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Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats

Year 2023, Volume: 27 Issue: 5, 2171 - 2181, 28.06.2025

Caglar Macit Gülengül Duman , Meltem Macit

Abstract

Recently, transdermal drug delivery has become popular due to their numerous advantages. They offer non-invasive application and eliminate the first-pass metabolism. The skin membrane is sensitive to heat and vibration that these applications enhance the skin permeability resulting in increased bioavailability. This study aims to determine the effect of steam bath (STB), vibration (VIB) and thermal ablation (THAB) on systemic absorption of tramadol HCl and compare all applications with each other. After preparing of tramadol HCl patches, in vitro release tests followed by in vivo animal experiments were conducted. The patches were applied to 32 Wistar albino rats divided into four groups: No potential trigger effect (NPTE), STB, VIB, and THAB. STB, VIB and THAB were applied by purchased devices. One hour later, the patches were removed and plasma concentration of tramadol HCl was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 271 nm. When compared to the control group, calculated plasma tramadol HCl µg/mL concentration increased significantly in STB, VIB and THAB (p<0.001). Finally, as trigger effects, steam bath, vibration and thermal ablation (42°C) dramatically increased the absorption amount of tramadol HCl (42.1%, 37.2 % and 43.8 %, respectively). The percentage release of tramadol HCl increased significantly in investigation groups when compared to NPTE (p<0.001). In conclusion, controlled heat and vibration applications are effective in the enhancement of transdermal drug absorption.

Keywords

Transdermal patch Steam bath Vibration Thermal ablation Tramadol HCl

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There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Basic Pharmacology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Caglar Macit 0000-0002-5532-2395

Gülengül Duman 0000-0002-4289-1759

Meltem Macit 0000-0001-9925-2387

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 27 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Macit, C., Duman, G., & Macit, M. (2025). Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5), 2171-2181.
AMA Macit C, Duman G, Macit M. Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;27(5):2171-2181.
Chicago Macit, Caglar, Gülengül Duman, and Meltem Macit. “Steam Bath, Vibration, and Thermal Ablation Administrations Augment the Release of Tramadol HCl from Transdermal Patch and Enhance the Plasma Concentration in Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, no. 5 (July 2025): 2171-81.
EndNote Macit C, Duman G, Macit M (July 1, 2025) Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 5 2171–2181.
IEEE C. Macit, G. Duman, and M. Macit, “Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2171–2181, 2025.
ISNAD Macit, Caglar et al. “Steam Bath, Vibration, and Thermal Ablation Administrations Augment the Release of Tramadol HCl from Transdermal Patch and Enhance the Plasma Concentration in Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/5 (July 2025), 2171-2181.
JAMA Macit C, Duman G, Macit M. Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:2171–2181.
MLA Macit, Caglar et al. “Steam Bath, Vibration, and Thermal Ablation Administrations Augment the Release of Tramadol HCl from Transdermal Patch and Enhance the Plasma Concentration in Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 27, no. 5, 2025, pp. 2171-8.
Vancouver Macit C, Duman G, Macit M. Steam bath, vibration, and thermal ablation administrations augment the release of tramadol HCl from transdermal patch and enhance the plasma concentration in rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(5):2171-8.