):385-392. https://doi.org/10.4077/cjp.2015.bad336.
  • [29] Ghalehbandi S, Yuzugulen J, Pranjol MZI, Pourgholami MH. The role of VEGF in cancer-induced angiogenesis and research progress of drugs targeting VEGF. Eur J Pharmacol. 2023;949:175586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175586.
  • [30] Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Angiogenesis as a hallmark of solid tumors - clinical perspectives. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2021;44(4):715-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-021-00602-3.
  • [31] Lugano R, Ramachandran M, Dimberg A. Tumor angiogenesis: causes, consequences, challenges and opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:1745-1770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03351-7.
  • [32] Sambyal V, Guleria K, Kapahi R, Manjari M, Sudan M, Uppal MS, Singh NR. Association of VEGF haplotypes with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-021-01060-4
  • [33] Będkowska GE, Gacuta E, Zbucka-Krętowska M, Ławicki P, Szmitkowski M, Lemancewicz A, Motyka J, Kobus A, Chorąży M, Paniczko M, Ławicki S. Plasma Levels and Diagnostic Utility of VEGF in a Three-Year Follow-Up of Patients with Breast Cancer. J Clin Med. 2021;10(22):5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225452
  • [34] Al Kawas H, Saaid I, Jank P, Westhoff CC, Denkert C, Pross T, Weiler KBS, Karsten MM. How VEGF-A and its splice variants affect breast cancer development - clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2022;45(2):227-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-022-00665-w
  • [35] Ayoub NM, Jaradat SK, Al-Shami KM, Alkhalifa AE. Targeting angiogenesis in breast cancer: Current evidence and future perspectives of novel anti-angiogenic approaches. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 838133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.838133.
  • [36] Fujii T, Hirakata T, Kurozumi S, Tokuda S, Nakazawa Y, Obayashi S, Yajima R, Oyama T, Shirabe K. VEGF-A Is Associated With the Degree of TILs and PD-L1 Expression in Primary Breast Cancer. In Vivo. 2020;34(5):2641-2646. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12082.
  • [37] Lähteenvuo J, Rosenzweig A, Sinclair D, North B. Effects of aging on angiogenesis. Circ Res. 2012;110(9):1252-1264. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246116.
  • [38] Ławicki S, Będkowska GE, Szmitkowski M. VEGF, M-CSF and CA 15-3 as a new tumor marker panel in breast malignancies: a multivariate analysis with ROC curve. Growth Factors. 2013;31(3):98-105. https://doi.org/10.3109/08977194.2013.797900.
  • [39] Norman G. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2010;15(5):625-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y.
  • [40] Abdulamir HA, Aldafaay AAA, Al-Shammari AH. The Role of Liver Function Tests in Monitoring the effect of Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Children with Gaucher Disease. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(8):3490-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00585.

The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 603 - 611, 28.06.2025

Hiba A Abdulhussein Estabraq Ar Alwasiti Nawfal K Khiro

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1686003

Abstract

Globally, more than 1,500,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually which is considered as a big health challenge with the highest priority for investigation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered as promising tumor markers due to its role in the progression of cancer. To determine the role of VEGF in the differentiation between the females with breast cancer and those with benign tumor in a sample of Iraqi Females from Baghdad/Iraq. A comparison study was done on 60 female patients with breast cancer and 60 female patients with benign breast tumor who were recruited from Al Imamain Al-Kadhemain Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq between May 2022 and December 2022. Samples were collected from subjects and used to determine the levels of VEGF, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and compare their levels in both studied groups. There were highly significant increases in VEGF levels in patients with malignant breast tumor in comparison with patients with benign breast tumor. VEGF levels showed to be significantly correlated with CA 15-3 levels and provide better sensitivity and specificity when used in combination with CEA and CA 15-3. VEGF showed to be more significant biomarkers in differentiation between benign and malignant tumor with higher sensitivity and specificity when compared with classical breast tumor markers (CEA and CA15-3) and the combination between these markers showed to be a promised diagnostic panel for the differentiating of benign breast tumor from malignant one.

Keywords

Benign breast tumor breast cancer cancer antigen 15-3 carcinoembryonic antigen vascular endothelial growth factor

References

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  • [2] Al-Wasiti E. Male breast tumors and oxidative DNA damage. J Cell Cancer. 2016;8:1-11. https://doi.org/18081/jcc/016-06/1-11.
  • [3] McGuire S. World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(2):418-419. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012211
  • [4] Abd AA. Assessment of lipid profile parameters in women with benign and malignant breast tumor. Muthanna Med J. 2019;6(1).
  • [5] DeSantis CE, Fedewa SA, Goding Sauer A, Kramer JL, Smith RA, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2015: Convergence of incidence rates between black and white women. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):31-42. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21320
  • [6] Nakamura M, Abe Y, Tokunaga T. Pathological significance of vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform expression in human cancer. Pathol Int. 2002;52(5‐6):331-339. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2002.01367.x
  • [7] Al Balawi IA, Mir R, Abu-Duhier F. Potential impact of vascular endothelial growth factor gene variation (-2578C> A) on breast cancer susceptibility in Saudi Arabia: a Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(4):1135. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.4.1135.
  • [8] Schoppmann SF, Horvat R, Birner P. Lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in female cancer: mechanisms, clinical impact and possible implications for anti-lymphangiogenic therapies. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(3):455-460.
  • [9] Ferrara N. VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors. Nature Rev Cancer. 2002;2(10):795-803.
  • [10] Moriya J, Minamino T. Angiogenesis, cancer, and vascular aging. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:65. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcvm.2017.00065
  • [11] Olsen LN, Hoier B, Hansen CV, Leinum M, Carter HH, Jorgensen TS, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Angiogenic potential is reduced in skeletal muscle of aged women. J Physiol. 2020;598(22):5149-64. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280189.
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  • [13] Chukwurah E, Emele F, Iyare F. Breast cancer in Nigerian women: evaluating the utility of circulating immune complexes and cancer antigens (CA 15-3 and CA 27.29) in disease surveillance. Res J Immunol. 2018;11:7-14. https://doi.org/10.3923/rji.2018.7.14
  • [14] Fu Y, Li H. Assessing clinical significance of serum CA15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Medical Sci Monit. 2016;22:3154. https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.896563
  • [15] Fakhari A, Gharepapagh E, Dabiri S, Gilani N. Correlation of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) serum level and bony metastases in breast cancer patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:142. https://doi.org/10.34171%2Fmjiri.33.142
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  • [17] Zaleski M, Kobilay M, Schroeder L, Debald M, Semaan A, Hettwer K, Uhlig S, Kuhn W, Hartmann G, Holdenrieder S. Improved sensitivity for detection of breast cancer by combination of miR-34a and tumor markers CA 15-3 or CEA. Oncotarget. 2018;9(32):22523. https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.25077
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  • [19] Anoop TM, Joseph PR, Soman S, Chacko S, Mathew M. Significance of serum carcinoembryonic antigen in metastatic breast cancer patients: A prospective study. World J Clin Oncol. 2022;13(6):529-539. https://doi.org/10.5306%2Fwjco.v13.i6.529.
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  • [21] Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Meng Q, Cai L, Zhang Q. Elevation of serum CEA and CA15‑3 levels during antitumor therapy predicts poor therapeutic response in advanced breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(6):7549-56. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7164.
  • [22] Wang W, Xu X, Tian B, Wang Y, Du L, Sun T, Shi Y, Zhao X, Jing J. The diagnostic value of serum tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CA15-3, and TPS in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;470:51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.023.
  • [23] Uygur MM, Gümüş M. The utility of serum tumor markers CEA and CA 15–3 for breast cancer prognosis and their association with clinicopathological parameters. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;28:100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100402.
  • [24] Fejzić H, Mujagić S, Azabagić S, Burina M. Tumor marker CA 15-3 in breast cancer patients. Acta Med Acad. 2015;44(1):39-46. https://doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.125.
  • [25] Zi-Yang Y, Kaixun Z, Dongling L, Zhou Y, Chengbin Z, Jimei C, Caojin Z. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels are increased with pulmonary output in pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(11):300060520964378. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0300060520964378.
  • [26] Kabel AM. Tumor markers of breast cancer: New prospectives. J Oncol Sci. 2017;3(1):5-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jons.2017.01.001.
  • [27] Bahrami-Ahmadi A, Makarian F, Mortazavizadeh MR, Yazdi MF, Chamani M. Symptomatic metastasis prediction with serial measurements of CA 15.3 in primary breast cancer patients. J Res Med Sci: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;17(9):850-854.
  • [28] Zhao S, Gai X, Wang Y, Liang W, Gao H, Zhang K, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang J, Ma R. Diagnostic values of carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 15-3 and cancer antigen 125 levels in nipple discharge. Chin J Physiol. 2015;58(6):385-392. https://doi.org/10.4077/cjp.2015.bad336.
  • [29] Ghalehbandi S, Yuzugulen J, Pranjol MZI, Pourgholami MH. The role of VEGF in cancer-induced angiogenesis and research progress of drugs targeting VEGF. Eur J Pharmacol. 2023;949:175586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175586.
  • [30] Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Angiogenesis as a hallmark of solid tumors - clinical perspectives. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2021;44(4):715-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-021-00602-3.
  • [31] Lugano R, Ramachandran M, Dimberg A. Tumor angiogenesis: causes, consequences, challenges and opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:1745-1770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03351-7.
  • [32] Sambyal V, Guleria K, Kapahi R, Manjari M, Sudan M, Uppal MS, Singh NR. Association of VEGF haplotypes with breast cancer risk in North-West Indians. BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-021-01060-4
  • [33] Będkowska GE, Gacuta E, Zbucka-Krętowska M, Ławicki P, Szmitkowski M, Lemancewicz A, Motyka J, Kobus A, Chorąży M, Paniczko M, Ławicki S. Plasma Levels and Diagnostic Utility of VEGF in a Three-Year Follow-Up of Patients with Breast Cancer. J Clin Med. 2021;10(22):5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225452
  • [34] Al Kawas H, Saaid I, Jank P, Westhoff CC, Denkert C, Pross T, Weiler KBS, Karsten MM. How VEGF-A and its splice variants affect breast cancer development - clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2022;45(2):227-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-022-00665-w
  • [35] Ayoub NM, Jaradat SK, Al-Shami KM, Alkhalifa AE. Targeting angiogenesis in breast cancer: Current evidence and future perspectives of novel anti-angiogenic approaches. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 838133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.838133.
  • [36] Fujii T, Hirakata T, Kurozumi S, Tokuda S, Nakazawa Y, Obayashi S, Yajima R, Oyama T, Shirabe K. VEGF-A Is Associated With the Degree of TILs and PD-L1 Expression in Primary Breast Cancer. In Vivo. 2020;34(5):2641-2646. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12082.
  • [37] Lähteenvuo J, Rosenzweig A, Sinclair D, North B. Effects of aging on angiogenesis. Circ Res. 2012;110(9):1252-1264. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246116.
  • [38] Ławicki S, Będkowska GE, Szmitkowski M. VEGF, M-CSF and CA 15-3 as a new tumor marker panel in breast malignancies: a multivariate analysis with ROC curve. Growth Factors. 2013;31(3):98-105. https://doi.org/10.3109/08977194.2013.797900.
  • [39] Norman G. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2010;15(5):625-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y.
  • [40] Abdulamir HA, Aldafaay AAA, Al-Shammari AH. The Role of Liver Function Tests in Monitoring the effect of Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Children with Gaucher Disease. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(8):3490-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00585.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Pharmacology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hiba A Abdulhussein 0009-0002-8617-0387

Estabraq Ar Alwasiti 0000-0002-1291-0656

Nawfal K Khiro 0000-0003-3833-3305

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Abdulhussein, H. A., Ar Alwasiti, E., & Khiro, N. K. (2025). The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(3), 603-611. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1686003
AMA Abdulhussein HA, Ar Alwasiti E, Khiro NK. The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor. J. Res. Pharm. June 2025;28(3):603-611. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1686003
Chicago Abdulhussein, Hiba A, Estabraq Ar Alwasiti, and Nawfal K Khiro. “The Role of VEGF Levels in the Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Breast Tumor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 3 (June 2025): 603-11. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1686003.
EndNote Abdulhussein HA, Ar Alwasiti E, Khiro NK (June 1, 2025) The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 3 603–611.
IEEE H. A. Abdulhussein, E. Ar Alwasiti, and N. K. Khiro, “The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 603–611, 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1686003.
ISNAD Abdulhussein, Hiba A et al. “The Role of VEGF Levels in the Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Breast Tumor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/3 (June 2025), 603-611. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1686003.
JAMA Abdulhussein HA, Ar Alwasiti E, Khiro NK. The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:603–611.
MLA Abdulhussein, Hiba A et al. “The Role of VEGF Levels in the Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Breast Tumor”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 3, 2025, pp. 603-11, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1686003.
Vancouver Abdulhussein HA, Ar Alwasiti E, Khiro NK. The role of VEGF levels in the differentiation between malignant and benign breast tumor. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(3):603-11.