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Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 5, 1409 - 1422, 28.06.2025

Cynthia Lizzie Lobo Sneh Priya

Abstract

This research aimed to create and optimize a transethosomal patch containing Rivastigmine Hydrogen Tartarate, a cholinesterase inhibitor, for the symptomatic management of Alzheimer's disease that would reduce drug loading and patch size. Transethosomes are elastic vesicles made up of phospholipids, ethanol, and edge activator. Transethosomes of Rivastigmine were prepared by cold method, which were then incorporated into a transdermal adhesive patch prepared by solvent casting method. The transethosomes were optimised using the central composite design. The optimized transethosomes showed low vesicle size, good entrapment efficiency and enhanced transdermal flux. The electron microscopy revealed that the vesicles were uniform and sphere-shaped, also the vesicle surface was found to be smooth. Rivastigmine Hydrogen Tartarate was released slowly in the study, and the mechanism of drug release followed the Korsemeyer-Peppas model. Transethosomal formulation showed significant increase in the steady state flux to 2.18 times than the pure drug solution. Also, the transethosomal patch showed significant increase in the steady state flux to 1.55 times than the conventional patch. Based on the results, Rivastigmine Hydrogen Tartarate loaded transethosomal patch was the best formulation since it provided long-term drug release.

Keywords

Rivastigmine transdermal route transethosomes Alzheimer’s disease patch

References

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There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmaceutical Delivery Technologies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cynthia Lizzie Lobo 0000-0003-0627-6019

Sneh Priya 0000-0002-4110-8726

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Lobo, C. L., & Priya, S. (2025). Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(5), 1409-1422.
AMA Lobo CL, Priya S. Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;28(5):1409-1422.
Chicago Lobo, Cynthia Lizzie, and Sneh Priya. “Design and Characterization of Transethosomes Loaded With Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 5 (July 2025): 1409-22.
EndNote Lobo CL, Priya S (July 1, 2025) Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 5 1409–1422.
IEEE C. L. Lobo and S. Priya, “Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1409–1422, 2025.
ISNAD Lobo, Cynthia Lizzie - Priya, Sneh. “Design and Characterization of Transethosomes Loaded With Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/5 (July 2025), 1409-1422.
JAMA Lobo CL, Priya S. Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1409–1422.
MLA Lobo, Cynthia Lizzie and Sneh Priya. “Design and Characterization of Transethosomes Loaded With Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 5, 2025, pp. 1409-22.
Vancouver Lobo CL, Priya S. Design and Characterization of Transethosomes loaded with Rivastigmine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(5):1409-22.