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Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 5, 1742 - 1757, 28.06.2025

Juste Baranauskaıte Ortasöz , Hussein Shakarchi Aylin Ulkucu Mehmet Ali Ockun

Abstract

The research was focused on incorporating the polyphenols from Indian gooseberries (Phyllanthus emblica L.) in phospholipid nanocarriers, aiming to enhance skin penetration, bioavailability and stability. Design-Expert® aided in achieving the optimal liposomal formulation, characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and a polydispersity index. Liposomes were prepared by applying the film hydration method. The liposomes were further loaded into a hydrogel (Carbopol 934) for its controlled release and stabilizing effects on liposomes. Multiple antioxidant assessment methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC were performed. Additional evaluations encompassed FTIR, SEM, rheological studies, and in vitro/ex vivo diffusion comparisons between liposomal-loaded gel (GEL-LE) and pure extract with gel (GEL-E). Depending on the formulation and extract amount, the total antioxidant content per sample varies between 59.3-486.75 mg. When the optimal formulation (LE) contained 1.8 % soybean and 0.07 % cholesterol the mean particle size was 74.66 nm, zeta potential – -50.35 and polydispersity index– 0.3. In vitro results exhibited 42.28 % cumulative release for GEL-LE and GEL-E by 23.44 %. Ex vivo findings showed a 6% discrepancy in cumulative release (21% for GEL-LE). These outcomes emphasize liposomes' potential for enhanced antioxidant delivery and release, contributing to potential advancements in cosmetic and skincare applications.

Keywords

Loaded liposomes; gel free radicals antioxidant P. emblica L

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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Juste Baranauskaıte Ortasöz 0000-0002-0358-5759

Hussein Shakarchi 0009-0007-5476-4857

Aylin Ulkucu 0009-0000-9098-3044

Mehmet Ali Ockun

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Submission Date November 6, 2023
Acceptance Date January 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Baranauskaıte Ortasöz, J., Shakarchi, H., Ulkucu, A., Ockun, M. A. (2025). Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(5), 1742-1757.
AMA Baranauskaıte Ortasöz J, Shakarchi H, Ulkucu A, Ockun MA. Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. July 2025;28(5):1742-1757.
Chicago Baranauskaıte Ortasöz, Juste, Hussein Shakarchi, Aylin Ulkucu, and Mehmet Ali Ockun. “Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) Based Liposomes: Formulation, Characterization, in Vitro and Ex Vivo Antioxidant Activity Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, no. 5 (July 2025): 1742-57.
EndNote Baranauskaıte Ortasöz J, Shakarchi H, Ulkucu A, Ockun MA (July 1, 2025) Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 5 1742–1757.
IEEE J. Baranauskaıte Ortasöz, H. Shakarchi, A. Ulkucu, and M. A. Ockun, “Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1742–1757, 2025.
ISNAD Baranauskaıte Ortasöz, Juste et al. “Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) Based Liposomes: Formulation, Characterization, in Vitro and Ex Vivo Antioxidant Activity Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/5 (July 2025), 1742-1757.
JAMA Baranauskaıte Ortasöz J, Shakarchi H, Ulkucu A, Ockun MA. Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1742–1757.
MLA Baranauskaıte Ortasöz, Juste et al. “Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) Based Liposomes: Formulation, Characterization, in Vitro and Ex Vivo Antioxidant Activity Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 5, 2025, pp. 1742-57.
Vancouver Baranauskaıte Ortasöz J, Shakarchi H, Ulkucu A, Ockun MA. Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) based liposomes: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(5):1742-57.