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Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 1124 - 1134, 28.06.2025

Nabaa Fadhil Abbas Raffal A. Omar

Abstract

Tramadol and remifentanil, which is an opioid analgesic are known to have a local anesthetic effect and the present study aimed to evaluate the local anesthetic efficacy of them on twenty-five adult male rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (aged between 10-12 months and weighing 1.5±0.08g) who were divided into five groups received the following treatment subcutaneously for 5 days; G1: 5% Tramadol 15 mg/kg BW; G2: 2% Remifentanil 2 mg/kg BW; G3: 2% Lidocaine 4 mg/kg BW; G4: 2% Remifentanil with epinephrine 0.00l mg/kg BW; and G5:2% Remifentanil with Carbopol gel 2 mg/kg BW. Baseline, pre-anesthetic, and post-anesthetic physiological parameters, including temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate, were meticulously recorded for all groups following local administration of lidocaine, tramadol, and remifentanil. The results showed that tramadol caused a significant decrease in the temperature while other groups showed non-significant effect, results also revealed that pain evaluation that performed according to Grimace Scale scores and by the behavioral analysis of pain assessment elucidated that Lidocaine treatment group showed a statistically significant lower pain response compared to the Tramadol and Remifentanil groups and further significant improvement in pain were observed with the addition of epinephrine or Carbopol gel to Remifentanil. Both combinations resulted in a statistically significant decrease in pain parameters for all measured features comparing with Tramadol and Remifentanil groups and these results leads to conclude that tramadol and remifentanil showed a comparable anaesthetic effect that improved significantly with epinephrine or carbopol gel as local anaesthetics that may surpass lidocaine local anaesthetic effect significantly.

Keywords

lidocaine remifentanil local anesthetics tramadol rabbits adjuvants

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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Basic Pharmacology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nabaa Fadhil Abbas 0009-0004-1458-6513

Raffal A. Omar 0000-0003-4499-8100

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date April 4, 2024
Acceptance Date April 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Abbas, N. F., & Omar, R. A. (2025). Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(4), 1124-1134.
AMA Abbas NF, Omar RA. Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;28(4):1124-1134.
Chicago Abbas, Nabaa Fadhil, and Raffal A. Omar. “Studying the Local Anaesthetic Effects of Lidocaine, Remifentanil (with and Without adjuvants), and Tramadol in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 4 (July 2025): 1124-34.
EndNote Abbas NF, Omar RA (July 1, 2025) Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 4 1124–1134.
IEEE N. F. Abbas and R. A. Omar, “Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1124–1134, 2025.
ISNAD Abbas, Nabaa Fadhil - Omar, Raffal A. “Studying the Local Anaesthetic Effects of Lidocaine, Remifentanil (with and Without adjuvants), and Tramadol in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/4 (July 2025), 1124-1134.
JAMA Abbas NF, Omar RA. Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1124–1134.
MLA Abbas, Nabaa Fadhil and Raffal A. Omar. “Studying the Local Anaesthetic Effects of Lidocaine, Remifentanil (with and Without adjuvants), and Tramadol in Rabbits”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1124-3.
Vancouver Abbas NF, Omar RA. Studying the local anaesthetic effects of lidocaine, remifentanil (with and without adjuvants), and tramadol in rabbits. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(4):1124-3.