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Year 2022, Volume: 26 Issue: 6, 1513 - 1526, 28.06.2025

Mari Kannan Maharajan Kingston Rajiah Bharath Pogula Sridevi Chigurupati , Sujitha Katragadda

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.246

Abstract

References

  • [1] Chen, TM., Rui, J., Wang, QP. et al. A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus. Infect. Dis. Poverty. 2020; 9: 24. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Ali I, Alharbi OML. COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 728: 138861. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1033-1034. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Conti P. Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020; 34(1): 9-14.
  • [5] Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497–506. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 91: 264-266. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, et al. Beneficial impact of Baricitinib in COVID-19 moderate pneumonia; multicentre study. The Journal of Infection. 2020; 81(4): 647-679. [CrossRef]
  • [8] National Institutes of Health. NIH clinical trial testing antiviral remdesivir plus anti-inflammatory drug baricitinib for COVID-19 begins. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-testing-antiviral-remdesivir-plus-anti-inflammatory-drug-baricitinib-covid-19-begins (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [9] Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Smith JC, et al. Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2020; 2020.08.05.237651. [CrossRef]
  • [10] WHO “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. Latest update on treatment arms. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [11] Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect Public Health. 2016; 9(3): 227-230. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HD, et al. An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2020; 6(3): 56-70. [CrossRef]
  • [13] National Institutes of Health. IFN Beta-1b and Ribavirin for Covid-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04494399 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [14] Runfeng L, Yunlong H, Jicheng H, et al. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) [published correction appears in Pharmacol Res. 2021 Dec;174:105907]. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 156: 104761. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Fensterl V, Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC. No Love Lost Between Viruses and Interferons. Annu Rev Virol. 2015; 2(1): 549-572. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Gupta S, Leaf DE. Tocilizumab in COVID-19: some clarity amid controversy. Lancet. 2021; 397(10285): 1599-1601. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Chen WH, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline: an Overview [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 3]. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2020; 1-4. [CrossRef]
  • [18] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Adults at High Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04642638 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [19] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of bacTRL-Spike Vaccine for Prevention of COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04334980 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [20] Conforti A, Marra E, Palombo F, et al. COVID-eVax, an electroporated DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, elicits protective responses in animal models. Mol Ther. 2022; 30(1): 311-326. [CrossRef]
  • [21] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Study of Monovalent and Bivalent Recombinant Protein Vaccines Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older (VAT00008). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04904549 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [22] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. COVID-19 Vaccination Using a 2nd Generation (E1/E2B/E3-Deleted) Adenoviral-COVID-19 in Normal Healthy Volunteers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04591717 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [23] Dey A, Chozhavel Rajanathan TM, Chandra H, et al. Immunogenic potential of DNA vaccine candidate, ZyCoV-D against SARS-CoV-2 in animal models. Vaccine. 2021; 39(30): 4108-4116. [CrossRef]
  • [24] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [25] Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(27): 2603-2615. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Granados-Riveron JT, Aquino-Jarquin G. Engineering of the current nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 142: 111953. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018; 17(4): 261-279. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Maruggi G, Ulmer JB, Rappuoli R, Yu D. Self-amplifying mRNA-Based Vaccine Technology and Its Mode of Action. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2021; 10.1007/82_2021_233. [CrossRef]
  • [29] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. SCB-2019 as COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405908 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [30] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle Vaccine With/Without Matrix-M Adjuvant. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [31] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. A Phase III Clinical Trial to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of ZF2001 for Prevention of COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04646590 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [32] Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020; 288: 198114. [CrossRef]
  • [33] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Monovalent Recombinant COVID19 Vaccine (COVAX19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04453852 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [34] Strbo N, Fisher E, Padula L, O'Neill KE. Development of a gp96-Ig vaccine for COVID-19. J Immunol. 2021; 206: 1.
  • [35] Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirsch I, et al. Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021; 385(25): 2348-2360. [CrossRef]
  • [36] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Phase III Trial of A COVID-19 Vaccine of Adenovirus Vector in Adults 18 Years Old and Above. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04526990 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [37] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. An Open Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Drug "Gam-COVID-Vac" Vaccine Against COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436471 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [38] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. A Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults (COVID-19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [39] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [40] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of BBIBP-CorV Vaccine Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. (ECOVA-01). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04984408 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [50] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04641481 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [51] Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 59-73. [CrossRef]
  • [52] Chimoyi L, Velen K, Churchyard GJ, Wallis R, Lewis JJ, Charalambous S. An ecological study to evaluate the association of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination on cases of SARS-CoV2 infection and mortality from COVID-19. PLoS One. 2020; 15(12): e0243707. [CrossRef]
  • [53] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2021. A Ph 2 Trial With an Oral Tableted COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067933 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [54] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2021. Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Lot Consistency of a Recombinant Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05040789 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [55] de Alwis R, Gan ES, Chen S, et al. A single dose of self-transcribing and replicating RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective adaptive immunity in mice. Mol Ther. 2021; 29(6): 1970-1983. [CrossRef]
  • [56] Kim GN, Choi JA, Wu K, et al. A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog. 2021; 17(12): e1010092. [CrossRef]
  • [57] Shah SM, Alsaab HO, Rawas-Qalaji MM, Uddin MN. A Review on Current COVID-19 Vaccines and Evaluation of Particulate Vaccine Delivery Systems. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9(10): 1086. [CrossRef]
  • [58] Bragazzi NL, Mansour M, Bonsignore A, Ciliberti R. The Role of Hospital and Community Pharmacists in the Management of COVID-19: Towards an Expanded Definition of the Roles, Responsibilities, and Duties of the Pharmacist. Pharmacy (Basel). 2020; 8(3): 140. [CrossRef]
  • [59] Sami SA, Marma KKS, Chakraborty A, et al. A comprehensive review on global contributions and recognition of pharmacy professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: moving from present to future. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(1): 119. [CrossRef]
  • [60] Goff DA, Ashiru-Oredope D, Cairns KA, et al. Global contributions of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2020; 3(8): 1480-1492. [CrossRef]

Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update

Year 2022, Volume: 26 Issue: 6, 1513 - 1526, 28.06.2025

Mari Kannan Maharajan Kingston Rajiah Bharath Pogula Sridevi Chigurupati , Sujitha Katragadda

https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.246

Abstract

Due to the high mortality rate and rapid spread in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system used various treatment options. The pathology associated with COVID-19 includes inflammatory responses which ultimately lead to multi-system organ failure or “cytokines storm”. Treating COVID-19 at the initial stage of pandemic has become a challenge as there are no medications that have yet been approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies. There are many medications have been used by the practitioners to combat the severity of the inflammatory responses. This article summarized the repurposed medications that have received attention during the COVID-19 pandemic and provided an outline of the therapeutic agents, which are under clinical trial that may be helpful to treat COVID-19. This article also emphasizes on pharmacist roles and responsibilities during disasters and pandemics and discussed various vaccines undergoing clinical trials currently.

Keywords

Biological agents Clinical Trials Coronavirus Pharmacist Therapeutic agents Vaccines

References

  • [1] Chen, TM., Rui, J., Wang, QP. et al. A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus. Infect. Dis. Poverty. 2020; 9: 24. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Ali I, Alharbi OML. COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 728: 138861. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1033-1034. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Conti P. Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020; 34(1): 9-14.
  • [5] Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497–506. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 91: 264-266. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, et al. Beneficial impact of Baricitinib in COVID-19 moderate pneumonia; multicentre study. The Journal of Infection. 2020; 81(4): 647-679. [CrossRef]
  • [8] National Institutes of Health. NIH clinical trial testing antiviral remdesivir plus anti-inflammatory drug baricitinib for COVID-19 begins. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-testing-antiviral-remdesivir-plus-anti-inflammatory-drug-baricitinib-covid-19-begins (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [9] Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Smith JC, et al. Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2020; 2020.08.05.237651. [CrossRef]
  • [10] WHO “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. Latest update on treatment arms. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
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  • [12] Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HD, et al. An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2020; 6(3): 56-70. [CrossRef]
  • [13] National Institutes of Health. IFN Beta-1b and Ribavirin for Covid-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04494399 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
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  • [15] Fensterl V, Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC. No Love Lost Between Viruses and Interferons. Annu Rev Virol. 2015; 2(1): 549-572. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Gupta S, Leaf DE. Tocilizumab in COVID-19: some clarity amid controversy. Lancet. 2021; 397(10285): 1599-1601. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Chen WH, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline: an Overview [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 3]. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2020; 1-4. [CrossRef]
  • [18] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Adults at High Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04642638 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [19] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of bacTRL-Spike Vaccine for Prevention of COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04334980 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [20] Conforti A, Marra E, Palombo F, et al. COVID-eVax, an electroporated DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, elicits protective responses in animal models. Mol Ther. 2022; 30(1): 311-326. [CrossRef]
  • [21] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Study of Monovalent and Bivalent Recombinant Protein Vaccines Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older (VAT00008). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04904549 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [22] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. COVID-19 Vaccination Using a 2nd Generation (E1/E2B/E3-Deleted) Adenoviral-COVID-19 in Normal Healthy Volunteers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04591717 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [23] Dey A, Chozhavel Rajanathan TM, Chandra H, et al. Immunogenic potential of DNA vaccine candidate, ZyCoV-D against SARS-CoV-2 in animal models. Vaccine. 2021; 39(30): 4108-4116. [CrossRef]
  • [24] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [25] Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(27): 2603-2615. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Granados-Riveron JT, Aquino-Jarquin G. Engineering of the current nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 142: 111953. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018; 17(4): 261-279. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Maruggi G, Ulmer JB, Rappuoli R, Yu D. Self-amplifying mRNA-Based Vaccine Technology and Its Mode of Action. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2021; 10.1007/82_2021_233. [CrossRef]
  • [29] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. SCB-2019 as COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405908 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [30] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle Vaccine With/Without Matrix-M Adjuvant. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [31] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. A Phase III Clinical Trial to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of ZF2001 for Prevention of COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04646590 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [32] Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020; 288: 198114. [CrossRef]
  • [33] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Monovalent Recombinant COVID19 Vaccine (COVAX19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04453852 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [34] Strbo N, Fisher E, Padula L, O'Neill KE. Development of a gp96-Ig vaccine for COVID-19. J Immunol. 2021; 206: 1.
  • [35] Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirsch I, et al. Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021; 385(25): 2348-2360. [CrossRef]
  • [36] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Phase III Trial of A COVID-19 Vaccine of Adenovirus Vector in Adults 18 Years Old and Above. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04526990 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [37] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. An Open Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Drug "Gam-COVID-Vac" Vaccine Against COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436471 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [38] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. A Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults (COVID-19). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [39] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [40] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of BBIBP-CorV Vaccine Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. (ECOVA-01). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04984408 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [50] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2020. An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04641481 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [51] Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 59-73. [CrossRef]
  • [52] Chimoyi L, Velen K, Churchyard GJ, Wallis R, Lewis JJ, Charalambous S. An ecological study to evaluate the association of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination on cases of SARS-CoV2 infection and mortality from COVID-19. PLoS One. 2020; 15(12): e0243707. [CrossRef]
  • [53] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2021. A Ph 2 Trial With an Oral Tableted COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067933 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [54] National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials-2021. Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Lot Consistency of a Recombinant Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 Vaccine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05040789 (accessed on 2nd Feb 2022).
  • [55] de Alwis R, Gan ES, Chen S, et al. A single dose of self-transcribing and replicating RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective adaptive immunity in mice. Mol Ther. 2021; 29(6): 1970-1983. [CrossRef]
  • [56] Kim GN, Choi JA, Wu K, et al. A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog. 2021; 17(12): e1010092. [CrossRef]
  • [57] Shah SM, Alsaab HO, Rawas-Qalaji MM, Uddin MN. A Review on Current COVID-19 Vaccines and Evaluation of Particulate Vaccine Delivery Systems. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9(10): 1086. [CrossRef]
  • [58] Bragazzi NL, Mansour M, Bonsignore A, Ciliberti R. The Role of Hospital and Community Pharmacists in the Management of COVID-19: Towards an Expanded Definition of the Roles, Responsibilities, and Duties of the Pharmacist. Pharmacy (Basel). 2020; 8(3): 140. [CrossRef]
  • [59] Sami SA, Marma KKS, Chakraborty A, et al. A comprehensive review on global contributions and recognition of pharmacy professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: moving from present to future. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(1): 119. [CrossRef]
  • [60] Goff DA, Ashiru-Oredope D, Cairns KA, et al. Global contributions of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2020; 3(8): 1480-1492. [CrossRef]
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Mari Kannan Maharajan

Kingston Rajiah

Bharath Pogula

Sridevi Chigurupati

Sujitha Katragadda

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 26 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Maharajan, M. K., Rajiah, K., Pogula, B., Chigurupati, S., et al. (2025). Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(6), 1513-1526. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.246
AMA Maharajan MK, Rajiah K, Pogula B, Chigurupati S, Katragadda S. Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update. J. Res. Pharm. June 2025;26(6):1513-1526. doi:10.29228/jrp.246
Chicago Maharajan, Mari Kannan, Kingston Rajiah, Bharath Pogula, Sridevi Chigurupati, and Sujitha Katragadda. “Pharmaceutical, Biological Agents, and Vaccines under Clinical Trials for COVID-19 and Roles of Pharmacists to Combat COVID-19, an Update”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26, no. 6 (June 2025): 1513-26. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.246.
EndNote Maharajan MK, Rajiah K, Pogula B, Chigurupati S, Katragadda S (June 1, 2025) Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 6 1513–1526.
IEEE M. K. Maharajan, K. Rajiah, B. Pogula, S. Chigurupati, and S. Katragadda, “Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1513–1526, 2025, doi: 10.29228/jrp.246.
ISNAD Maharajan, Mari Kannan et al. “Pharmaceutical, Biological Agents, and Vaccines under Clinical Trials for COVID-19 and Roles of Pharmacists to Combat COVID-19, an Update”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26/6 (June 2025), 1513-1526. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.246.
JAMA Maharajan MK, Rajiah K, Pogula B, Chigurupati S, Katragadda S. Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26:1513–1526.
MLA Maharajan, Mari Kannan et al. “Pharmaceutical, Biological Agents, and Vaccines under Clinical Trials for COVID-19 and Roles of Pharmacists to Combat COVID-19, an Update”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 26, no. 6, 2025, pp. 1513-26, doi:10.29228/jrp.246.
Vancouver Maharajan MK, Rajiah K, Pogula B, Chigurupati S, Katragadda S. Pharmaceutical, biological agents, and vaccines under clinical trials for COVID-19 and roles of pharmacists to combat COVID-19, an update. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26(6):1513-26.